US2973950A - Concrete sawing machine having stabilizing wheels - Google Patents

Concrete sawing machine having stabilizing wheels Download PDF

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Publication number
US2973950A
US2973950A US574223A US57422356A US2973950A US 2973950 A US2973950 A US 2973950A US 574223 A US574223 A US 574223A US 57422356 A US57422356 A US 57422356A US 2973950 A US2973950 A US 2973950A
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wheels
frame
machine
dolly
lever
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US574223A
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Tucker Ray
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Robert G Evans Co
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Robert G Evans Co
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C23/00—Auxiliary devices or arrangements for constructing, repairing, reconditioning, or taking-up road or like surfaces
    • E01C23/06—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road
    • E01C23/09—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges
    • E01C23/0906—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges for forming, opening-out, cleaning, drying or heating cuts, grooves, recesses or, excluding forming, cracks, e.g. cleaning by sand-blasting or air-jet ; for trimming paving edges
    • E01C23/0926—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges for forming, opening-out, cleaning, drying or heating cuts, grooves, recesses or, excluding forming, cracks, e.g. cleaning by sand-blasting or air-jet ; for trimming paving edges with power-driven tools, e.g. vibrated, percussive cutters
    • E01C23/0933—Devices or arrangements for working the finished surface; Devices for repairing or reconditioning the surface of damaged paving; Recycling in place or on the road for forming cuts, grooves, or recesses, e.g. for making joints or channels for markings, for cutting-out sections to be removed; for cleaning, treating, or filling cuts, grooves, recesses, or fissures; for trimming paving edges for forming, opening-out, cleaning, drying or heating cuts, grooves, recesses or, excluding forming, cracks, e.g. cleaning by sand-blasting or air-jet ; for trimming paving edges with power-driven tools, e.g. vibrated, percussive cutters rotary, e.g. circular-saw joint cutters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a machine for cutting concrete to make expansion grooves or for making repairs as in the construction and maintenance of concrete highways.
  • the principal object of the invention is to provide a I machine of this character which is highly maneuverable but is exceptionally stable to assure accuracy of the cuts and to prolong the life of the cutting blade.
  • Other objects of the invention are to provide for feeding the blade into the work under power, and to quickly release the power when lifting the blade out of contact with the work, and to provide for accurate and straightaway movement of the machine under power even when the machine is moving over rough, sloped or crowned surfaces.
  • Fig. l is a sideelevational view of a concrete cutting machine constructed in accordance with the present invention and showing the machine in operation to cut an expansion groove in a concrete slab.
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view of the machine, parts of which are broken away and other parts shown in section, to better illustrate the construction.
  • Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section on the line 3 3 of Fig. 2, showing the cutting blade lifted out of the cut and the machine in transport position.
  • Fig. 4 is a rear end view of Ithe machine with a part of the cowling broken away to better illustrate the parts covered thereby.
  • Fig. 5 is a horizontal section on the line 5-5 of Fig. 3, to better illustrate the relative mounting of the cutting blade, the main traction wheels, and the stabilizing wheels which cooperate with the traction wheels ineliminating side sway and for maintaining accuracy of the cut produced by the cutting blade.
  • Fig. 6 is a plan View of the friction drive unit.
  • Fig. 7 is a detailed perspective view of one of the side arms of the friction drive unit.
  • Fig. 8 is an enlarged section on the line 8-8 of Fig. 4.
  • Fig. 9 is a fragmentary section on the line 9 9 of Fig. 8.
  • Fig. 10 is an enlarged detailed view of the controls for the speed transformer and the friction drive unit, the movable parts of the controls being in position for effecting a forward movement of the machine.
  • Fig. l1 is a similar view but showing the controls moved to position for stopping forward movement of the machine.
  • Fig. 12 is a perspective view of the parts of the controls shown in disassembled spaced relation.
  • Fig. 13 is a fragmentary section on the line 13-13 of Fig. 1 showing the manner of mounting and securing the handle bars in adjusted position.
  • Fig. 14 is a cross-section on the line 14-14 of Fig. 5.
  • 1 designatesV a machine constructed in accordance with the present invention for producing cuts in concrete slabs to form expansion grooves or to cut out sections of concrete:
  • the main frame 2 is thus adapted to tilt on the axis of the traction wheels 10 and 11 so that the forward end is lowered when the rear end is raised, as shown in Fig. 1, to carry the blade 3 into and out of contact with the Work.
  • the blade 3 is carried on an arbor shaft 17 that extends transversely under the forward end of the frame and has its ends journaled in bearings 18 and 19 carried by brackets Ztl and 21 depending from the under side of the frame 2 and which are preferably attached to the forward ends of the side members 5 and 6.
  • the arbor shaft has reduced ends 22 and 23 projecting outwardly from the sides of the bearings 18 and 19 to form shoulders 24 and to mount the cutting blade 3 on one or the other of the ends of the shaft, as desired.
  • the cutting blade is in the form of a disk of standard design and diameter to produce a desired width and depth of cut. Usually the blades are of three standard diameters, with a central opening of common diameter to pass over one or the other ends of the arbor shaft and to be clamped thereon between clamping plates or washers 25 and 26,
  • the inner plates 25 being fixed to the arbor shaft andy backed by the shoulders 24 to seat the blade thereagainst for retention by an outer plate 26 when a nut 27 is turned onto a threaded terminal of the ends 22 and 23.
  • the outer clamping plates carry dowel pins 28 (Fig. 5) that pass through a suitable opening in the blade and into registering openings in the inner plates 25, as shownV in Figs. 2 and 5.
  • the engine 4 is mounted on the main frame at a point substantially above the traction wheels with the power shaft 29 thereof extending parallel with the arbor shaft and mounting a pulley 30 in registry with a pulley 31 xed to the arbor shaft.
  • the pulleys are preferably of the multigrooved type to accommodate a plurality of drive belts 32 that operate in the grooves of the respective pulleys and through a slot 33 in the floor plate 9.
  • the bars 41 and 42 are rigidly braced with respect to the sleeve 43A and-axle 36 by a transverse Plat@ 4.4 that is Secured along the rear Side. of the sleeve 433111110 thensr faces of the bars41. and 42.
  • a-re braces 45 and 46 Cooperating with the plate 4 4 but on the outer sides ofv the bars 41 and 42 a-re braces 45 and 46 having their rear ends fixedto the axle 36 at points ⁇ spaced outwardly from the rear ends of the bars 41 and 42 and their forward ends fixed to the outer faces of the bars immediately adjacent the ends of the sleeve 4 3.
  • the braces 45 and 46 are additionally connected with the outer ends of the axle 36 by gussets 47 and 4.
  • the sleeve 43 is preferably secured to the axle shaft by set screws l49 and 50 whereby the axler 12 turns within hubs of the traction Wheels 10 and 11. when the pairsv of.
  • the dolly is connected with a rear part of the main f rarnel by means ofY a manually actuated power lift, as later described,rwh ereby the rear end of the main frame 2 may be raised and lowered to tilt the frame 2 for carrying the cutting blade 3 into and out ⁇ of contact with the.
  • a cowl and handle assemblySl comprising side members 52 and53 each of which is formed of tubular stock to provide forward legs 54, having lower ends 55 ywelded to the main frame forwardly of the rear end members.
  • the legs 54 extend upwardly and rearwardly at an angle with respect to the side members and terminate in rearwardly extending bar portions 56 to connect with rear legs 7 that have upper portions 53 extending downwardly inparallel relation with the front leg portions and that havel lower portions 59 extending downwardly and forwardly at an angle to connect with the rear corners ofV the main frame 2.
  • the front and rear legs are connected on their inner s ide faces by plates 6) and'61 which extend from the floor plate 9upwardly to terminate short of the bar portions 56 to support a cowl 62 therebetween.
  • the cowl 6 2 comprisesI a plate that is shaped to provide azrfnorward skirtJ portiong, atop 64and a rear skirt portion 65 following the form of the upper ends of the side plates 6 0 andl, as best shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
  • the rear ends of the handle bars are provided with suitable hand grips 70.
  • the handle bars are adjustably secured in the'guides 66 and 67 by clamp screws 66 having hand wheels 67' Yby which they may be easily manipulated (Figs. l and 13).
  • the side members are connected substantially midway kof their height by a transverse bar 71 which cooperatesv withv the axle 36 in connecting the power lift previously Y referred to.
  • the power lift in the illustrated instance is.
  • a hydraulic jack 72 including acyliiider 7 3 and a ram '74 which slides in theV cylinder.
  • the ram 74 has its lower endpivotally connected-withspaced apart. lugs 75 (Fig.
  • the pump is actuated by means of a handle 84 that projects rearwardly through a slot 85 in the rear portion 65 of the cowl to carry a hand grip 8 6 in convenient reach of the operator of the machine.
  • Pressure created by the pump is released by means of a valve (not shown) but which is located in the case 81 and is common to such hydraulic mechanisms.
  • the valve is operated by a shaft 87 which extends from the case through the rear portion of the cowl and carries an actuatinglever 88.
  • the machine is adapted to be operated in a forward direction by frictional Contact of drive wheels 89 and 9.0 with treads of the traction wheels as shown in Figs. 1,2 and 3.
  • the drive wheels. 89 and 9i) are carried. on a transverse shaft 91.
  • the shaft 911 is journaled in bear.-
  • ings 92 and 93 that are adjustably mounted on arms 94 and 95, the arms 914 andi 95 being pivotally connected' between pairs ofV ears 96 and 97 depending from the under opposite sides of themain frame 2 substantially at points above and to the rear ofthe axle 12, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
  • the rear ends ofthe arms 94and95 are connected by a crossbar 97 whereby botharms are moved as a unit to ⁇ bringthe drive wheels into friction contact with the treads of the traction wheels, as later described.
  • the bearings 92 and 93 are adjustably mounted on the arms by means of jack screws 98 . That may be threaded in openings provided in downturned ends 99 of the arms and which are connected with the bearingsin which the drive shaft is journaled. lt is obvious that by turning of the jack screws the bearings may be moved along the under sides of the arms to adjust pressure of the contact between the drive'wheels39 and 90 and the traction wheels lfand 11.
  • a speed transformer 169 having a power input shaft 101 which is adapted to be operated from the power shaft of the engine through a belt 102, the belt 102 operatingover a pulley 103 on the power shaft of the engine and over a pulley 184 on the power input shaft of the speed transformer;
  • the speed transformer has a shaft 105 extending from the opposite side and connected through a coupling ⁇ 1526 with the power input ⁇ shaft of a change speed gear unit 167 whereby the gear unit may be operated at any speedV from zero to the maximum speed of the speed transformer 16) upon manipulation of the shift lever 108 of the speed transformer.
  • the output shaft 109 of the gear unit 107 carries a sprocket 110 and operating over the sprocket and a similar sprocket 111 on the shaft 91 isa chain 112 to connect the drive shaft with the engine to move the machine in a for-ward direction, the chain operating through an open: ing 113 of the floor plate 9 and an idler sprocket ⁇ 111'V on the crossbar 97.
  • the cutting blade iS therefore preferably enclosed on the upper side with a guard 114 having sides 115 connected by a rounding top 116.
  • the sides and top are also shaped to provide rear extensions 117 to suspend a splash guard 118.
  • the guard 114 is pivotally mounted on one or the other of the side members of the main frame by a bolt 119 that extends through a sleeve 120 fixed to-the extension 117.
  • the guard 114 is thus hingedly mounted so as to be swung retractively from covering relation with the cutting'blade, as when changing blades.
  • the guard 114 is supported on hooks 121 (Fig. 3) that engage the inner lower edge of the guard at a. point forwardly of the arbor shaft 17.
  • the guard is clamped in the hook by a clamp nut 122 on a stud 123 projecting upwardly from the sides of the main frame 2.
  • Fixed to the top of the guard and extending thereacross on the respective sides of the stud 123 are spaced bars 124 that are adapted to be engaged by the nut 122. Since the guard isl adapted to either side of the machine, each side has a stud 123 and a threaded opening for the bolt 119.
  • a T-ftting 125 having laterally extending Ls 126 which project over the sides of Ithe guard to connect with hose 127 leading to nozzles 128 carried by the sides 115 of the guard, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
  • a hose 129 Connected with the other branch of the T-fitting is a hose 129 that connects with a valve 130 which in turn is connected by means of a hose 131 with the pressure outlet connection 132 of a pump 133.
  • the pump 133 has a suction connection 134 that is adapted to be connected by a hose (not shown) with a source of water supply (also not shown).
  • the pump 133 is mounted on an extension 99 of the platform and rearwardly of the variable speed transformer 100.
  • the pump 133 is actuated from a pulley 135 on the input shaft of the transformer and which carries a belt 136 operating over a pulley 137 on the pump shaft 138.
  • a spring 139 seated on fthe floor of the main frame at a point over the transverse axle 36 and which spring 139 is enclosed in a tubular housing 140 having its lower end fixed to the floor of the main frame and its upper end terminating below the top 62 of the cowl, as best shown in Figs. 4 and 8.
  • Carried on the upper end of the spring is a collar 141 to which is connected a cable 142 that extends downwardly through the spring 139 over a guide pulley 143 to connect with a lug 144 on the rear of the transverse axle 36, as shown in Figs. 4 and 8.
  • the length of the cable 142 is such that when the main frame is in horizontal position the spring 139 is compressed to give the action necessary to lift the dolly 35 after the fluid pressure in the hydraulic jack 72 has been released.
  • the jack 72 is operated to in effect lengthen the jack connection be- -tween the main frame 2 and the axle 33 of the dolly 35,
  • lthe spring 139 is held down by the cable and is compressed to assist in returning the main frame 2 to horizontal position upon release of the hydraulic fluid from the cylinder 73 into the case 81.
  • This mechanism also performs an important function of actuating an indicator drum 145 which indicates the depth of cut made by a given diameter of cutting blade 3.
  • the drum 145 is rotatably mounted on a transverse pin 146 which is supported below the top portion 62 of the cowl by brackets 147.
  • the brackets 147 are suitably attached to the under side of the cowl and have depending flanges 14S to journal the ends of the pin 146.
  • the drum has a peripheral scale 149 for each diameter of blade to be used, for example, the ordinary lblades employed in connection with machines of this character are 12, 14 and 18 inches, and therefore the drum has three scales 149 wherein the graduations thereof arev re- '.Spectively visible through windowopenngs 150 in the top portion62 of the cowl.
  • the indicator drum 145 is operated in one direction by a cable 151 having one end attached to the collar 141 and the other end is wrapped laround the drum within a groove 152 and is anchored in aV side'of the groove in such a manner that when the main frame 2 is pivoted to bring the cutting blade 3 in contact with the work, the movement thereof from the normal position results in the collar 141 pulling on the cable 151 to rotate the drum a distance corresponding with the depth of cut of the cutting blade 3, consequently the graduation appearing in the proper window visibly indicates the depth of the cut.
  • a spring 154 is loaded to return the drum to zero position at the time the frame is returned to a position that results in lifting of the blade from the cut.
  • the spring 154 is connected with a clip 155 that is carried von one side of the tubular housing 140, as shown in Figs. 4 and 8.
  • the other end of the spring 154 is connected by a cable 156 that operates ina second groove 157 in the indicator drum and which is anchored thereto so that when the rear of the platform is lowered to lift the cutting blade out of the cut, the spring 139 expands, tending to make slackthe cable 151, but the slack is immediately taken up by contraction of the spring 154 to furnish the action necessary to rotate the indicator drum to Zero position.
  • Forward travel of the machine is effected by contacting the drive wheels 89 and 90 with the traction wheels 10 and 11, and the motion of the machine is stopped by lifting of the drive wheels 89 and 90 from contact with the traction wheels 10 and 11.
  • This is effected by means of a hand lever 158 located on the outer side of the side member 53.
  • the lever 158 is pivotally mounted on a screw 159 that is carried by a bracket 160fxed to the forward leg 54 of the side member 53.
  • Reciprocably mounted in a bearing portion 161 of the bracket 160 is a rod 162 having one end 163 connected with the lever 158 by links 164.
  • the other end 163 of the rod 162 is connected by means of a turnbuckle 165 with a clevis 166 which is pivotally connected by a pin 167 to an arm 168 of a rock shaft 169.
  • the rock shaft 169 extends transversely of the machine and has its ends journaled in bearings 170 and 171 that are carried by the forward legs 54 of the side members 52 and 53. Projecting forwardly from the rock shaft is an arm 172 which is pivotally connected by means of a link 173 lwith an arm 174 on the bar 97.
  • the shift lever 108 for the speed transformer- 100 is actuated by a lever 175 also pivotally mounted on a part 176 carried by the bracket 160. Fixed to an extension 177 of the part 176 by fastening devices such as screws 178 is a guide 179 for a cable 180.
  • Thev cable 180 is slideably contained in a sheath 181, so that it may be moved longitudinally therein to transmit motion of the lever 175 to the shift lever 108, the ends of the cable being suitably connected to the respective levers.v
  • the lever 175 is moved in a counterclockwise direction, the shift lever of the speed transformer is moved to zero position, and when the lever 175 is moved in a clockwise direction, Fig.
  • the lever 175 has a lug 182 that connects with a rod 183 which is slideable in-anl opening 184 in an ear 185 that projects from the plate 61.
  • the rod 183 is threaded as indicated at 186 and carries stop and jam nuts 187 and 188 so thatA when the lever ⁇ 175 is ⁇ in position; for the desired speed, the stop nut 187 maybe adjusted on the rod toV engage the ⁇ rear side of; the ear 185, as shown in Fig.
  • the lever 175 may be shifted from the maximum speed desired toy neutral speed andback to the desired speed without adjusting the position thereof, it beingA only necessary to shift the lever to the position where it is stopped by engagement 'of the nut 187 with the ear 185; With the controls thus far described, the levers 158 and 175 may be operated independentlyof each other,4
  • the speed change lever 175 may be in posif tion where the shift lever 108 on the speed transformer 1,00 is not'in zero position.
  • the lever 158 ⁇ is operatedA to bring the drive wheels 89 Vand, 90 into contact withY the treads ⁇ of the traction wheels 10 and 11, an excessive shock is applied tothe power units 106 ⁇ and 107, with the result that one or both power units may be severely damaged.
  • the lever' 158 has an arm ISS, thereon that has a laterally extending lug 1-89 adapted to engage a laterally extending lug 190 on the lever 175. Therefore, when the lever 158 is moved all the way down, Fig.
  • the lug 189 thereon engages the lug 19d on the lever 175Y to automatically move the lever 175 of the speed transformer to neutral position. Therefore, ⁇ when the lever S is raised to reengage the powerl drive of the' traction wheels, the lever 175 remains in neutral position andit is impossible ⁇ to start movement of the machine without subsequent movement of the lever 175V from neutral position.
  • a fuel tank 191 for supplying ⁇ fuel to the engine is mounted on the front end of the main frame 2, and a battery 192 for supplying electric current for starting the engine and to supply the ignition system is carriedat the rear end of the frame. 4
  • the machine is provided with front and rear pointers 193 and 194 that are aligned with the blade to locate the line of travel of the machine.
  • the front pointer 193 constitutes the downturned terminal of a traverse rod 195.
  • the rod 195 is adjustable within a sleeve 196 that. is carried by a Wheel 197.
  • the wheel 197 is carried at a sufcient distance forwardly ofV the machine so that the in Fig; 3 to the-position shown in Fig. 2.
  • the front and rear pointers 193i and 194i are then adjusted laterally relatively* to' markings on thek surface torbe followed in ⁇ making the cut.
  • Attention isparticularly directed to the fact that when the machine is being maneuvered into position on the traction'wheels, there is a preferably slight preponderance ofthe weight at the rear of the machine so that the forward end of the machine carries the blade out of contact with the surface on which the machine is maneuvered.
  • the suction connection 136 of the water pump 133 is connected by means of a hose with a suitable source of water supply for supplying water to the cutting blade when the pump is in operation and the. valve ⁇ 13 is open.
  • the pump 80 is then actuated Vhy moving the lever 84 up and down in the slot 85 to pump hydraulic uid from the case.
  • the stop and jam nuts 1-87' and 18S are adjusted on the rod 186, so that when the speed control lever 175 is moved to bring ⁇ theV stop nut 187 into contact with the ear 185, the lever 108 of the speed transformer 106 is shifted to the position which gives the desired speed of the driving wheels 89 and 90.
  • the rearv pointers 194' comprise shorter rods 205 that are adjustably mountedV in lugs 206 and 207 projecting rearwardly from the axle 36.
  • the pointed terminals 20S of the pointers are retained in desired position by nuts 209 that are threaded on the rods and engage the respective ends of the lugs, asbest shown in Fig. 4.
  • the control levers and mechanism associated therewith are preferably protected by a guard 210, as shown ,in4 Figs. 2 and 4; Y
  • the handle bars 63 andl69 In operating a machine constructed and. assembled as described, the handle bars 63 andl69 when lifted upward tilt the machine forward on traction wheelsi10 and 11, in which position it canbe maneuvered in the manner of a conventional wheelharrow to. permit ymovement of the machine into position uponthe surface of a concrete 'slab A in which a linear cut B is to be made by the cutting blade 3.
  • the spring 139 is then eiective to suspend the dolly from the frame 2 Awith the stabilizingl wheels 39 and 40. out of contact withthe surface on which the traction wheels aresupported.
  • the operator releases the pressure from the jack by manipulating, the lever 88 to Vbleed hydraulic fluid from the jaclrcylinder.,l responsive to the preponderance of weight on the, rear portion of the frame.. The movement of the frame quickly forces the hydraulic uid from the cylinder back into the case 81.
  • The. blade may be returned, to the cut to continue the cut under the proper pressure -depending upon the extent to which thel operator manipulates the pump lever and the release of the fluid pressure from the jack.
  • This is animportant feature of ⁇ the invention, as it provides for precision pressure. feed of theV blade into the cut and permits a rapid release, of the blade upon release of the pressure,.to protect and prolong the life of the blade.
  • the lever 175 may then be swung forwardly until the stop nut 187 engages the ear 185, whereupon the lever 108 is returned to its original position for maintaining the desired forward speed of the machine. It is thus obvious that after the desired speed has been determined, that speed'is automatically established whenever the lever 175 reaches the position where the stop nut engages the ear 185. If it becomes necessary to change the setting of the lever 175, the stop and jam nuts 187 and 188 may be readjusted on the rod 183 to give the proper forward speed of the machine.
  • the machine may be manually maneuvered by the operator, or the machine may be moved under power by actuating the control levers 158 and 175, whereupon the machine is propelled under power of the engine while it is being maneuvered and steered into position for making the subsequent cut.
  • the cutting blade and guard may be removed from .the right hand side of the machine and applied to the left hand side.
  • a mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure said machine including a main frame having a fore portion and a rear portion, a rotary cutter having 'fixed rotational support on the fore portion of the frame on a transverse axis, a pair of transversely aligned traction wheels having connection with opposite sides of the frame and intermediate said portions for maneuverably supporting the machine on said surface in which the cut is to be made, a dolly having transversely spaced apart stabilizing wheels adapted for rolling contact with said surface, means pivotally connecting the dolly with the frame for retaining the axis of the dolly wheels in parallel relation with the axes of the'traction wheels and the rotary cutter and tocooperate with said traction wheels in maintaining movement of the machine in a linear direction.
  • a pulley on the rear portion of the main frame and above the dolly a cable running over the pulley and having one end connected with the dolly, a spring yieldingly connecting the other end with a part on the main frame, a coil springv having one end seating on the main frame and the other end connected with the cable for supporting the dolly with the wheels free of the slab when the main frame is in a position with the rotary cutter out of contact with the slab whereby the dolly wheels do not interfere with maneuvering of the machine on the traction wheels, a jack connecting thev dolly with the rear portion of the main frame including piston and cylinder members, and means for supplying a pressure medium to the cylinder for urging the wheels of the dolly into rolling contact with the slab to cooperate with the traction wheels in maintaining'saidV straightaway direction on movement of the machine and to'effect pivotal movement ofthe main frame to bring said rotary cutter into cutting contact with the slab.
  • a mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure said machine including a-main frame having a fore part and a rear part, brackets depending from opposite sides of the frame intermediately of said parts, a transverse axle carried by said brackets,'main wheels rotatable on ends of the axle for maneuvering the machine on the slab and providing a pivotal axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a cutting blade rotatably mounted on the forward part of the frame, a dolly frame having a transverse axle portion and a forward parallel sleeve portion sleeved over the transverse axle with ends thereof in contact with the brackets for retaining the axial portion of the dolly in parallel relation and from lateral movement with respect to said transverse axle, wheels carried on outer ends of the axial portion of the dolly for rotation on an axis parallel with the rotational axis of the main wheels and adapted for rolling contact on the slab to cooperate with the main wheels in holding a straightaway direction on movement of the machine,
  • a mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure said machine including a main frame having a fore part and a rear part, brackets depending from opposite sides of the frame intermediately of said parts, a transverse axle carried by said brackets, main wheels rotatable on ends of the axle for maneuvering the machine on the slab and providing a pivotal axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a cutting blade rotatably mounted on the fore part of the frame, said rear part of the frame having a greater weight thereon to hold the main frame normally with the cutting blade out of contact with the slab, a dolly frame having a transverse axle portion and a forward parallel sleeve portion sleeved on said transverse axle with ends thereof in contact with the brackets for retaining the axial portion of the dolly in parallel relation and from lateral movement with respect to said transverse axle, wheels carried on outer ends ofthe axial portion of the dolly for rotation on an axis parallel with the rotational axis of the main
  • a mobile machine for'making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure the combination of a frame, a rotary cutter having xed rotational support on a fore part of the frame, transversely aligned traction wheels, brackets depending from a midportion of sides of the frame, axle means carried by the brackets for journaling the traction wheels for maneuverably ysupporting the frame on said surface in which the cut isto be made and to provide a pivotall axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a dolly pivotally connected with said axle means and trailing therefrom under a rear partof said frame and having transversely aligned stabilizing wheels, yieldable means connecting the dolly with the frame for suspending the dolly with the stabilizing wheels out of contact with said surface when the machine ⁇ is maneuvered on said traction wheels, and power means connected with the dolly and a rear partrofV the frame for bringing the stabilizing wheels into stabilizing contact with said surface and' for rockingY the frame' on its pivot
  • a mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure, the combination of a frame, a ⁇ rotary cutter having fixed rotational supperton a foregpart of the frame, transversely aligned traction wheels, brackets depending from a midportion of sides of the frame, axle'means carried by the brackets forv journaling the traction wheels for maneuverably supporting the frame on said surface in which the cut is to be made and to provide a pivotal axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a dolly pivotally connected with said axle means and trailing therefrom under a rear part ot said framev and having transversely aligned stabilizing wheels, a coil spring having one end seated upon a rear part of said frame, a collar at the other end ofthe spring, a cable connecting the collar with said dolly for resiliently suspending the dolly from the frame to support the stabilizing wheels out of contact with said frame when the frame 'is to be maneuvered on said traction wheels, a u

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Description

R. TUCKER 2,973,950
CONCRETE sAwING MACHINE HAVING STABILIZING wHEELs March 7, 1961 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed March 27, 1956 n A 'Y n. A
IN V EN TOR. /Fy @Chef A TTR/VEY March 7, 1961 R. TUCKER 2,973,950 CONCRETE sAwING MACHINE HAVING STABILIZING WHEELS Filed March 27, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 NY w D N NN INVENTOR. Ra] Tue/fer MEM A T TUR/V57 March 7, 1961 R. TUCKER 2,973,950
CONCRETE SAWING MACHINE HAVING STABILIZING WHEELS Filed March 27, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 IN V EN TOR.
/ay Tac/fer ATTORNEY R. TUCKER 2,973,950 CONCRETE sAwING MACHINE HAVING STABILIZING WHEELS March 7, 1961 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed March 27, 1956 A IN V EN TOR. /qy 70K/ref' A 7'7'0/'A/Ey R. TUCKER March 7, 1961 CONCRETE SAWING MACHINE HAVING STABILIZING WHEELS Filed March 27, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 ,.I ..l.l..MWI
E- S Q mv. Q mw I .mm N. m. mm. hm.
HUE la IN VEN TOR. /Pay Tac/fer,
ATTORNEY March 7, 1961 R. TUCKER 2,973,950
CONCRETE SAWING MACHINE HAVING STABILIZING WHEELS Filed Marohk27, 1956 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 IN V EN TOR.
ATTORNEY nvited `States,Patent CONCRETE SAWING MACHINE HAVING STABILIZING WHEELS Ray Tucker, Kansas City, Mo., assignor to Robert G. Evans Company, Kansas City, Mo., a partnership Filed Mar. 27, 1956, Ser. No. 574,223
6 Claim. (Cl. 262-20) This invention relates to a machine for cutting concrete to make expansion grooves or for making repairs as in the construction and maintenance of concrete highways.
The principal object of the invention is to provide a I machine of this character which is highly maneuverable but is exceptionally stable to assure accuracy of the cuts and to prolong the life of the cutting blade.
Other objects of the invention are to provide for feeding the blade into the work under power, and to quickly release the power when lifting the blade out of contact with the work, and to provide for accurate and straightaway movement of the machine under power even when the machine is moving over rough, sloped or crowned surfaces.
In accomplishing these and other objects of the invention as hereinafter pointed out, I have provided improved structure, the preferred form of which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein:
Fig. l is a sideelevational view of a concrete cutting machine constructed in accordance with the present invention and showing the machine in operation to cut an expansion groove in a concrete slab.
Fig. 2 is a plan view of the machine, parts of which are broken away and other parts shown in section, to better illustrate the construction.
Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section on the line 3 3 of Fig. 2, showing the cutting blade lifted out of the cut and the machine in transport position.
Fig. 4 is a rear end view of Ithe machine with a part of the cowling broken away to better illustrate the parts covered thereby.
Fig. 5 is a horizontal section on the line 5-5 of Fig. 3, to better illustrate the relative mounting of the cutting blade, the main traction wheels, and the stabilizing wheels which cooperate with the traction wheels ineliminating side sway and for maintaining accuracy of the cut produced by the cutting blade.
Fig. 6 is a plan View of the friction drive unit.
Fig. 7 is a detailed perspective view of one of the side arms of the friction drive unit.
Fig. 8 is an enlarged section on the line 8-8 of Fig. 4.
Fig. 9 is a fragmentary section on the line 9 9 of Fig. 8.
Fig. 10 is an enlarged detailed view of the controls for the speed transformer and the friction drive unit, the movable parts of the controls being in position for effecting a forward movement of the machine.
Fig. l1 is a similar view but showing the controls moved to position for stopping forward movement of the machine.
Fig. 12 is a perspective view of the parts of the controls shown in disassembled spaced relation.
Fig. 13 is a fragmentary section on the line 13-13 of Fig. 1 showing the manner of mounting and securing the handle bars in adjusted position.
Fig. 14 is a cross-section on the line 14-14 of Fig. 5.
Referring more in detail to the drawings: 1 designatesV a machine constructed in accordance with the present invention for producing cuts in concrete slabs to form expansion grooves or to cut out sections of concrete:
which extends transversely from one side of the framev to the other and has its ends journaled in bearings 13 and 14. The bearings 13 and 14 are carried in brackets 1S and 16 which are secured to the under side of the frame 2 at points spaced inwardly from the side members 5 and 6, as best shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The wheels 10 and 11 are retained on the outer ends of the axle 12 by collars 12' that are suitably pinned tothe axle as shown in Fig. 14. The main frame 2 is thus adapted to tilt on the axis of the traction wheels 10 and 11 so that the forward end is lowered when the rear end is raised, as shown in Fig. 1, to carry the blade 3 into and out of contact with the Work.
The blade 3 is carried on an arbor shaft 17 that extends transversely under the forward end of the frame and has its ends journaled in bearings 18 and 19 carried by brackets Ztl and 21 depending from the under side of the frame 2 and which are preferably attached to the forward ends of the side members 5 and 6. The arbor shaft has reduced ends 22 and 23 projecting outwardly from the sides of the bearings 18 and 19 to form shoulders 24 and to mount the cutting blade 3 on one or the other of the ends of the shaft, as desired. The cutting blade is in the form of a disk of standard design and diameter to produce a desired width and depth of cut. Usually the blades are of three standard diameters, with a central opening of common diameter to pass over one or the other ends of the arbor shaft and to be clamped thereon between clamping plates or washers 25 and 26,
the inner plates 25 being fixed to the arbor shaft andy backed by the shoulders 24 to seat the blade thereagainst for retention by an outer plate 26 when a nut 27 is turned onto a threaded terminal of the ends 22 and 23. -To additionally secure the cutting blade,'the outer clamping plates carry dowel pins 28 (Fig. 5) that pass through a suitable opening in the blade and into registering openings in the inner plates 25, as shownV in Figs. 2 and 5.
The engine 4 is mounted on the main frame at a point substantially above the traction wheels with the power shaft 29 thereof extending parallel with the arbor shaft and mounting a pulley 30 in registry with a pulley 31 xed to the arbor shaft. The pulleys are preferably of the multigrooved type to accommodate a plurality of drive belts 32 that operate in the grooves of the respective pulleys and through a slot 33 in the floor plate 9. The
of the frame 2, as best shown in Figs. 2, 4 and 5. Extending from the ends of the axle 36 are spindles 37 and 38 mounting pairs of wheels 39 and 40. wardly from the axle are spaced apart bars 41 and 42I and connecting the ends thereof is a sleeve 43 whchis afnemen Mar. 7, 1961,
Extending forsleeyed upgnvthe axle 1 2 intermediate the bearings 13 and 14, whereby the pairs of wheels 39 and 40 trail the traction wheels. The bars 41 and 42 are rigidly braced with respect to the sleeve 43A and-axle 36 by a transverse Plat@ 4.4 that is Secured along the rear Side. of the sleeve 433111110 thensr faces of the bars41. and 42. Cooperating with the plate 4 4 but on the outer sides ofv the bars 41 and 42 a-re braces 45 and 46 having their rear ends fixedto the axle 36 at points` spaced outwardly from the rear ends of the bars 41 and 42 and their forward ends fixed to the outer faces of the bars immediately adjacent the ends of the sleeve 4 3. The braces 45 and 46 are additionally connected with the outer ends of the axle 36 by gussets 47 and 4. The sleeve 43 is preferably secured to the axle shaft by set screws l49 and 50 whereby the axler 12 turns within hubs of the traction Wheels 10 and 11. when the pairsv of. wheels 39 and 40 roll upon uneven s u rfvaces The axles, remain in substantially rigid parallel relationand the wheels provide a four-point support with the dolly wheels spaced widely apart to eliminate lateral swayfand to maintain a stable, straightaway course for the cutting blade when the machine is in use,v as later described.` The dolly is connected with a rear part of the main f rarnel by means ofY a manually actuated power lift, as later described,rwh ereby the rear end of the main frame 2 may be raised and lowered to tilt the frame 2 for carrying the cutting blade 3 into and out` of contact with the. WQrkf Extending upwardly from the rear portion of the main frame is a cowl and handle assemblySl comprising side members 52 and53 each of which is formed of tubular stock to provide forward legs 54, having lower ends 55 ywelded to the main frame forwardly of the rear end members. The legs 54 extend upwardly and rearwardly at an angle with respect to the side members and terminate in rearwardly extending bar portions 56 to connect with rear legs 7 that have upper portions 53 extending downwardly inparallel relation with the front leg portions and that havel lower portions 59 extending downwardly and forwardly at an angle to connect with the rear corners ofV the main frame 2. The front and rear legs are connected on their inner s ide faces by plates 6) and'61 which extend from the floor plate 9upwardly to terminate short of the bar portions 56 to support a cowl 62 therebetween.
The cowl 6 2 comprisesI a plate that is shaped to provide azrfnorward skirtJ portiong, atop 64and a rear skirt portion 65 following the form of the upper ends of the side plates 6 0 andl, as best shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Fixed` to the inner sides of the side plates and extending through the front and rear skirt portions of the cowlare tubular guides` 66V and 67 to mount handle bars 63 and v69 that slide therein; in the fore and aft direction of the machine to project the rear ends when it is desired to use them, The rear ends of the handle bars are provided with suitable hand grips 70. The handle bars are adjustably secured in the'guides 66 and 67 by clamp screws 66 having hand wheels 67' Yby which they may be easily manipulated (Figs. l and 13).
' The side members are connected substantially midway kof their height by a transverse bar 71 which cooperatesv withv the axle 36 in connecting the power lift previously Y referred to. The power lift in the illustrated instance is.
a hydraulic jack 72 including acyliiider 7 3 and a ram '74 which slides in theV cylinder.' The ram 74 has its lower endpivotally connected-withspaced apart. lugs 75 (Fig.
4) extending upwardlyfrom the axle V36in a point substantallyl midwayof the length thereof, the pivotal connection being made by aV transverse pin 76 that extends throughy the spaced lugs 75 and through an intermediate lug 77on thewlower endv of the ram. The cylinderr'73 slides. oventhe upper endofthe ramV and connects by means of a transverse pin 78with1ugsl79 projecting rearwai-idly. froirithe .transversesbar- 71, as besttshown--in Figs.r Stand 4.` The-tram. 74.. is preferably4 protected by a y is forcedr under pressure of the pumpl through a. flexible duct 83 that connects the pump with the upper end of the cylinder 73, as best shown in Fig. 3. The pump is actuated by means of a handle 84 that projects rearwardly through a slot 85 in the rear portion 65 of the cowl to carry a hand grip 8 6 in convenient reach of the operator of the machine. Pressure created by the pump is released by means of a valve (not shown) but which is located in the case 81 and is common to such hydraulic mechanisms. The valve is operated by a shaft 87 which extends from the case through the rear portion of the cowl and carries an actuatinglever 88. When the pump handle 84 is manipulated to actuate the pump, hydraulic duid is forced under pressure through the duct 33 into the upper end of the cylinder 73 to act between the head of the cylinder and, upper end of the ram, whereby Va downward force is exertedl on. the axle 361 and an upward force is exerted on the cross member i1 to tilt the mainframe on the traction wheels 10 and 11 and suppoit the rear end of the main frame 2 on the dolly while the cutting blade 3 is being operated to lmake a cut of a desired depth, as later described.
The machine is adapted to be operated in a forward direction by frictional Contact of drive wheels 89 and 9.0 with treads of the traction wheels as shown in Figs. 1,2 and 3. The drive wheels. 89 and 9i) are carried. on a transverse shaft 91. The shaft 911 is journaled in bear.-
ings 92 and 93 that are adjustably mounted on arms 94 and 95, the arms 914 andi 95 being pivotally connected' between pairs ofV ears 96 and 97 depending from the under opposite sides of themain frame 2 substantially at points above and to the rear ofthe axle 12, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The rear ends ofthe arms 94and95 are connected by a crossbar 97 whereby botharms are moved as a unit to` bringthe drive wheels into friction contact with the treads of the traction wheels, as later described. In order to adjust frictional contact of the driving wheels 89 and 9h' with the traction wheels 1 0 and 11, the bearings 92 and 93 are adjustably mounted on the arms by means of jack screws 98 .that may be threaded in openings provided in downturned ends 99 of the arms and which are connected with the bearingsin which the drive shaft is journaled. lt is obvious that by turning of the jack screws the bearings may be moved along the under sides of the arms to adjust pressure of the contact between the drive'wheels39 and 90 and the traction wheels lfand 11.
(')arried on a platform 9' above the door plate of the rnain frame is a speed transformer 169 having a power input shaft 101 which is adapted to be operated from the power shaft of the engine through a belt 102, the belt 102 operatingover a pulley 103 on the power shaft of the engine and over a pulley 184 on the power input shaft of the speed transformer; The speed transformer has a shaft 105 extending from the opposite side and connected through a coupling` 1526 with the power input` shaft of a change speed gear unit 167 whereby the gear unit may be operated at any speedV from zero to the maximum speed of the speed transformer 16) upon manipulation of the shift lever 108 of the speed transformer. The output shaft 109 of the gear unit 107 carries a sprocket 110 and operating over the sprocket and a similar sprocket 111 on the shaft 91 isa chain 112 to connect the drive shaft with the engine to move the machine in a for-ward direction, the chain operating through an open: ing 113 of the floor plate 9 and an idler sprocket` 111'V on the crossbar 97.
- It; isy necessary -tof'supply the-cuttingbladefy with streams of water that are discharged on the-.respective sidesof the blade, as now to be described. The cutting blade iS therefore preferably enclosed on the upper side with a guard 114 having sides 115 connected by a rounding top 116. The sides and top are also shaped to provide rear extensions 117 to suspend a splash guard 118. The guard 114 is pivotally mounted on one or the other of the side members of the main frame by a bolt 119 that extends through a sleeve 120 fixed to-the extension 117. The guard 114 is thus hingedly mounted so as to be swung retractively from covering relation with the cutting'blade, as when changing blades. The guard 114 is supported on hooks 121 (Fig. 3) that engage the inner lower edge of the guard at a. point forwardly of the arbor shaft 17. The guard is clamped in the hook by a clamp nut 122 on a stud 123 projecting upwardly from the sides of the main frame 2. Fixed to the top of the guard and extending thereacross on the respective sides of the stud 123 are spaced bars 124 that are adapted to be engaged by the nut 122. Since the guard isl adapted to either side of the machine, each side has a stud 123 and a threaded opening for the bolt 119.
Mounted on the guard is a T-ftting 125 having laterally extending Ls 126 which project over the sides of Ithe guard to connect with hose 127 leading to nozzles 128 carried by the sides 115 of the guard, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Connected with the other branch of the T-fitting is a hose 129 that connects with a valve 130 which in turn is connected by means of a hose 131 with the pressure outlet connection 132 of a pump 133. The pump 133 has a suction connection 134 that is adapted to be connected by a hose (not shown) with a source of water supply (also not shown). The pump 133 is mounted on an extension 99 of the platform and rearwardly of the variable speed transformer 100. The pump 133 is actuated from a pulley 135 on the input shaft of the transformer and which carries a belt 136 operating over a pulley 137 on the pump shaft 138.
When the machine is to be guided by the handle bars, it is necessary to lift the dolly to clear the wheels thereof. This is effected by means of a spring 139 seated on fthe floor of the main frame at a point over the transverse axle 36 and which spring 139 is enclosed in a tubular housing 140 having its lower end fixed to the floor of the main frame and its upper end terminating below the top 62 of the cowl, as best shown in Figs. 4 and 8. Carried on the upper end of the spring is a collar 141 to which is connected a cable 142 that extends downwardly through the spring 139 over a guide pulley 143 to connect with a lug 144 on the rear of the transverse axle 36, as shown in Figs. 4 and 8. The length of the cable 142 is such that when the main frame is in horizontal position the spring 139 is compressed to give the action necessary to lift the dolly 35 after the fluid pressure in the hydraulic jack 72 has been released. When the jack 72 is operated to in effect lengthen the jack connection be- -tween the main frame 2 and the axle 33 of the dolly 35,
lthe spring 139 is held down by the cable and is compressed to assist in returning the main frame 2 to horizontal position upon release of the hydraulic fluid from the cylinder 73 into the case 81.
This mechanism also performs an important function of actuating an indicator drum 145 which indicates the depth of cut made by a given diameter of cutting blade 3. The drum 145 is rotatably mounted on a transverse pin 146 which is supported below the top portion 62 of the cowl by brackets 147. The brackets 147 are suitably attached to the under side of the cowl and have depending flanges 14S to journal the ends of the pin 146. The drum has a peripheral scale 149 for each diameter of blade to be used, for example, the ordinary lblades employed in connection with machines of this character are 12, 14 and 18 inches, and therefore the drum has three scales 149 wherein the graduations thereof arev re- '.Spectively visible through windowopenngs 150 in the top portion62 of the cowl. `The indicator drum 145 is operated in one direction by a cable 151 having one end attached to the collar 141 and the other end is wrapped laround the drum within a groove 152 and is anchored in aV side'of the groove in such a manner that when the main frame 2 is pivoted to bring the cutting blade 3 in contact with the work, the movement thereof from the normal position results in the collar 141 pulling on the cable 151 to rotate the drum a distance corresponding with the depth of cut of the cutting blade 3, consequently the graduation appearing in the proper window visibly indicates the depth of the cut. During rotation of the indicator drum to indicate position, a spring 154 is loaded to return the drum to zero position at the time the frame is returned to a position that results in lifting of the blade from the cut. The spring 154 is connected with a clip 155 that is carried von one side of the tubular housing 140, as shown in Figs. 4 and 8. The other end of the spring 154 is connected by a cable 156 that operates ina second groove 157 in the indicator drum and which is anchored thereto so that when the rear of the platform is lowered to lift the cutting blade out of the cut, the spring 139 expands, tending to make slackthe cable 151, but the slack is immediately taken up by contraction of the spring 154 to furnish the action necessary to rotate the indicator drum to Zero position.
Forward travel of the machine is effected by contacting the drive wheels 89 and 90 with the traction wheels 10 and 11, and the motion of the machine is stopped by lifting of the drive wheels 89 and 90 from contact with the traction wheels 10 and 11. This is effected by means of a hand lever 158 located on the outer side of the side member 53. The lever 158 is pivotally mounted on a screw 159 that is carried by a bracket 160fxed to the forward leg 54 of the side member 53. Reciprocably mounted in a bearing portion 161 of the bracket 160 is a rod 162 having one end 163 connected with the lever 158 by links 164. The other end 163 of the rod 162 is connected by means of a turnbuckle 165 with a clevis 166 which is pivotally connected by a pin 167 to an arm 168 of a rock shaft 169. The rock shaft 169 extends transversely of the machine and has its ends journaled in bearings 170 and 171 that are carried by the forward legs 54 of the side members 52 and 53. Projecting forwardly from the rock shaft is an arm 172 which is pivotally connected by means of a link 173 lwith an arm 174 on the bar 97. Thus by lifting on the lever 158 the shaft 169 is rocked in a counterclockwise direction to lower the drive wheels 89 and 90 into driving contact with the treads of the traction wheels 10 and 11 to effect forward movement of the machine. When the lever 158 is moved in the opposite or clockwise direction (Fig. 1), the shaft 169 is rocked in the opposite direction to lift the drive wheels from contact with the treads of the traction wheels to stop forward movement of the machine under power of the engine 4.
The shift lever 108 for the speed transformer- 100 is actuated by a lever 175 also pivotally mounted on a part 176 carried by the bracket 160. Fixed to an extension 177 of the part 176 by fastening devices such as screws 178 is a guide 179 for a cable 180. Thev cable 180 is slideably contained in a sheath 181, so that it may be moved longitudinally therein to transmit motion of the lever 175 to the shift lever 108, the ends of the cable being suitably connected to the respective levers.v When the lever 175 is moved in a counterclockwise direction, the shift lever of the speed transformer is moved to zero position, and when the lever 175 is moved in a clockwise direction, Fig. 1l, the'shift lever 108 of the speed transformer 100 is shifted to increase the speed of the output shaft. In order that the maximum speed to be effected by the lever 175 may be set automatically, the lever 175 has a lug 182 that connects with a rod 183 which is slideable in-anl opening 184 in an ear 185 that projects from the plate 61. The rod 183 is threaded as indicated at 186 and carries stop and jam nuts 187 and 188 so thatA when the lever` 175 is` in position; for the desired speed, the stop nut 187 maybe adjusted on the rod toV engage the` rear side of; the ear 185, as shown in Fig. ,10, and the stop nut 187 ist lockedV by turning the jam nut- 188 thereagainst. With this'rarrangement, the lever 175 may be shifted from the maximum speed desired toy neutral speed andback to the desired speed without adjusting the position thereof, it beingA only necessary to shift the lever to the position where it is stopped by engagement 'of the nut 187 with the ear 185; With the controls thus far described, the levers 158 and 175 may be operated independentlyof each other,4
andv therefore the speed change lever 175 may be in posif tion where the shift lever 108 on the speed transformer 1,00 is not'in zero position. rfherefore, when the lever 158` is operatedA to bring the drive wheels 89 Vand, 90 into contact withY the treads `of the traction wheels 10 and 11, an excessive shock is applied tothe power units 106` and 107, with the result that one or both power units may be severely damaged. To avoid this difficulty, the lever' 158 has an arm ISS, thereon that has a laterally extending lug 1-89 adapted to engage a laterally extending lug 190 on the lever 175. Therefore, when the lever 158 is moved all the way down, Fig. 1l, the lug 189 thereon engages the lug 19d on the lever 175Y to automatically move the lever 175 of the speed transformer to neutral position. Therefore,` when the lever S is raised to reengage the powerl drive of the' traction wheels, the lever 175 remains in neutral position andit is impossible `to start movement of the machine without subsequent movement of the lever 175V from neutral position.
A fuel tank 191 for supplying` fuel to the engine is mounted on the front end of the main frame 2, anda battery 192 for supplying electric current for starting the engine and to supply the ignition system is carriedat the rear end of the frame. 4
The machine is provided with front and rear pointers 193 and 194 that are aligned with the blade to locate the line of travel of the machine. The front pointer 193 constitutes the downturned terminal of a traverse rod 195. The rod 195 is adjustable within a sleeve 196 that. is carried by a Wheel 197. The wheel 197 is carried at a sufcient distance forwardly ofV the machine so that the in Fig; 3 to the-position shown in Fig. 2. The front and rear pointers 193i and 194i are then adjusted laterally relatively* to' markings on thek surface torbe followed in `making the cut. Attention isparticularly directed to the fact that when the machine is being maneuvered into position on the traction'wheels, there is a preferably slight preponderance ofthe weight at the rear of the machine so that the forward end of the machine carries the blade out of contact with the surface on which the machine is maneuvered. After starting of the motor 4 the cutting blade is in motion through the driving connection which includesthe pulleys 30-31 and the driving belt 32. The suction connection 136 of the water pump 133 is connected by means of a hose with a suitable source of water supply for supplying water to the cutting blade when the pump is in operation and the. valve`13 is open. The pump 80 is then actuated Vhy moving the lever 84 up and down in the slot 85 to pump hydraulic uid from the case. 81 and discharge it under pressure into the cylinder 73 through the hose connection 33.; The hydraulic fluid upon entering the cylinder of the pump acts between the ram and the. upper head of the. cylinder to bring the stabilizing wheels39 and dtiof the dolly 35 into bearing Contact with the surface of the slab A`aud to tilt the frame 2 on the axis of the traction wheelsV 10 andV 11 so as to bring the blade 3 into cutting contact. The. control lever 158 is then raised to lower the driving wheels 89 and 90 into contact with the treads of the traction wheels 10 and 11. The stop and jam nuts 1-87' and 18S are adjusted on the rod 186, so that when the speed control lever 175 is moved to bring` theV stop nut 187 into contact with the ear 185, the lever 108 of the speed transformer 106 is shifted to the position which gives the desired speed of the driving wheels 89 and 90.
pointer is in sight of the operator, as later described. This .A
is accomplished by forwardly converging arms 198 and 199 that extend from bearing. sleeves 200 and 201,*the bearing sleeves being journaled between spaced pairs of lugs202and 203, with fastening devices 202 and 203' extending through the lugs and sleeve, as best shown in Fig. 2. As above stated,v the rod 195 is adjusted in the sleeve by nuts 20% that are threaded'. on the rod and en@ gagethe ends of the sleeve 196. When the cutting blade is to be used on the left hand side of the machine, the
rod 195 may be removed and reapplied at the opposite side. The rearv pointers 194'comprise shorter rods 205 that are adjustably mountedV in lugs 206 and 207 projecting rearwardly from the axle 36. The pointed terminals 20S of the pointers are retained in desired position by nuts 209 that are threaded on the rods and engage the respective ends of the lugs, asbest shown in Fig. 4. The control levers and mechanism associated therewith are preferably protected by a guard 210, as shown ,in4 Figs. 2 and 4; Y
In operating a machine constructed and. assembled as described, the handle bars 63 andl69 when lifted upward tilt the machine forward on traction wheelsi10 and 11, in which position it canbe maneuvered in the manner of a conventional wheelharrow to. permit ymovement of the machine into position uponthe surface of a concrete 'slab A in which a linear cut B is to be made by the cutting blade 3. The spring 139 is then eiective to suspend the dolly from the frame 2 Awith the stabilizingl wheels 39 and 40. out of contact withthe surface on which the traction wheels aresupported. Y Y
When the machine is in position, the` wheel 197 carrying 'the front pointer 193 is lowered from. the position shown Tilting of the frame 2 compresses the spring 139 since the collar 141 holds the upper end of the spring relatively to the transverse axle 36 of the dolly 35 because of the connection of the cable 142. Tilting of the frame results in lifting the lower end of the spring, so that there is a relative movement between the frame 2 and the collar 141. Therefore, since the depth indicator drum is also carried by the frame 2 and the cable 151 is secured to the collar 141, the drum is, rotated from its zero position to indicate the depthof cut through the window opening that corresponds with the diameter of blade being used. The-cutis broughtto the. proper depth by further manipulation. of theV pump levera84as the blade 3 penetrates the surface of theA concrete.
In case the blade, should strike a hard spot, or the operator should desire to raise the blade slightly in the cut, the operator releases the pressure from the jack by manipulating, the lever 88 to Vbleed hydraulic fluid from the jaclrcylinder.,l responsive to the preponderance of weight on the, rear portion of the frame.. The movement of the frame quickly forces the hydraulic uid from the cylinder back into the case 81.
The. blade may be returned, to the cut to continue the cut under the proper pressure -depending upon the extent to which thel operator manipulates the pump lever and the release of the fluid pressure from the jack. This is animportant feature of` the invention, as it provides for precision pressure. feed of theV blade into the cut and permits a rapid release, of the blade upon release of the pressure,.to protect and prolong the life of the blade.
WhenV the blade is withdrawn from. the cut, the lever 158. is actuated to effectV lift of the driving wheels 39 and 40. out of contact with the -tread of the traction wheels. Movement ofthe. lever 158 also brings the lug 189 into contact with the lug 190 on the lever 175 to automatically actuate the lever 175 to move the lever 108 of the speed transformer Yto zero speed position. Therefore when the lever 15-8.is again actuated to bring the drive wheels into contact with the traction wheels, the lever 175 remains in. neutral speed position so that contact of the drive wheels with the treads of the traction wheels does not exert objectionable reaction forces upon the speed transformer or other driving connections. After contact of the driving wheels has beenestablished, the lever 175 may then be swung forwardly until the stop nut 187 engages the ear 185, whereupon the lever 108 is returned to its original position for maintaining the desired forward speed of the machine. It is thus obvious that after the desired speed has been determined, that speed'is automatically established whenever the lever 175 reaches the position where the stop nut engages the ear 185. If it becomes necessary to change the setting of the lever 175, the stop and jam nuts 187 and 188 may be readjusted on the rod 183 to give the proper forward speed of the machine.
- Attention is directed to relatively wider spacing of the stabilizing wheels to give the leverage necessary to prevent the cutting blade from veering the machine off course. The double stabilizing wheels are also important to give the desired contact with the slab on which the machine is used. U When the cut is completed, the lever 88 is actuated to release the hydraulic lluid from the cylinder of the jack and the preponderance of weight on the rear of the frame produces a downward movement of the cylinder to force the fluid from the cylinder into the case 8l. This movement allows the frame to return to a position where the blade is lifted from the cut.
If desired, the machine may be manually maneuvered by the operator, or the machine may be moved under power by actuating the control levers 158 and 175, whereupon the machine is propelled under power of the engine while it is being maneuvered and steered into position for making the subsequent cut.
If there is any tendency of the machine to veer from a straightaway linear path, this tendency may be eliminated by adjusting relative contact pressures of the driving wheels S9 and 9i) with the treads of the traction wheels. This is readily effected by adjusting the relative positions of the bearings 92 and 93 on the arms 94 and 95, the adjustment being made by manipulating the jack screws 98 in the proper direction. The amount of pressure on the drive wheels is adjusted by adjusting the length Vof the rod 173.
I-f desired, the cutting blade and guard may be removed from .the right hand side of the machine and applied to the left hand side.
` From the foregoing it is obvious that I have provided a machine which is well adapted for cutting grooves in concrete slabs and which is constructed to prolong the life of the cutting blade.
What I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is: l.A A mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure, said machine including a main frame having a fore portion and a rear portion, a rotary cutter having 'fixed rotational support on the fore portion of the frame on a transverse axis, a pair of transversely aligned traction wheels having connection with opposite sides of the frame and intermediate said portions for maneuverably supporting the machine on said surface in which the cut is to be made, a dolly having transversely spaced apart stabilizing wheels adapted for rolling contact with said surface, means pivotally connecting the dolly with the frame for retaining the axis of the dolly wheels in parallel relation with the axes of the'traction wheels and the rotary cutter and tocooperate with said traction wheels in maintaining movement of the machine in a linear direction. a pulley on the rear portion of the main frame and above the dolly, a cable running over the pulley and having one end connected with the dolly, a spring yieldingly connecting the other end with a part on the main frame, a coil springv having one end seating on the main frame and the other end connected with the cable for supporting the dolly with the wheels free of the slab when the main frame is in a position with the rotary cutter out of contact with the slab whereby the dolly wheels do not interfere with maneuvering of the machine on the traction wheels, a jack connecting thev dolly with the rear portion of the main frame including piston and cylinder members, and means for supplying a pressure medium to the cylinder for urging the wheels of the dolly into rolling contact with the slab to cooperate with the traction wheels in maintaining'saidV straightaway direction on movement of the machine and to'effect pivotal movement ofthe main frame to bring said rotary cutter into cutting contact with the slab. l l
2. A mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure, said machine including a-main frame having a fore part and a rear part, brackets depending from opposite sides of the frame intermediately of said parts, a transverse axle carried by said brackets,'main wheels rotatable on ends of the axle for maneuvering the machine on the slab and providing a pivotal axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a cutting blade rotatably mounted on the forward part of the frame, a dolly frame having a transverse axle portion and a forward parallel sleeve portion sleeved over the transverse axle with ends thereof in contact with the brackets for retaining the axial portion of the dolly in parallel relation and from lateral movement with respect to said transverse axle, wheels carried on outer ends of the axial portion of the dolly for rotation on an axis parallel with the rotational axis of the main wheels and adapted for rolling contact on the slab to cooperate with the main wheels in holding a straightaway direction on movement of the machine, a pulley on the main frame above the dolly frame, a cable running over the pulley and having one end connected with the dolly frame, a spring yieldingly connecting the other end of the cable with the main frame, a coil spring seated on a xed part of the main frame and having its oppositejend seating against a collar on the cable for supporting the dolly frame with the wheels thereon free of the slab when the main frame is in a position supporting the cutting blade out of contact with the slab whereby the dolly wheels do not interfere with maneuveringof the machine on the main wheels, vand a jack including piston and cylinder members interconnecting the dolly frame with the main frame, means for supplying a pressure medium to the cylinder member for urging the wheels of the dolly into rolling contact with the slab to cooperate with the main wheels in maintaining said straightawayv direction on movementof the machine and to effect pivotal movement of the main frame to bring said cutting blade into cutting contact with the slab. i
3. A mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure, said machine including a main frame having a fore part and a rear part, brackets depending from opposite sides of the frame intermediately of said parts, a transverse axle carried by said brackets, main wheels rotatable on ends of the axle for maneuvering the machine on the slab and providing a pivotal axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a cutting blade rotatably mounted on the fore part of the frame, said rear part of the frame having a greater weight thereon to hold the main frame normally with the cutting blade out of contact with the slab, a dolly frame having a transverse axle portion and a forward parallel sleeve portion sleeved on said transverse axle with ends thereof in contact with the brackets for retaining the axial portion of the dolly in parallel relation and from lateral movement with respect to said transverse axle, wheels carried on outer ends ofthe axial portion of the dolly for rotation on an axis parallel with the rotational axis of the main wheels and adapted for rolling contact on the slab to cooperate with the main wheels in holding a straightaway direction on movement of the machine, a pulley on the main frame'above the dolly frame, a cable running over the pulley and having one end connected with the dolly frame, ya spring yieldingly connectng the other end of the cable with `the main frame, a coil spring seated on a fixed part of the main frame and -having its oppositeendseating againstv a collar on the cable for supportingthe dolly frame with the wheels thereon free of the slab when the main frame is in a position supporting the cutting blade out of contact with the slab whereby the dolly wheels do not interfere with maneuvering of the machine on the main wheels, and a jack including piston and cylinder members interconnecting the dolly frame with the main trame, means for Vsupplying a pressure medium to the cylinder member for urging the wheels ofthe dolly into rolling contact with the slab to cooperate withv the main wheels in maintaining said straight'away direction on movement of the machineV and to effect forward pivotal movement of the main framelon the axis of the main wheels to bring said cutting blade into cutting Contact with the slab, and means connected with the pulley for indicating control of the pressure medium supply means to maintain a given depth of cut.
4. In a mobile machine for'making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure, the combination of a frame, a rotary cutter having xed rotational support on a fore part of the frame, transversely aligned traction wheels, brackets depending from a midportion of sides of the frame, axle means carried by the brackets for journaling the traction wheels for maneuverably ysupporting the frame on said surface in which the cut isto be made and to provide a pivotall axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a dolly pivotally connected with said axle means and trailing therefrom under a rear partof said frame and having transversely aligned stabilizing wheels, yieldable means connecting the dolly with the frame for suspending the dolly with the stabilizing wheels out of contact with said surface when the machine `is maneuvered on said traction wheels, and power means connected with the dolly and a rear partrofV the frame for bringing the stabilizing wheels into stabilizing contact with said surface and' for rockingY the frame' on its pivotal axis, whereby the frame acts as a lever with, the cutter at one end with the power .being applied between the other end and the dollyl to bring the rotary cutter into cutting contact with therslab while the stabilizing wheels are. bearing upon saidsurface to cooperate with the traction Wheels in maintaining a straightaway course for the cutter. y ,n Y Y 5. In a mobile machine for making alinear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure, the cornbination of a frame, a rotaryY cutterrhaying fixed rotational support on a fore part of ,the` frame, transversely aligned traction wheels,l brackets depending from a midportion of sides of the frame, axle means Ycarried by the brackets for journaling thetraction wheels for maneuverably supporting thetrameon said surface in which the cut is to be made and to provide.V a pivotal axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a dollyfpivotally connected with said axle means and trailing therefromVund-er a rear part of said trame and having transversely aligned stabilizing wheels, yieldable means connecting the vdolly with the frame for suspending the dolly with the stabilizing wheels out of contact with said surface when the machine is maneuvered on said traction wheels, a fluid pressure actuated jack having a piston member reciprocable in a cylinder member,v means for connecting one of the members with the dolly and the other with a tixed part on the rear ,ofV the frame, means on the frameforrsupplying duid medium under pressure to the cylinder-to actuate te 'the jack tourge the stabilizing wheels of the dolly into cpntact with saidsurface andv for rocking the frame on said pivotal Yaxis whereby said trarne- Vconstitutes a lever with the cutte'rpat one end. with the power of said jack applied between the other endand the dolly for urging the cutter into cutting contact by the power of the jack while the Vstabilizing wheels are-cooperating with the traction wheels in maintaining a straightaway course for the cutter, and means for releasing the fluid medium from the cylinder ot the Vjack for returning the frame to said maneuvering position to render the yieldable means clicctive in4 lifting the dolly. Y
In a mobile machine for making a linear cut into the surface of a concrete slab or like structure, the combination of a frame, a` rotary cutter having fixed rotational supperton a foregpart of the frame, transversely aligned traction wheels, brackets depending from a midportion of sides of the frame, axle'means carried by the brackets forv journaling the traction wheels for maneuverably supporting the frame on said surface in which the cut is to be made and to provide a pivotal axis on which the frame is adapted to rock, a dolly pivotally connected with said axle means and trailing therefrom under a rear part ot said framev and having transversely aligned stabilizing wheels, a coil spring having one end seated upon a rear part of said frame, a collar at the other end ofthe spring, a cable connecting the collar with said dolly for resiliently suspending the dolly from the frame to support the stabilizing wheels out of contact with said frame when the frame 'is to be maneuvered on said traction wheels, a uid pressure actuated jack having a piston member reciprocable in a cylinder member, means for connecting one of the members with the dolly and the other with a fixedpart on the rearrof the frame, means on the frame for supplying iluid medium under pressure to the cylinder to actuatethe jack to urge the stabilizing wheels of the dolly into contact with Vsaid surface and for rocking the frame on said pivotal axis whereby said frame constitutes a lever with the cutter at one .end with the power cf said jack applied between the other end and the dolly for urging the cutter intoV cutting contact by the power of the jack, while the stabilizing wheels are cooperating with the traction wheels in maintaining a straightaway course for the cutter, andY means for releasing the iluid medium from the cylinder of the jack for returning the frame to said maneuvering position to render the coil spring eective in lifting thel dolly.V
References Cited in therle of this patent Y VUNITED STATES rnretstrs Hackett' y May 5, 1925 1,640,933' Gries Aug. 30, 1927 2.265,354 Dahl Dec. 9, 1941 2,319,520 Rypkema May 18, 1943 2,468,336 Lewis Apr. 26, 1949 -2,634,962 Eglitis Apr. 14, 1953 12,654,339 Sperling Oct. 6, 1953 '2,673,725 Coates Mar. 30, 1954 2,716,402r Harrison et al. Aug. 30, 1955 2,717,775 `aekson 4 Sept. 13, 1955 2,736,544 Wright Feb. 28, 1956 Y 'FOREIGN PATENTS 193,876 4' GreatBritain Mar. 8, 1923 551,996 Great Britain Q Mar. 18, 1943 Y35,877 'Switzerland Dec. 6, 1905
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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3357745A (en) * 1965-05-26 1967-12-12 Champion Mfg Company Mobile concrete floor sawing machine having pivotally adjustable frame sections
US4921308A (en) * 1988-04-25 1990-05-01 Target Products Inc. Mobile machine suspension system
WO1997010087A1 (en) * 1995-09-15 1997-03-20 Diamant Boart, Inc. Method and apparatus for safe operation of self propelled concrete saw
US5725282A (en) * 1996-08-20 1998-03-10 Stone Construction Equipment, Inc. Adjustable handles for road surface cutting saws
US5724956A (en) * 1996-03-06 1998-03-10 Diamond Products Joint Venture Riding saw for cutting concrete and similar materials
US6112736A (en) * 1991-12-06 2000-09-05 Bearden; Martin A. Portable saw with improved disconnectable platform for cutting concrete for controlling cracks
US20050135886A1 (en) * 2003-10-23 2005-06-23 Scheuerman Michael L. Arbor arrangement
US6981494B1 (en) * 2002-04-23 2006-01-03 Andrew Bowman Telescoping guide for a concrete saw
US7418959B2 (en) 2004-07-09 2008-09-02 Husqvarna Outdoor Products Inc. Concrete saw handle bars
WO2010015577A1 (en) * 2008-08-08 2010-02-11 David Vincent Byrne Concrete saw with integrated pressurised water feed
CN102837244A (en) * 2012-10-09 2012-12-26 河北科技大学 Electric ceramic tile seam trimming machine
US20190063011A1 (en) * 2017-08-22 2019-02-28 Derek Nicholas Planavsky Combination pavement cutting and debris removal device
US10792836B2 (en) 2016-09-15 2020-10-06 Nanjing Chervon Industry Co., Ltd. Concrete cutter with depth setting and retention system
US11384489B2 (en) 2019-06-17 2022-07-12 Ariel Gerardo Martinez Scarifier system, and method of resurfacing or remodeling a ground surface using the scarifier system

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US1536178A (en) * 1920-10-20 1925-05-05 William J Hackett Asphalt-pavement-cutting machine
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US2468336A (en) * 1947-03-11 1949-04-26 Lewis William Hurst Collapsible saw for cutting concrete and the like
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US2673725A (en) * 1950-08-21 1954-03-30 Concrete Saw Company Power-driven cutting machine for pavements and the like
US2716402A (en) * 1954-06-01 1955-08-30 Sr Albert Harrison Masonry cutting machine
US2717775A (en) * 1955-04-29 1955-09-13 Jackson James Milton Overload gage for a truck axle
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH35877A (en) * 1905-12-06 1906-10-31 Albert Mans Shock absorber for vehicles
US1536178A (en) * 1920-10-20 1925-05-05 William J Hackett Asphalt-pavement-cutting machine
GB193876A (en) * 1921-12-24 1923-03-08 Albert Davey New or improved machine for cutting, grooving or marking substances such as clay, turf, peat or other soft or plastic, substances
US1640933A (en) * 1925-11-10 1927-08-30 United Tool And Mfg Co Floor-surfacing machine
US2265354A (en) * 1940-12-06 1941-12-09 Walter E Dahl Surfacing machine for bowling alleys
US2319520A (en) * 1941-05-02 1943-05-18 Ernest A Holznagel Highway ice crusher and loosener
GB551996A (en) * 1941-09-19 1943-03-18 Maurice John Gleeson A groove-cutting machine for use in making expansion joints in roadways and the like
US2468336A (en) * 1947-03-11 1949-04-26 Lewis William Hurst Collapsible saw for cutting concrete and the like
US2654339A (en) * 1949-12-19 1953-10-06 Sperling John Indicator for working position of agricultural tools
US2673725A (en) * 1950-08-21 1954-03-30 Concrete Saw Company Power-driven cutting machine for pavements and the like
US2634962A (en) * 1950-11-10 1953-04-14 Eglitis Victors Mobile digging and pickup device for loosening and conveying material
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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3357745A (en) * 1965-05-26 1967-12-12 Champion Mfg Company Mobile concrete floor sawing machine having pivotally adjustable frame sections
US4921308A (en) * 1988-04-25 1990-05-01 Target Products Inc. Mobile machine suspension system
US6112736A (en) * 1991-12-06 2000-09-05 Bearden; Martin A. Portable saw with improved disconnectable platform for cutting concrete for controlling cracks
WO1997010087A1 (en) * 1995-09-15 1997-03-20 Diamant Boart, Inc. Method and apparatus for safe operation of self propelled concrete saw
US5743247A (en) * 1995-09-15 1998-04-28 Diamant Boart, Inc. Method and apparatus for safe operation of self propelled concrete saw
US5724956A (en) * 1996-03-06 1998-03-10 Diamond Products Joint Venture Riding saw for cutting concrete and similar materials
US5725282A (en) * 1996-08-20 1998-03-10 Stone Construction Equipment, Inc. Adjustable handles for road surface cutting saws
US6981494B1 (en) * 2002-04-23 2006-01-03 Andrew Bowman Telescoping guide for a concrete saw
US20050135886A1 (en) * 2003-10-23 2005-06-23 Scheuerman Michael L. Arbor arrangement
US7418959B2 (en) 2004-07-09 2008-09-02 Husqvarna Outdoor Products Inc. Concrete saw handle bars
WO2010015577A1 (en) * 2008-08-08 2010-02-11 David Vincent Byrne Concrete saw with integrated pressurised water feed
CN102837244A (en) * 2012-10-09 2012-12-26 河北科技大学 Electric ceramic tile seam trimming machine
US10792836B2 (en) 2016-09-15 2020-10-06 Nanjing Chervon Industry Co., Ltd. Concrete cutter with depth setting and retention system
US20190063011A1 (en) * 2017-08-22 2019-02-28 Derek Nicholas Planavsky Combination pavement cutting and debris removal device
US11384489B2 (en) 2019-06-17 2022-07-12 Ariel Gerardo Martinez Scarifier system, and method of resurfacing or remodeling a ground surface using the scarifier system

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