US2943007A - Method for casting and working grain oriented ingots - Google Patents

Method for casting and working grain oriented ingots Download PDF

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Publication number
US2943007A
US2943007A US680360A US68036057A US2943007A US 2943007 A US2943007 A US 2943007A US 680360 A US680360 A US 680360A US 68036057 A US68036057 A US 68036057A US 2943007 A US2943007 A US 2943007A
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Prior art keywords
rolling
grains
casting
oriented
grain
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US680360A
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English (en)
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John L Walter
Henry J Fisher
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Publication date
Priority to LU36370D priority Critical patent/LU36370A1/xx
Priority to BE570557D priority patent/BE570557A/xx
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US680360A priority patent/US2943007A/en
Priority to GB25693/58A priority patent/GB895384A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2943007A publication Critical patent/US2943007A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/14—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H01F1/16—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00—Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/04—Influencing the temperature of the metal, e.g. by heating or cooling the mould
    • B22D27/045—Directionally solidified castings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C21D8/1205—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties involving a particular fabrication or treatment of ingot or slab
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B1/00—Single-crystal growth directly from the solid state
    • C30B1/02—Single-crystal growth directly from the solid state by thermal treatment, e.g. strain annealing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
    • C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
    • C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
    • C30B29/52—Alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C21D8/1216—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the working step(s) being of interest
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/12—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties
    • C21D8/1244—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of articles with special electromagnetic properties the heat treatment(s) being of interest
    • C21D8/1272—Final recrystallisation annealing

Definitions

  • This invention relates yto -so magnetic materials and more particularly to improved grain oriented ingots or castings composed of iron and soft magnetic alloys of iron and silicon, iron and aluminum and iron and molybdenum constituting cast intermediatesbr blanks lfrom which polycrystalline metal sheet material may be prepared by rolling and appropriate heat treatment to have a high percentage of its ⁇ grains oriented as cube texture, to a method of preparing such cast intermediates or blanks and to a method of preparing cube texture sheet material therefrom.
  • Sheet metals having this (110) [001] orientation may be otherwise described as an elongated polycrystalline body of sheet ⁇ metal having the body-centered cubic lattice form produced by conventional rolling procedures in which a majority of the grains of the sheet have their crystal structure so related to the direction of rolling and the plane of the sheet . That the body-centered unit cube lattices thereof are standing on edge with respect to the plane of the sheet and each yunit cube has two 2,943,007 y Patented June 28, 1960 c ICC 5 as singly oriented and which additionally discloses that since the direction of easiest magnetization in these materials is lalong .the cube edges of the unit cube lattice form, these previously known singly oriented sheet materials have had less desirable magnetic properties lin the transverse to rolling direction compared to the same propenties in the rolling direction.
  • polycrystalline, rolled, bodycentered cubic, soft magnetic sheet material having improved magnetic properties may be prepared fby properly rolling and heat treating a grain oriented cast intermediate or blank.
  • improved polycrystalline sheet material so produced is. characterized as having a majority of the grains of the sheet oriented in a cube texture. This cube texture may be described as an [001] orientation.
  • molten metal .consisting principally of iron is cast into an ingot consisting essentially of a plurality of elongated columnar grains ⁇ whose longitudinal axes are substan-A tially parallel to each other.
  • the improved magnetic sheet material previously referred to may then be prepared by appropriately rolling and heat Vtreating suchv an ingot ⁇ or a portion thereof.
  • this direction of the longitudinal axes of the columnar grains inthe casting may be selected from oneor the other of twogeneral relationships of the direction with respect to the working or rolling plane and the rolling direction.
  • the direction in the casting most nearly parallel to all the longitudinal axes of the velongated columnar grains thereof, must bemarntained substantially parallel to the rolling planeY and 'to the rolling direction during a majority of the reducing rolling passes andthe longitudinal axes of Aav majority of the elongated grains should not deviate'more than about 20 degrees from this-parallelism.
  • the casting most nearly parallel to all longitudinal Vaxes of the elongated columnar grains thereof must bie'n'iain-F and to the rolling direction during a majority of the Y reducing rolling passes, and the longitudinal axes of a majority of the elongated grains should not deviatemore than about :degrees from this perpendicular relationship.
  • a vfurther objectof our invention is the provision of a mediate Vor 'blank may be prepared.
  • rA yet furtherobject ofrour invention is the provision of Ya method whereby such an improved cast intermediate Y or blank may bereduc'edY by rolling and heat treatmentV to Vformsheet material having a well-developed cube tex- 4 Y
  • Fig. 3 is a vertical sectional view otj aV casting apparatus including an ingot cast therein, illustrating one embodiment 4of our invention
  • Fig. 4 is an enlarged viewof a portion of the ingot shown in Fig. 3;'and Y Fig. 5 is a sectional view of the portion of the ingot illustrated in Pig. 4 taken along line 5 5.
  • the cast intermediates or blanks ⁇ disclosed therein may be prepared according to one aspect of that invention by casting molten metal consisting principally of iron into an elongated tubular mold having preheated sidewalls and a cooled bottom,
  • the superheat and the latent heatV ofthe molten metal is substantially all ex,-
  • the portion' 10 of the singly oriented casting has been shown as a generally rectangular prismic lbodyyit Vwill be appreciated that this particular form has been arbitrarily selected ,onlyV for purposes of illustration.
  • the grain structureV of this casting is composedrof elongated'colurnnar grains whosellongitudinal axes Vextend in a generally vertical direction as shown.
  • Fig, 2 a portion of such a slab section is shown in which the several irregularareas represent individual columnar grainsfofY the casting sectioned approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of the several elongated grains.
  • the materials with which our invention is concerned have the bodycentered cubic lattice form at temperatures below several hundred degrees centigrade.
  • each grain in Fig. 2 has its crystal structure oriented so that certain of the crystal planes corresponding to unit cube faces are substantially parallel to the plane ofthe paper which is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of each grain.
  • the illustrated grains 16 and 17 are substantially identically oriented in all respects, that is, all the planes corresponding to unit cube faces in grain 16 are substantially parallel to corresponding unit cube faces in grain 17.
  • such a slab may be advantageously utilized to produce a casting consisting essentially of a plurality of elongated grains having a high degree of parallelism.
  • a casting consists essentially of a plurality of elongated columnar grains, the longitudinal axes of substantially all of such columnar grains being substantially parallel to each other and the orientation of the-lattice form of each such grain having certain crystallographic planes corresponding to unit cube faces perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the grain, the remaining unit cube faces being. substantially parallel 4to corresponding cube faces in substantially every other such grain in the casting.
  • Castings made according to our invention having this gross grain structure may be referred to as being doubly oriented.
  • a casting apparatus similar to that disclosed in the previously referenced application may be used to produce a singly oriented casting as also set forth in said application.
  • a slab 11 as shown in Figs. l and 2 is cut therefrom.
  • this apparatus is schematically illustrated therein and consists of a tubular mold 20 of a refractory material such as fused A1203, for example, having openends.
  • the ,interior of the mold 20 may have any desired cross-sectional configuration such as circular or rectangular or the like.
  • the bottom end of the mold vity is closed by the upper surface of a heat extraction rmember, 21 which is preferably constructed of a material having good heat exchange properties such as copper, for example.
  • Member 21 is provided with means for permitting a cooling medium to be circulated in heat exchangeA relationship for the extraction of heat fromA said member. As shown, this may be accomplished, for example, by making heat extraction member 21 in the form of a hollow body and providing pipes 22 and 23 for circulation of a cooling medium such as cold water therethrough.
  • the tubular mold 20 and the heat extraction member 21 are assembled together as illustrated in Fig. 3 and cooling water is circulated through said member 21 by means of pipes 22 and 23.
  • the interior of the mold cavity is heated to a temperature of about 1400 C. by any convenient means such as, for example, a removable electrical resistance heater while the upper surface of member 21 is maintained at about room temperature or about 20 C. by means ofthe coolant.
  • Slab 11, which s of suicient size and configuration to readily lie liatly in the bottom of mold 20 may be preheated if desired to about l300 C. When the mold sidewalls have been.
  • the hea-ting means is removed, the preheated slab 11 placed in the bottom.of the mold 20 upon surface 21 with a surface presented ⁇ to the mold cavity consisting of columnar grains sec- Y tioned substantially parallel to their longitudinal axes.
  • Molten metal of substantially the same composition asv slab 11 is poured into the moldcovering slab 11 and substantially fillingl the mold cavityY before the preheated slab can be cooled to any substantial degree by' the heat extraction member 21. Coolant is circulated through member 21 untilthe casting solidies.
  • a yschematicrepresentation of a vertical cross-section of an ingot 25 produced in this manner is shown in. the mold in Fig. 3 after solidilication is completed.
  • the seed slab 11 is shown at the bottom of the ingot 25,the location of the former upper surface of such seed slab being shown bydashed line 14.
  • vthe bulk of the ingot above the seed slab 11 is composed of a relatively few large columnar grains extending from the seed' ⁇ slab to a zone 26 at the top of the ingot which is cornpn'sed of relatively small equiaxed grains ofrconventionalv In thefinterest of clarity these-V equiaxed grains have not been shown in detail since they; are quite conventional in configuration and in practice,v
  • Fig. 4 an enlarged view of the seed slab 11 and metal cast thereon is shown.
  • theseed slab portion shown in Fig. 2 has been reproduced f of molten-.metal which has solidiiied under the temperature gradient caused by the unidirectional extraction o f Y heattherefrom by member 21.
  • Grainsy 16'V and 1.7' haveY substantially the same crystal orientation as grain 16, Yand 17 from which they grewand grow to the ultimate exclusionV Vof less favorably .oriented grains adjacentY to or surroundingA them and form the larger.v columnar grains, shown in Fig. 3.
  • misoriented grains adjacent the seed slab may be removedas; scrap leaving a doubly oriented castintermediate or blank which may then be reduced to cube texture softxnagnetic sheet material by appropriate rolling and heat treatment.
  • the polycrystallinesheet material so produced fromA the Vdoubly oriented cast intermediate made ⁇ accordingA to our invention has a higher proportion of, theirA grains oriented in the desired cube texture and the limited directional relationships required Vfor processing of the singly oriented cast intermediates are materially increased makingthe production of suchcube texture sheetn laterialVv substantially easier.
  • the equiaxed graiuzonefandpipe were-,removedrand af rectangular pris'mfshaped-1 slabA was removed from onehalfV of Vthe sectionedingot to form a body similar to body ⁇ 11 of Fig. 1, which was thentrimmed to: a; dimension and conliguration compatible with the'moldllto forml a;
  • PothY slabs A and B were heated to about l000 C'. and reduced in 8 rolling passes tok 0.083 inch ⁇ thick sheetmetal without reheating;
  • the hot-rolled stripsV werereduced at a temperature of about 400 C. to abouts0.025Y inch tliicl; sheet or strip inra plurality of rolllingpasses ⁇
  • This strip or sheet material was then annealed by heating in a dry liydrogenratmosphere to a temperature of' 1000"v C., held'for 4 hours and' permitted to'rapidly coolf in the hydrogen. atmosphere.
  • Torque test specimens comprising vcircular disks l inch in diameter were stamped from the stripsY and annealed in dry hydrogen by heating at about 100g' C. per-hour to 1200J VC., held at that temperature for 5 minutes and slowly cooled, i.e. at about 100 C. per hour.
  • This material has about 54% ⁇ cube texture.
  • the oriented seedvslabrnay b e-composedofian, alloyv or metal differingincompositionfromthemelt provided it has amelting point substantially the same'asthemeln, in Vorder to permit meltback, anda ⁇ lattice parameter.vv sim-ilario the moltenv metal fso that: orientednucleation and growth of grains havingvthe same orientationpas the-V grains of the seed mayibeaccomplished.
  • the reduction of the casting into sheet metal in accordance with this invention Will be carried out by heating the casting to a temperature of from about 700 C. to about l100 C. and then rolling the heated casting to affect at least a 70% reduction in its thickness. It is then annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere for from 4 hours at about 1000 C. to about l/2 hour at about 1200 C., cooled and cold rolled (i.e, at room temperature) to a thickness reduction of at least 40%. The resulting cold rolled sheet metal is next annealed and recrystallized by heating to at least 1150 C. in a hydrogen atmosphere and finally slowly cooled in a hydrogen atmosphere.
  • a method for preparing cube texture soft magnetic sheet metal comprising the steps of providing a casting consisting essentially of iron comprising a plurality of elongated columnar grains having their longitudinal axes extending substantially parallel to a rst single direction, a majority of said elongated grains having a unit cube face of their crystal lattices substantially parallel to said rst direction and substantially perpendicular to a single second direction which is substantially perpendicular to said first direction; reducing the casting into sheet metal by a plurality of rolling passes in the majority of which rolling passes the first direction is maintained substantially parallel to the rolling plane and substantially perpendicular to the rolling direction and the second direction is maintained substantially perpendicular to the rolling plane and to the rolling direction; and annealing the cold rolled sheet metal by heating to at least 1150" C. in a hydrogen atmosphere and slowly cooling the recrystallized sheet metal in the hydrogen atmosphere.
  • a method for casting grain-oriented ingots of magnetic metal consisting essentially of iron comprising the steps of melting the metal to be cast, bringing the molten metal into contact with a surface of a non-molten body of metal consisting essentially of iron, said non-molten body being comprised of a plurality of elongated columnar grains having their longitudinal axes extending substantially parallel to a single direction substantially parallel to said surface, maintaining said molten metal in contact with said surface for a period of time sulcient to melt a portion of said surface and solidifying the molten metal on said surface to form an ingot.
  • a method for casting grain-oriented ingots comprising the steps of pouring a molten magnetic metal consisting essentially of iron upon a surface of a body of solid metal consisting essentially of iron, said body of solid metal being comprised of a plurality of elongated columnar grains having their longitudinal axes extending substantially parallel to a single direction substantially parallel to said surface, permitting the surface of said body to become molten and then causing the molten metal to solidify by extracting substantially' all the superheat and the latent heat of the molten metal through said body of solid metal.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Steel Electrode Plates (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
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US680360A 1957-08-26 1957-08-26 Method for casting and working grain oriented ingots Expired - Lifetime US2943007A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
LU36370D LU36370A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) 1957-08-26
BE570557D BE570557A (enrdf_load_html_response) 1957-08-26
US680360A US2943007A (en) 1957-08-26 1957-08-26 Method for casting and working grain oriented ingots
GB25693/58A GB895384A (en) 1957-08-26 1958-08-11 A method of preparing grain oriented sheet metal

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3008857A (en) * 1957-02-16 1961-11-14 Ver Deutsche Metallwerke Ag Process for the production of grain oriented magnetizable strips and sheets
US3061486A (en) * 1957-12-30 1962-10-30 Armco Steel Corp Non-directional oriented silicon-iron
US3102832A (en) * 1958-04-30 1963-09-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic sheets of low aluminum-iron alloys
US3130090A (en) * 1962-01-19 1964-04-21 Armco Steel Corp Non-directional oriented silicon-iron
US3180767A (en) * 1962-10-08 1965-04-27 Armco Steel Corp Process for making a decarburized low carbon, low alloy ferrous material for magnetic uses
US3219495A (en) * 1962-04-06 1965-11-23 Ct Magneti Permanenti S P A Method of effecting gamma phase precipitation to produce a monocrystalline growth in permanent magnets
US3331714A (en) * 1964-05-14 1967-07-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Processing of magnetic materials
US3413145A (en) * 1965-11-29 1968-11-26 Rca Corp Method of forming a crystalline semiconductor layer on an alumina substrate
US4762575A (en) * 1985-06-26 1988-08-09 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Process for producing electrical steel sheet
US4767493A (en) * 1985-10-30 1988-08-30 Director General Of Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology Method for heat-treating metal
EP0477136A1 (de) * 1990-09-21 1992-03-25 Sulzer Innotec Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gussstücken durch gerichtete oder einkristalline Erstarrung
US5275227A (en) * 1990-09-21 1994-01-04 Sulzer Brothers Limited Casting process for the production of castings by directional or monocrystalline solidification
CN120182277A (zh) * 2025-05-22 2025-06-20 宝鸡拓普达钛业有限公司 基于钛合金铸锭微观图像的成分均匀性检测方法

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4921549A (en) * 1984-03-19 1990-05-01 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Promoting directional grain growth in objects

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1793672A (en) * 1926-02-16 1931-02-24 Percy W Bridgman Crystals and their manufacture
US1961399A (en) * 1931-09-23 1934-06-05 Snook Homer Clyde Ingot casting method
US2112084A (en) * 1934-11-01 1938-03-22 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Magnetic material and method of producing the same
US2113537A (en) * 1935-10-29 1938-04-05 Heraeus Vacuumschmeise A G Method of rolling and treating silicon steel
US2307391A (en) * 1938-10-14 1943-01-05 American Rolling Mill Co Art of producing magnetic material

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1793672A (en) * 1926-02-16 1931-02-24 Percy W Bridgman Crystals and their manufacture
US1961399A (en) * 1931-09-23 1934-06-05 Snook Homer Clyde Ingot casting method
US2112084A (en) * 1934-11-01 1938-03-22 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Magnetic material and method of producing the same
US2113537A (en) * 1935-10-29 1938-04-05 Heraeus Vacuumschmeise A G Method of rolling and treating silicon steel
US2307391A (en) * 1938-10-14 1943-01-05 American Rolling Mill Co Art of producing magnetic material

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3008857A (en) * 1957-02-16 1961-11-14 Ver Deutsche Metallwerke Ag Process for the production of grain oriented magnetizable strips and sheets
US3061486A (en) * 1957-12-30 1962-10-30 Armco Steel Corp Non-directional oriented silicon-iron
US3102832A (en) * 1958-04-30 1963-09-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Magnetic sheets of low aluminum-iron alloys
US3130090A (en) * 1962-01-19 1964-04-21 Armco Steel Corp Non-directional oriented silicon-iron
US3219495A (en) * 1962-04-06 1965-11-23 Ct Magneti Permanenti S P A Method of effecting gamma phase precipitation to produce a monocrystalline growth in permanent magnets
US3180767A (en) * 1962-10-08 1965-04-27 Armco Steel Corp Process for making a decarburized low carbon, low alloy ferrous material for magnetic uses
US3331714A (en) * 1964-05-14 1967-07-18 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Processing of magnetic materials
US3413145A (en) * 1965-11-29 1968-11-26 Rca Corp Method of forming a crystalline semiconductor layer on an alumina substrate
US4762575A (en) * 1985-06-26 1988-08-09 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Process for producing electrical steel sheet
US4767493A (en) * 1985-10-30 1988-08-30 Director General Of Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology Method for heat-treating metal
EP0477136A1 (de) * 1990-09-21 1992-03-25 Sulzer Innotec Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gussstücken durch gerichtete oder einkristalline Erstarrung
US5275227A (en) * 1990-09-21 1994-01-04 Sulzer Brothers Limited Casting process for the production of castings by directional or monocrystalline solidification
CN120182277A (zh) * 2025-05-22 2025-06-20 宝鸡拓普达钛业有限公司 基于钛合金铸锭微观图像的成分均匀性检测方法

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GB895384A (en) 1962-05-02
LU36370A1 (enrdf_load_html_response)

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