US2963703A - Method and means for antenna coupling - Google Patents

Method and means for antenna coupling Download PDF

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US2963703A
US2963703A US613011A US61301156A US2963703A US 2963703 A US2963703 A US 2963703A US 613011 A US613011 A US 613011A US 61301156 A US61301156 A US 61301156A US 2963703 A US2963703 A US 2963703A
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antenna
line
transmission line
elements
dipole
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Carlyle J Sletten
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path

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  • This invention relates generally to antennas and more particularly to a new method of electromagnetically coupling radiating means to an open transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents which, when applied to antenna design, produces a new high-gain vertically polarized antenna that is suitable for omnidirectional (in azimuth) high power communication purposes.
  • the invention has particular utility in mattress type antenna arrays of any frequency and provides a feeding for UHF and VHF arrays where wave guide feeding is impractical and stripline feeding is complex.
  • this invention has for an object the provision of a simple method of feeding a large number of radiating elements.
  • Another object of the invention is the provision of a new method of electromagnetically coupling electric dipoles to a two-wire feeding line.
  • a further object of the invention is the provision of a novel method and means for controlling the pattern of an antenna.
  • a still further object of the invention is to enable controlled coupling to a two-wire line over a practical range of coupling (conductance) values without introducing any connections to or alterations in the feeding two-wire line.
  • Another object of the invention involves the provision of an antenna device capable of carrying high power.
  • Still another object of the invention involves a new method of and means for exciting a radiating element by its proximity to an open transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents.
  • a further object of the invention involves the production of an antenna device which is economical, easily fabricated and lends itself to economical weatherp-rooiing techniques.
  • Figure l is a diagrammatic representation of a twowire line and dipole suitable for obtaining conductance data
  • Figure 2 is a plotting of conductance vs. angular position of the dipole using the apparatus of Figure l;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an eight element antenna constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
  • Figure 4 represents an E-plane pattern obtained from the antenna of Figure 3.'
  • the coupling principle upon which this invention is based depends upon the orientation of a radiating element with respect to an open transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents.
  • a two-wire line and dipole are utilized to illustrate the principle of the nite States arent invention, other transmission lines and dipoles, different from that shown in the figures, come within the concept, for example, a four-wire or parallel plate transmission line may be used with curved or other shaped radiating elements.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a dipole and two-wire line which demonstrate the principle of this invention.
  • dipole 10 which is rotatably mounted on a dielectric wafer 11
  • dipole 12 is displaced from a position parallel to the two-wire line 12, as illustrated, alternate segments of the two-wire line 12 are closer to the dipole 10 such that the currents I1 and I2 couple inductively to the dipole 10 more strongly than the remote currents I3 and I4.
  • a resonant line with a shorting bar 13, located M4 from the wafer 11 is depicted, the same relationships hold for a traveling wave.
  • the dipole when cut to the proper length, acts as a pure shunt conductance located at its midpoint, as seen by the transmission line.
  • Results obtainable by use of the test antenna of Figure l are plotted on the curve of Figure 2. Since the dielectric spacing wafer 11 causes negligible effect, and since no other objects were near the antenna, all the aforementioned parameters, except No. 8, are fixed.
  • the curve of Figure 2 illustrates the coupling varying from approximately zero to a normalized conductance of about 0.3 mhos at an angle of 20. Losses in the two-wire line account for the conductance at zero angle being greater than zero.
  • the number of dipoles, their spacing and orientation with respect to the two-wire line and the position of the terminal impedance must be determined by the antenna pattern and impedance characteristics required of the antenna as a whole.
  • the eight element array of Figure 3 illustrates an antenna Whose pattern is broadside to the array.
  • the dipoles 10 are mounted by conventional mounting means on dielectric spacer elements 11 which in turn are attached to the two-wire line 12. Supporting elements 14 and 15 are used to mount the antenna.
  • the E-plane, elevation pattern, of Figure 4 was produced bv the antenna of Figure 3 and displays a beamwidth of about 13 and the side lobe at about -13 db, as would be predicted from a uniformly illuminated array.
  • the input impedance would be more favorable with an array of the traveling wave type.
  • Such an array, with any desirable taper, is easily designed since conductances ranging fromto 0.3 g/ Go are available. Since maximum coupling is obtained at about 20 of rotation-of the dipole and most elements will be rotated less, cross polarization and mutual coupling between the elements on such arrays will be very small.
  • the two-wire line may be made heavy enough to support the entire antenna or the antennal could be supported by other means, for example, by the use of wooden poles. It has been found that erection of the antenna over the ground or on a hangar roof enables the image to improve the gain. ⁇ Light loading and the use of elements in even pairs keeps the amount off unbalanceof the two-wire line to a minimum. Y y
  • the pattern of the antenna can be controlled and made Ynearly omnidirectional'in azimuth by installing the dipoles in pairs, i.e., referring to Figure 1,Y by placing an additional dipole on the opposite face of wafer 11 to that on which the present dipole is attached such that its spacingy from the two-wireline is the sameras the dipole shown in the figure.
  • the g/Go will Vbe approximately doubled.
  • a directive antenna system with controllable Vpattern comprising: a two-wire transmission line, the wires of said line being parallel to each other, a series -of dielectric -spacer elements along said line for supporting said Ywires in said parallel relationship, a series of dipoles positioned Vin a plane proximate and parallel to a plane through ⁇ said Wires, and mounting means for facilitating rotationof vsaid dipoles about parallel axes located in a common plane perpendicular to the said plane through said two wires, and mid-way therebetween to establish Apredetermined angular relationships such that the sum of the conductances of the individual dipoles as determined by their angular positions equals'a predetermined amount.
  • a directive antenna system comprising a two-wire transmission line, the Wires of said line being parallel to each other, a series of dielectric wafers for spacing said -Vwires of -said transmission line, said wafers being spaced along the transmission line at halfwavelengthintervals, and a dipole mounted on each of said wafers ysuch that a plane through said dipoles is parallel and proximate to a plane through the wires of the transmission line, said dipoles having angular rotations about parallel axes 1ocated in a common plane perpendicular to both said rstnamed planes, and mid-way between said two wires, the degree of rotation being representative of conductance values such that the sum of said conductance values equals a predetermined conductance and variation in conductance along said transmission line will determine pattern.
  • An antenna system as deiined in claim 3 wherein omnidirectionality is achieved by mounting dipoles on said wafers such that they are spaced from ⁇ said transmission line by an amount equal to the spacing Yof said rst series of dipoles and lying on a planeV parallel to aplane through said wires of the transmission'line and on the opposite side of the transmission line from the rst series of dipoles.
  • a device for controllably coupling a radiating element to a transmission line comprising a transmission line having elements carrying equal and opposite currents, a radiating element, and means for supporting said radiating element for rotation about an axis 'located in a plane spaced equally from said two transmission line elements to establish adjustable orientation with respect to said transmission line such Ythat said radiating element cooperates through space with said elements of said transmission line to achieve a predetermined amount of ycoupling.
  • a device for controllably coupling a radiating element to a transmission line comprising a radiating element, a transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents, and dielectric means facilitating rotation of said radiating element about an axis located in a plane spaced equally from the two current-carrying elements of said line for orienting said radiating element displaced from said transmission line such that portions of said radiating element are in an inductively coupled relationship with the currents in said transmission line elements.
  • a directive antenna system comprising a transmission line having elements carrying equal and opposite currents and at least one radiating element rotatable about an axis located in a plane spaced equally from Vthe two current-carrying elements of said line such that the currents of said transmission line couple inductively to portions of said radiating element to cause radiation from said radiating element.
  • An antenna system comprising a transmission line having elements carrying equalV and opposite currents and a series of radiating elements rotatable about axes located in a common plane equally distant from the two currentcarrying elements of said transmission line Vand oriented with respect to the elements of said transmission line such that the currents in said transmission line elements couple unequally to portions of said radiating element, the amount of coupling being determined by the orientation of said radiating element.

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Description

Dec. 6, 1960 c. J. sLETTEN METHOD AND MEANS FOR ANTENNA COUPLING Filed Oct. l, 1956 ANGLE 0F 2)/20045 Fa/ ,4x/'5 0F WE Fais. 2
Dec. 6, 1960 Filed 001;. l, 1955 C. J. SLETTEN METHOD AND MEANS FOR ANTENNA COUPLING 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR. 64x02: a Szsrrf/v METHOD AND MEANS FOR ANTENNA COUPLING Carlyle I. Sletten, Nagog Hill Road, Acton, Mass.
Filed Oct. 1, 1956, Ser. No. 613,011
8 Claims. (Cl. 343-793) (Granted under Title 35, U.S. Code (1952), sec. 266) The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the United States Government for governmental purposes without payment to me of any royality thereon.
This invention relates generally to antennas and more particularly to a new method of electromagnetically coupling radiating means to an open transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents which, when applied to antenna design, produces a new high-gain vertically polarized antenna that is suitable for omnidirectional (in azimuth) high power communication purposes.
The invention has particular utility in mattress type antenna arrays of any frequency and provides a feeding for UHF and VHF arrays where wave guide feeding is impractical and stripline feeding is complex.
Accordingly, this invention has for an object the provision of a simple method of feeding a large number of radiating elements.
Another object of the invention is the provision of a new method of electromagnetically coupling electric dipoles to a two-wire feeding line.
A further object of the invention is the provision of a novel method and means for controlling the pattern of an antenna.
A still further object of the invention is to enable controlled coupling to a two-wire line over a practical range of coupling (conductance) values without introducing any connections to or alterations in the feeding two-wire line.
Another object of the invention involves the provision of an antenna device capable of carrying high power.
Still another object of the invention involves a new method of and means for exciting a radiating element by its proximity to an open transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents.
A further object of the invention involves the production of an antenna device which is economical, easily fabricated and lends itself to economical weatherp-rooiing techniques.
These and other advantages, features and objects of the invention will become more apparent from the following description talten in connection with the illustrative embodiments in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Figure l is a diagrammatic representation of a twowire line and dipole suitable for obtaining conductance data;
Figure 2 is a plotting of conductance vs. angular position of the dipole using the apparatus of Figure l;
Figure 3 illustrates an eight element antenna constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention; and
Figure 4 represents an E-plane pattern obtained from the antenna of Figure 3.'
The coupling principle upon which this invention is based depends upon the orientation of a radiating element with respect to an open transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents. Although a two-wire line and dipole are utilized to illustrate the principle of the nite States arent invention, other transmission lines and dipoles, different from that shown in the figures, come within the concept, for example, a four-wire or parallel plate transmission line may be used with curved or other shaped radiating elements.
When a dipole is oriented parallel to the axis of a twowire line, the currents in the line couple equally to the dipole, and there is zero radiation. Rotation of the dipole places alternate segments of the two-wires closer to the dipole such that the currents in the two-wire line electromagnetically couple unequally to the dipole to produce a radiation. When the radiation and coupling characteristics of a single rod on a two-wire line are known, the antenna performance can be determined by reference to known linear array theory. The coupling of a halfwave rod oriented with respect to a two-wire line depends upon the following parameters:
(1) The rod length;
(2) The frequency of the electromagnetic waves on the exciting two-wire line;
(3) The spacing of the rod above the two-wire lines;
(4) The diameter of the two-wire lines;
(5) The spacing between centers of the two-wire lines;
(6) The position of the rods with respect .to the two- Wire line terminations;
(7) The intercoupling between adjacent elements; and
(8) The angular rotation of the rod with respect to the axis of the two-wire line.
Figure 1 illustrates a dipole and two-wire line which demonstrate the principle of this invention. As dipole 10, which is rotatably mounted on a dielectric wafer 11, is displaced from a position parallel to the two-wire line 12, as illustrated, alternate segments of the two-wire line 12 are closer to the dipole 10 such that the currents I1 and I2 couple inductively to the dipole 10 more strongly than the remote currents I3 and I4. Although a resonant line with a shorting bar 13, located M4 from the wafer 11, is depicted, the same relationships hold for a traveling wave. The dipole, when cut to the proper length, acts as a pure shunt conductance located at its midpoint, as seen by the transmission line.
Results obtainable by use of the test antenna of Figure l are plotted on the curve of Figure 2. Since the dielectric spacing wafer 11 causes negligible effect, and since no other objects were near the antenna, all the aforementioned parameters, except No. 8, are fixed. The curve of Figure 2 illustrates the coupling varying from approximately zero to a normalized conductance of about 0.3 mhos at an angle of 20. Losses in the two-wire line account for the conductance at zero angle being greater than zero.
In order to construct an antenna utilizing the conductance data of Figure 2, the number of dipoles, their spacing and orientation with respect to the two-wire line and the position of the terminal impedance must be determined by the antenna pattern and impedance characteristics required of the antenna as a whole. By spacing the elements 1/2 apart, a 180 phase shift can be achieved between dipoles while plus and minus angles of rotation introduce a further phase shift of The eight element array of Figure 3 illustrates an antenna Whose pattern is broadside to the array. The dipoles 10 are mounted by conventional mounting means on dielectric spacer elements 11 which in turn are attached to the two-wire line 12. Supporting elements 14 and 15 are used to mount the antenna.
The E-plane, elevation pattern, of Figure 4 was produced bv the antenna of Figure 3 and displays a beamwidth of about 13 and the side lobe at about -13 db, as would be predicted from a uniformly illuminated array. The input impedance would be more favorable with an array of the traveling wave type. Such an array, with any desirable taper, is easily designed since conductances ranging fromto 0.3 g/ Go are available. Since maximum coupling is obtained at about 20 of rotation-of the dipole and most elements will be rotated less, cross polarization and mutual coupling between the elements on such arrays will be very small.
' `Thus -it can be seen that by utilizing empirically obtained conductance data in conjunction with known 'linear array Vtheory an antenna'can lbe produced which consists of a Ybalanced two-wire line feeding approximately M2 radiating rods or dipoles supported by dielectric wafers that also act as spacers for the two-wire line. No'metallic contact or coupling mechanism, other than the electromagnetic coupling due to the `proximity and orientation of the rods with respect to the two-wire line is used. By choosing the angular orientation of the dipoles from the conductance curve almost any total conductance can be obtained in an array. The number of elements that can be fed are limited only by the size of antenna that can be accommodated and the gain requirement.
The two-wire line may be made heavy enough to support the entire antenna or the antennal could be supported by other means, for example, by the use of wooden poles. It has been found that erection of the antenna over the ground or on a hangar roof enables the image to improve the gain. `Light loading and the use of elements in even pairs keeps the amount off unbalanceof the two-wire line to a minimum. Y y
The pattern of the antenna can be controlled and made Ynearly omnidirectional'in azimuth by installing the dipoles in pairs, i.e., referring to Figure 1,Y by placing an additional dipole on the opposite face of wafer 11 to that on which the present dipole is attached such that its spacingy from the two-wireline is the sameras the dipole shown in the figure. By placing the additional dipole directly behind the dipole shown in Figure 1, the g/Go will Vbe approximately doubled.
Although the invention hasv been described with reference to a particular embodiment, it will be understood 'to those skilled in the art that the invention is capable of a variety of alternative embodiments within the spirit and scope ofthe appended claims.
I claim:
1. A directive antenna system with controllable Vpattern comprising: a two-wire transmission line, the wires of said line being parallel to each other, a series -of dielectric -spacer elements along said line for supporting said Ywires in said parallel relationship, a series of dipoles positioned Vin a plane proximate and parallel to a plane through `said Wires, and mounting means for facilitating rotationof vsaid dipoles about parallel axes located in a common plane perpendicular to the said plane through said two wires, and mid-way therebetween to establish Apredetermined angular relationships such that the sum of the conductances of the individual dipoles as determined by their angular positions equals'a predetermined amount. 2. An antenna system as deined -n claim"1, "including Vmeans for establishing Van omnidirectional pattern, said means comprising a second series of dipoles spaced from said two-wire line by an amount equal to the spacing of said rst series of dipoles and attached' to said spacer elements in predetermined angular positions.V
3. A directive antenna system comprising a two-wire transmission line, the Wires of said line being parallel to each other, a series of dielectric wafers for spacing said -Vwires of -said transmission line, said wafers being spaced along the transmission line at halfwavelengthintervals, and a dipole mounted on each of said wafers ysuch that a plane through said dipoles is parallel and proximate to a plane through the wires of the transmission line, said dipoles having angular rotations about parallel axes 1ocated in a common plane perpendicular to both said rstnamed planes, and mid-way between said two wires, the degree of rotation being representative of conductance values such that the sum of said conductance values equals a predetermined conductance and variation in conductance along said transmission line will determine pattern.
4. An antenna system as deiined in claim 3 -wherein omnidirectionality is achieved by mounting dipoles on said wafers such that they are spaced from `said transmission line by an amount equal to the spacing Yof said rst series of dipoles and lying on a planeV parallel to aplane through said wires of the transmission'line and on the opposite side of the transmission line from the rst series of dipoles.
5. A device for controllably coupling a radiating element to a transmission line comprising a transmission line having elements carrying equal and opposite currents, a radiating element, and means for supporting said radiating element for rotation about an axis 'located in a plane spaced equally from said two transmission line elements to establish adjustable orientation with respect to said transmission line such Ythat said radiating element cooperates through space with said elements of said transmission line to achieve a predetermined amount of ycoupling.
6. A device for controllably coupling a radiating element to a transmission line comprising a radiating element, a transmission line carrying equal and opposite currents, and dielectric means facilitating rotation of said radiating element about an axis located in a plane spaced equally from the two current-carrying elements of said line for orienting said radiating element displaced from said transmission line such that portions of said radiating element are in an inductively coupled relationship with the currents in said transmission line elements. Y
7. A directive antenna system comprising a transmission line having elements carrying equal and opposite currents and at least one radiating element rotatable about an axis located in a plane spaced equally from Vthe two current-carrying elements of said line such that the currents of said transmission line couple inductively to portions of said radiating element to cause radiation from said radiating element.
8. An antenna system comprising a transmission line having elements carrying equalV and opposite currents and a series of radiating elements rotatable about axes located in a common plane equally distant from the two currentcarrying elements of said transmission line Vand oriented with respect to the elements of said transmission line such that the currents in said transmission line elements couple unequally to portions of said radiating element, the amount of coupling being determined by the orientation of said radiating element.
References Cited in the le of this patent vUNITED STATES APATENIS OTHER REFERENCES Pub. I, Antennas, Kraus, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1950, pp. 294 and 356.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3155976A (en) * 1959-08-31 1964-11-03 Sylvania Electric Prod Broadband straight ladder antenna with twin wire balanced feed supplied via integralunbalanced line
US3500426A (en) * 1965-10-22 1970-03-10 Scott & Fetzer Co Magnetically driven antenna array
US4054874A (en) * 1975-06-11 1977-10-18 Hughes Aircraft Company Microstrip-dipole antenna elements and arrays thereof
US4468669A (en) * 1982-06-10 1984-08-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Self contained antenna test device

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1821387A (en) * 1927-10-28 1931-09-01 Rca Corp Antenna
US2198025A (en) * 1937-12-02 1940-04-23 Washington Inst Of Technology Modulation system
US2321456A (en) * 1939-03-22 1943-06-08 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Short-wave keying device
US2413836A (en) * 1944-06-27 1947-01-07 Hazeltine Research Inc High-frequency tuning device
US2524993A (en) * 1945-09-14 1950-10-10 Victor H Rumsey Antenna
US2527609A (en) * 1945-08-10 1950-10-31 Int Standard Electric Corp Arrangement for coupling to an electric antenna
US2716703A (en) * 1952-05-15 1955-08-30 James M Kane Television antenna
US2881436A (en) * 1955-04-08 1959-04-07 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave dual beam linear array

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1821387A (en) * 1927-10-28 1931-09-01 Rca Corp Antenna
US2198025A (en) * 1937-12-02 1940-04-23 Washington Inst Of Technology Modulation system
US2321456A (en) * 1939-03-22 1943-06-08 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Short-wave keying device
US2413836A (en) * 1944-06-27 1947-01-07 Hazeltine Research Inc High-frequency tuning device
US2527609A (en) * 1945-08-10 1950-10-31 Int Standard Electric Corp Arrangement for coupling to an electric antenna
US2524993A (en) * 1945-09-14 1950-10-10 Victor H Rumsey Antenna
US2716703A (en) * 1952-05-15 1955-08-30 James M Kane Television antenna
US2881436A (en) * 1955-04-08 1959-04-07 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave dual beam linear array

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3155976A (en) * 1959-08-31 1964-11-03 Sylvania Electric Prod Broadband straight ladder antenna with twin wire balanced feed supplied via integralunbalanced line
US3500426A (en) * 1965-10-22 1970-03-10 Scott & Fetzer Co Magnetically driven antenna array
US4054874A (en) * 1975-06-11 1977-10-18 Hughes Aircraft Company Microstrip-dipole antenna elements and arrays thereof
US4468669A (en) * 1982-06-10 1984-08-28 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Self contained antenna test device

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