US2989476A - Ferrite with constricted magnetic hysteresis loop - Google Patents

Ferrite with constricted magnetic hysteresis loop Download PDF

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US2989476A
US2989476A US620315A US62031556A US2989476A US 2989476 A US2989476 A US 2989476A US 620315 A US620315 A US 620315A US 62031556 A US62031556 A US 62031556A US 2989476 A US2989476 A US 2989476A
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ferrite
weight
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hysteresis loop
nickel
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Eckert Oskar
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Steatit Magnesia AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/26—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on ferrites
    • C04B35/2608—Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising manganese, zinc, nickel, copper or cobalt and one or more ferrites of the group comprising rare earth metals, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or lead
    • C04B35/2625—Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising manganese, zinc, nickel, copper or cobalt and one or more ferrites of the group comprising rare earth metals, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or lead containing magnesium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/26—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on ferrites
    • C04B35/265—Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising manganese or zinc and one or more ferrites of the group comprising nickel, copper or cobalt

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  • Ferromagnetic metals with constricted hysteresis loops have, as is well known, at small field strength within the constriction area, constant permeability, i.e., permeability independent of the field strength equal to the initial permeability, very low hysteresis losses and, in general, small residual losses.
  • thermomagnetic treatment in this connection, is meant the passing through a thermic cycle during the simultaneous presence of a magnetic longitudinal or transverse field.
  • longitudinal or transverse field is, in this connection, to be understood as relative to the later measuring field; a longitudinal or transverse field, respectively, means that such field, during the thermomagnetic treatment, is parallel, respectively vertical, to the later measuring field.
  • T hm this type of treatment, these ferromagnetic materials display a substantial alteration of the form of the hysteresis loop, and hence a change ofthe magnetic properties.
  • the invention teaches the production of such fern'tes of thenickel-copper or nickel-magnesium ferrite-systen. which can be subjected to thermomagnetic treatment of the above type, and are distinguished from hitherto familiar ferrites by the fact that, under the same manufacturing conditions, they have constricted hysteresis loops.
  • ferrites with this characteristic in the nickel-copper or nickel-magnesium-ferritesystem must have a composition of at least 50 mol percent Fe O and a small addition of cobalt oxide.
  • the addition of cobalt oxide is suitably determined between. 0.1 and 5% by weight, calculated on the total basic batch of the nickel-copper or nickel-magnesium-ferrite, expressed in metallic oxides. The invention has shown that it is par-.
  • the above ferrites may be prepared in the usual way, either by joint or partial precipitation, from correspondingmetal salt solutions, or, as is customary in ceramic arts, they may be prepared for further processing by wet milling and mixing of the respective metal oxides.
  • the powdered mixtures thus obtained may after drying be given the desired form either immediately by dry pressing, extruding, or similar methods, or it may be desirable, before ceramic forming, to proceed with a calcining firing of the entire composition or only a part thereof, prefer-ably between 750 C. and 1100 C. for the Ni-Cu ferrite or 750 C. and 1250" C. for the Ni-Mg ferrite.
  • the resultant parts are sintered, depending on the composition, in a suitable way between 1180 C. and 1350 C. for the Ni-Cu ferrite or 1250 C. and 1400 C. for the Ni-Mg ferrite system.
  • the cooling takes place slowly, particularly in the temperature range between 700 C. and room temperature.
  • the cooling speed is dependent upon the volume of the fired body. As a criterion, it may be stated that for a ring of about 46 mm. outside diameter, 34 mm. inside diameter, and 10 mm. height, the cooling time from 700 C.
  • (a) for the NiO-CuO-Fe O system In a steel ball mill are ground together 387.5 g. Fe O g. NiO, 37.5 g. C010, 3.25 g. C00. After 6 hours of grinding, the slip is poured through a 4900 mesh screen (4900 meshes per square cm.) into a porcelain dish, and dried. The powder thus obtained, is pressed, according to ceramic pressing techniques, into rings having dimensions of 59 mm. outside diameter, 35.8 mm. inside diameter, and 12 mm. height, the amount of pressure applied being about 0.5 to -l t./cm.'-. The resulting ferrite pieces, are sintered in a kiln at 1320 C.
  • the rings are cooled to room temperature in the kiln during a period of approximately 24 hours.
  • the ferrite rings thus obtained are provided with 0.4 mm. copper enameled wire with windings as primary winding, and, as secondary winding, further 200 windings with 0.2 mm. copper enameled wire are applied.
  • FIG. 1a In the oscillographic photograph of this ferrite, produced in accordance with the invention, which is shown in FIG. 1a, one can distinctly recognize the loop constriction of the hysteresis loop.
  • the rings are cooled to room temperature in the kiln for a period of approximately 24 hours.
  • the ferrite rings thus obtained are provided with 0.4 mm. copper enameled wire with 100 windings as primary winding, and, as secondary winding, further 200 windings with 0.2 mm. copper enameled wire are applied.
  • the oscillogi'aphic photograph of this ferrite, produced in accordance with the invention, which is shown in FIG. 2a one can distinctly recognize the loop constriction of the hysteresis loop.
  • the ferrite toroid of the example with 100 windings as a primary winding is placed in a kiln. While heating to 600 C., and slow cooling for 12 hours to room tem perature, a longitudinal magnetic field is maintained by means of the ring winding by 1 a. direct current, corresponding to a magnetic field strength of about 15 a.- windings/cm. If the hysteresis loop of the ferrite after this thermomagnetic treatment is recorded in the same manner as described above, the result is analogous to that of metals when they are subjected to heat treatment in the longitudinal magnetic field; a complete change of the form of the hysteresis loop, as may be seen in FIGS. 1b and 2b, takes place. In analogous manner, heat treatment in the transverse magnetic field may be carried out with corresponding effect; (see the above cited book by Bozorth).
  • ferrites with distinctly rectangular hysteresis loop may be produced which are of importance to the entire fields of electronics and for magnetic amplification, for telephone and high-frequency fields;
  • ferrities of high quality and a permeability independent of field strength may be produced, which are particularly suitable for the field of telecommunication.
  • a cobalt-modified ferrite with a constricted magnetic hysteresis loop said ferrite being of the class consisting of nickel-copper-iron and nickel-magnesium-iron systems containing 0.1 to by weight of cobalt oxide, the iron oxide content of said composition being at least 50 mol percent expressed in metal oxides, said ferrite exclusive of the cobalt oxide content containing about 72.5 to 90% by weight of ferric oxide, about to 27.5% by weight of MO and the remainder consisting essentially of a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of up to by weight of CH0 and up to 22.5% by weight of MgO, said ferrite being formed by sintering at about 1180 C. to about 1400" C. and cooling the sintered ferrite from 700 C. down to room temperature over a period of at least twelve hours.
  • A 27.5% NiO, 0% CuO, 72.5% Fe O by weight
  • B 2.5% NiO, 25% CuO, 72.5% Fe O by weight
  • C 2.5% NiO, 7.5% CuO, 90% Fe O by weight
  • D l0% NiO, 0% CuO, 90% R2 0 by weight.
  • A 27.5 NiO, 0% MgO, 72.5% Fe O by weight
  • B 2.5% NiO, 22.5% MgO, F6203, by weight
  • C 2.5% NiO, 7.5% MgO, Fe o by weight
  • a process for preparing cobalt-modified ferrites selected from the class consisting of nickel-copper-iron ferrites containing at least 50 mol percent of iron oxide plus 0.1 to 5% by weight of cobalt oxide and nickelmagnesium-iron ferrites containing at least 50 mol per cent of iron oxide plus 0.1 to 5% by weight of cobalt oxide comprising intimately mixing ferric oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide and an oxide selected from the group consisting of copper oxide and magnesium oxide in the proportions required to provide at least 50 mol percent of ferric oxide and 0.1 to 5% by weight of cobalt oxide the remainder being said other specified oxides, molding said powder mixture to shape, firing the molded article at about 1180 C. to about 1400 C. and thereafter slowly cooling the fired body from 700 C. down to room temperature over a period of at least about 12 hours to provide a ferrite body having a constricted hysteresis loop.
  • Bozorth Physical Reviews, Sept. 15, 1955, p. 1792.

Description

O. ECKERT June 20, 1961 FERRITE WITH CONSTRICTED MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS LOOP Filed NOV. 5, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 A/V vvi;
AAA :EAW
W NDV 45AANVV 9o 75 F6 0 INVENTOR.
USA 6 il'lef AAA/VVVWWWAA/V United States Patent O WITH CONSTRICTED MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS LOOP Oskar Eckert, L'anf (Pegnitz), Germany, assignor t Steafit-Magnesia Aktiengesellsclraft, 'Lauf (Pegnilz),
Germany, a corporation of Germany Filed Nov. 5, 1956, Ser. No. 620,315 *Claims priority, application Germany Nov. 10, 1955 Claims. (Cl. 252- 625) Ferromagnetic metals with constricted hysteresis loops (see, for example, Bozorth, Ferromagnetism, by Nostrand Co., 'Inc., 1951, pages 498 to 499), have, as is well known, at small field strength within the constriction area, constant permeability, i.e., permeability independent of the field strength equal to the initial permeability, very low hysteresis losses and, in general, small residual losses. As indicated in the above-cited literature, such materials may be subjected to thermo-magnetic treatment. By thermomagnetic treatment, in this connection, is meant the passing through a thermic cycle during the simultaneous presence of a magnetic longitudinal or transverse field. The concept of longitudinal or transverse field is, in this connection, to be understood as relative to the later measuring field; a longitudinal or transverse field, respectively, means that such field, during the thermomagnetic treatment, is parallel, respectively vertical, to the later measuring field. T hm this type of treatment, these ferromagnetic materials display a substantial alteration of the form of the hysteresis loop, and hence a change ofthe magnetic properties.
.'.It has now been found possible to manufacture specific ferrites showing constricted magnetic hysteresis loops which are, consequently, capable of thermomagnetic treatment similarly as for metals.
.The invention teaches the production of such fern'tes of thenickel-copper or nickel-magnesium ferrite-systen. which can be subjected to thermomagnetic treatment of the above type, and are distinguished from hitherto familiar ferrites by the fact that, under the same manufacturing conditions, they have constricted hysteresis loops.
In accordance with the invention, ferrites with this characteristic in the nickel-copper or nickel-magnesium-ferritesystem must have a composition of at least 50 mol percent Fe O and a small addition of cobalt oxide. The addition of cobalt oxide is suitably determined between. 0.1 and 5% by weight, calculated on the total basic batch of the nickel-copper or nickel-magnesium-ferrite, expressed in metallic oxides. The invention has shown that it is par-.
ticularly advantageous to choose the cob-alt oxidecontent between 0.35 and 1.5% by weight, calculated on thebasic batch. The nickel-copper or nickel-magnesium ferrites in question, which react strongly to the addition of cobalt oxide with a constricted loop, cover, in the three-compov F0203 NiO C110 (b) for the Fe O -NiO-MgO system:
reioi NiO MgO The above ferrites may be prepared in the usual way, either by joint or partial precipitation, from correspondingmetal salt solutions, or, as is customary in ceramic arts, they may be prepared for further processing by wet milling and mixing of the respective metal oxides. The powdered mixtures thus obtained may after drying be given the desired form either immediately by dry pressing, extruding, or similar methods, or it may be desirable, before ceramic forming, to proceed with a calcining firing of the entire composition or only a part thereof, prefer-ably between 750 C. and 1100 C. for the Ni-Cu ferrite or 750 C. and 1250" C. for the Ni-Mg ferrite. The resultant parts are sintered, depending on the composition, in a suitable way between 1180 C. and 1350 C. for the Ni-Cu ferrite or 1250 C. and 1400 C. for the Ni-Mg ferrite system. To produce the constricted hysteresis loop in ferrit es made in accordance with the invention, it is necessary that the cooling takes place slowly, particularly in the temperature range between 700 C. and room temperature. The cooling speed is dependent upon the volume of the fired body. As a criterion, it may be stated that for a ring of about 46 mm. outside diameter, 34 mm. inside diameter, and 10 mm. height, the cooling time from 700 C. to room temperature should take not less than 12 hours; If the rings are cooled rapidly, the efiect of loop constriction does not occur. However, the constriction may be regained even for rings cooled too rapidly, by reheating them to a temperature of about 700 C., and cooling them slowly, as above described.
An example of the invention'follows hereafter:
(a) for the NiO-CuO-Fe O system: In a steel ball mill are ground together 387.5 g. Fe O g. NiO, 37.5 g. C010, 3.25 g. C00. After 6 hours of grinding, the slip is poured through a 4900 mesh screen (4900 meshes per square cm.) into a porcelain dish, and dried. The powder thus obtained, is pressed, according to ceramic pressing techniques, into rings having dimensions of 59 mm. outside diameter, 35.8 mm. inside diameter, and 12 mm. height, the amount of pressure applied being about 0.5 to -l t./cm.'-. The resulting ferrite pieces, are sintered in a kiln at 1320 C. for two hours, whereupon the heat is shut off. The rings are cooled to room temperature in the kiln during a period of approximately 24 hours. The ferrite rings thus obtained are provided with 0.4 mm. copper enameled wire with windings as primary winding, and, as secondary winding, further 200 windings with 0.2 mm. copper enameled wire are applied. In the oscillographic photograph of this ferrite, produced in accordance with the invention, which is shown in FIG. 1a, one can distinctly recognize the loop constriction of the hysteresis loop.
(b) for the NiO-MgO-Fe 0 system: In a steel ball mill are ground together 412.5 g. Fe O 25.0 g. NiO, 62.5 g. MgO, 3.25 g. C00. After 6 hours of grinding, the slip is poured through a 4900 mesh screen (4900 meshes per square cm.) into a porcelain dish and dried. The raw material thus obtained is pressed according to ceramic pressing technique into rings of 59 mm. outside diameter, 35.8 mm. inside diameter, and about 0.5 to 12 mm. high, the amount of pressure applied being about 1 ton per sq. cm. The ferrite raw-pieces thus obtained are sintered in a kiln at 1320 C. for two hours, whereupon the heat is shut off. The rings are cooled to room temperature in the kiln for a period of approximately 24 hours. The ferrite rings thus obtained are provided with 0.4 mm. copper enameled wire with 100 windings as primary winding, and, as secondary winding, further 200 windings with 0.2 mm. copper enameled wire are applied. In the oscillogi'aphic photograph of this ferrite, produced in accordance with the invention, which is shown in FIG. 2a, one can distinctly recognize the loop constriction of the hysteresis loop.
The following experiment proves that ferrites produced in accordance with the invention are susceptible to thermomagnetic treatment:
The ferrite toroid of the example with 100 windings as a primary winding, is placed in a kiln. While heating to 600 C., and slow cooling for 12 hours to room tem perature, a longitudinal magnetic field is maintained by means of the ring winding by 1 a. direct current, corresponding to a magnetic field strength of about 15 a.- windings/cm. If the hysteresis loop of the ferrite after this thermomagnetic treatment is recorded in the same manner as described above, the result is analogous to that of metals when they are subjected to heat treatment in the longitudinal magnetic field; a complete change of the form of the hysteresis loop, as may be seen in FIGS. 1b and 2b, takes place. In analogous manner, heat treatment in the transverse magnetic field may be carried out with corresponding effect; (see the above cited book by Bozorth).
The technical progress obtained with such ferrites in accordance with the invention, may be seen in the following: with thermic longitudinal magnetization, for example, ferrites with distinctly rectangular hysteresis loop may be produced which are of importance to the entire fields of electronics and for magnetic amplification, for telephone and high-frequency fields; with thermic cross magnetization, ferrities of high quality and a permeability independent of field strength may be produced, which are particularly suitable for the field of telecommunication.
I claim:
1. A cobalt-modified ferrite with a constricted magnetic hysteresis loop, said ferrite being of the class consisting of nickel-copper-iron and nickel-magnesium-iron systems containing 0.1 to by weight of cobalt oxide, the iron oxide content of said composition being at least 50 mol percent expressed in metal oxides, said ferrite exclusive of the cobalt oxide content containing about 72.5 to 90% by weight of ferric oxide, about to 27.5% by weight of MO and the remainder consisting essentially of a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of up to by weight of CH0 and up to 22.5% by weight of MgO, said ferrite being formed by sintering at about 1180 C. to about 1400" C. and cooling the sintered ferrite from 700 C. down to room temperature over a period of at least twelve hours.
2. The ferrite of claim 1 in which the cobalt oxide content is between 0.35 and 1.5% by weight.
3. The ferrite of claim 2, in which the nickel oxide, copper oxide and ferric oxide is Within area ABCD of FIG. 3 of the drawing, the corners of said area representing the following composition:
A=27.5% NiO, 0% CuO, 72.5% Fe O by weight, B=2.5% NiO, 25% CuO, 72.5% Fe O by weight, C=2.5% NiO, 7.5% CuO, 90% Fe O by weight, D=l0% NiO, 0% CuO, 90% R2 0 by weight.
4. The ferrite of claim 2 in which the composition is within area ABCD' of FIG. 4 of the drawing, the corners of said quadrangular area representing the following compositions:
A=27.5 NiO, 0% MgO, 72.5% Fe O by weight, B=2.5% NiO, 22.5% MgO, F6203, by weight, C=2.5% NiO, 7.5% MgO, Fe o by weight, D 10.0% NiO, 0.0% MgO, 90% Fe O by weight.
5. A process for preparing cobalt-modified ferrites selected from the class consisting of nickel-copper-iron ferrites containing at least 50 mol percent of iron oxide plus 0.1 to 5% by weight of cobalt oxide and nickelmagnesium-iron ferrites containing at least 50 mol per cent of iron oxide plus 0.1 to 5% by weight of cobalt oxide comprising intimately mixing ferric oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide and an oxide selected from the group consisting of copper oxide and magnesium oxide in the proportions required to provide at least 50 mol percent of ferric oxide and 0.1 to 5% by weight of cobalt oxide the remainder being said other specified oxides, molding said powder mixture to shape, firing the molded article at about 1180 C. to about 1400 C. and thereafter slowly cooling the fired body from 700 C. down to room temperature over a period of at least about 12 hours to provide a ferrite body having a constricted hysteresis loop.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,976,230 Kato et al. Oct. 9, 1934 1,997,183 Kato et al. Apr. 9, 1935 2,549,089 Hegyi Apr. 17, 1951 2,568,881 Albers-Schoenberg Sept. 25, 1951 2,656,319 Berge Oct. 20, 1953 2,723,239 Harvey Nov. 8, 1955 2,736,708 Crowley Feb. 28, 1956 2,778,803 Crowley Jan. 22, 1957 2,860,105 Gorter et al Nov. 11, 1958 2,886,530 Greger May 12, 1959 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,100,865 France Apr. 13, 1955 1,125,577 France July 16, 1956 203,910 Australia Nov. 1, 1956 510,462 Belgium Apr. 30, 1952 748,070 Great Britain Apr. 18, 1936 OTHER REFERENCES I. Institute of Electrical Engineers, Japan, November 1937, pp. 4, 5, June 1939, pp. 278, 279.
Bozorth: Physical Reviews, Sept. 15, 1955, p. 1792.
Weil: Comptes Rendus v. 234, p. 1352 (1952).
Proceedings of the I.R.E., vol. 44, No. 10 (Ferrites Issue), October 1956, pages 1300, 1301, 1304, 1305 and 1306.
Ferromagnetism, Bozorth, D Van Nostrand, 1951, pp. 498 and 499 pert.
RCA Review, September 1950, page 345.

Claims (1)

1. A COBALT-MODIFIED FERRITE WITH A CONSTRICTED MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS LOOP, SAID FERRITE BEING OF THE CLASS CONSISTING OF NICKEL-COPPER-IRON AND NICKEL-MAGNESIUM-IRON SYSTEMS CONTAINING 0.1 TO 5% BY WEIGHT OF COBALT OXIDE, THE IRON OXIDE CONTENT OF SAID COMPOSITION BEING AT LEAST 50 MOL PERCENT EXPRESSED IN METAL OXIDES, SAID FERRITE EXCLUSIVE OF THE COBALT OXIDE CONTENT CONTAINING ABOUT 72.5 TO 90% BY WEIGHT OF FERRIC OXIDE, ABOUT 10 TO 27.5% BY WEIGHT OF NIO AND THE REMAINDER CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF A METAL OXIDE SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF UP TO 25% BY WEIGHT OF CUO AND UP TO 22.5% BY WEIGHT OF MGO, SAID FERRITE BEING FORMED BY SINTERING AT ABOUT 1180*C. TO ABOUT 1400*C. AND COOLING THE SINTERED FERRITE FROM 700*C. DOWN TO ROOM TEMPERATURE OVER A PERIOD OF AT LEAST TWELVE HOURS.
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US3100194A (en) * 1958-01-15 1963-08-06 Philips Corp Ferromagnetic material and method of making the same
US6251299B1 (en) * 1998-12-28 2001-06-26 Tdk Corporation Magnetic material, inductance element using the same and manufacturing method thereof

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NL252610A (en) * 1959-06-17
NL272060A (en) * 1960-12-06

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US2860105A (en) * 1953-12-21 1958-11-11 Philips Corp Method of manufacturing ferromagnetic cores
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US1976230A (en) * 1930-12-25 1934-10-09 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Permanent magnet and method of manufacturing same
US1997183A (en) * 1932-05-21 1935-04-09 Clarence T Rottler Sharpening tool
US2549089A (en) * 1948-12-15 1951-04-17 Rca Corp Mixed ferrite compositions, including lithium ferrite
US2568881A (en) * 1948-12-28 1951-09-25 Steatite Res Corp Ceramic parts for electrical devices having magnetic properties and method of making
US2656319A (en) * 1949-01-03 1953-10-20 Aladdin Ind Inc Magnetic core composition and method of producing the same
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US2736708A (en) * 1951-06-08 1956-02-28 Henry L Crowley & Company Inc Magnetic compositions
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3100194A (en) * 1958-01-15 1963-08-06 Philips Corp Ferromagnetic material and method of making the same
US6251299B1 (en) * 1998-12-28 2001-06-26 Tdk Corporation Magnetic material, inductance element using the same and manufacturing method thereof

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