US2933647A - Electric-discharge system - Google Patents

Electric-discharge system Download PDF

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US2933647A
US2933647A US591332A US59133256A US2933647A US 2933647 A US2933647 A US 2933647A US 591332 A US591332 A US 591332A US 59133256 A US59133256 A US 59133256A US 2933647 A US2933647 A US 2933647A
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discharge
electric
flashtube
source
impedance
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US591332A
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Kenneth J Germeshausen
Harold E Edgerton
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PerkinElmer Inc
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Edgerton Germeshausen and Grier Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/30—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by pulses, e.g. flash lamp

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  • the present invention relates to electric-discharge systems, and, more specifically, to systems embodying electric flash devices, such as gaseous-discharge tubes and the like, to produce a single flash or a repetition of flashes for such purposes as flash-photography and stroboscopic work.
  • the energy-storing capacitor or capacitors is or are controlled by a switching device, such as a mechanical switch or a gaseous-discharge switch of the thyratron type, to discharge energy at an appropriate moment or moments through the electric-discharge tube or other load device, such as through the before-mentioned gaseous-discharge flashtube, either directly or through a step-up transformer or inductor device.
  • a switching device such as a mechanical switch or a gaseous-discharge switch of the thyratron type
  • An object of the present invention accordingly, is to provide a new and improved electric system that permits the use of such small flashtubes of very low impedance with increased light-output efiiciency.
  • a further object is to provide such an electric system in which the switching device, such as the before-mentioned thyratron, is protected from excessive discharge currents despite the very low impedance of the flashtube.
  • this end is achieved through causing the effective impedance presented bythe flashtube to the discharge circuit, including the switching device, to be stepped-up.
  • constructional details are hereinafter presented.
  • An additional object is to provide a new and improved electrical discharge or pulsing system of general utility.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating the invention in preferred form, applied, 'for purposes of illustration, to the important' application of small-dimensioned flashtubes and the like.
  • a flashtube is diagrammatically illustrated at 1 having a pair of closely spaced principal electrodes 3 and 5 which may be disposed in, for example, a highpressure argon, xenon or other gaseous medium within the light-transparent quartz or similar envelope 1.
  • the separation between the electrodes may, for example, be of the order of a few millimeters for gas pressures of the order of one or more atmospheres.
  • Other types of flashtubes may, of course, also be used including those described in the said copending applications.
  • flashtubes of this character When conductive, as during an electrical discharge between the principal electrodes 3 and 5, flashtubes of this character have the before mentioned very low impedance of the order of 0.8 of an ohm, more or less, which, in the ordinary flash-producing circuit, such as those described in the said Letters Patent, could result in the passing of inordin-ately high currents through the switching tube or other device in the discharge circuit.
  • a flash capacitor or capacitors 7, is or are caused to charge or store energy from a source which may, for example, be a source of direct-current potential, through an oscillatory series-resonant charging circuit of the type disclosed in the said Edgerton Letters Patent 2,478,907, that causes the stored voltage to assume a value inexcess of that of the source ideally, twice the said value.
  • the oscillatory charging circuit comprises a current-limiting impedance, such as an inductor 9, an electric check valve 11, the capacitor or capacitors 7, and a winding 13 of a transformer 15.
  • the voltage stored in the capacitor or capacitors 7 is discharged at an appropriate desired moment, or at successive moments or intervals of time of period sufiicient to permit the oscillatory charging circuit to develop the desired voltage, as described in the said Letters Patent 2,478,907.
  • the discharge may be efiected with the aid of a switching device which'mayv comprise a mechanical or electrical switch such as the preferred gaseous-discharge thyratron switching tube 19 disposed with its anode electrode 21 connected to the lefthand terminal of the capacitor or capacitors 7 and its cathode electrode 23 connected to the terminal of the energy source.
  • the switching tube 19, for example, may be of the type described in United States Letters Patent 2,542,556, issued on April 15, 1952 to the said Kenneth J. Germeshausen.
  • the voltage stored in the capacitor or apactors 7 is not directly applied between the principal electrodes '3' and of the flashtube 1 in-view of its very lovv'impedance, as before discussed.
  • the energy discharge through the winding 13 is applied to 2.
  • step-down seco idary winding 17 of the transformer 15 to convert the dis harged energy into a lower-voltage electrical impulse that, is applied between the flashtube'electrodes 3 and 5 asa consequence of the connection'therebetween of the upper and lower terminals of the secondary winding 17.
  • arfstaab n ma trigger orc'oiitrol electrode 33" may be employed, if desired, .0 nected to a predetermined pointof thebefore-desc'ribe'd it lia s'sqii lli il t e P991? 1 e w n h capacitor 61' capacitors 7 and the upper terminal of the primary winding 13 oft-he transformer 15.
  • a trigger voltage is substantially simultaneously applied from the point 31 to the trigger electrode 33 to aid in effecting a discharge in the flashtube 1 that, in turn, gives rise to a flash of illumination.
  • the effective im penan e presented by the flashtube 1to the discharge cir-' euit (Between the point 31 and; the lower terminal of the Pfima d 3) is n r as d y a a t r de m ed by the square of the turns ratio between the number of in the windings 1 -3.and 17.
  • the leakage inductance of the step-down transformer 15 supplements the efiective impedance increase so that the discharge current through the switching tube 19 is limited eve'nftho'ugh the actual flashtube 1 itself is of very low impedance when conductive.
  • the voltage source may supply 4; 'k'ilovolts of direct-current voltage.
  • a series inductor 9 of about 0.3 henries, a type 3B28 check valve increased at least sixteen times, and actually more in view.
  • the effective resistance presented by the fiashtube 1 to the discharge circuit should be 80 ohms for the 8 kilovolt potential before-mentioned.
  • an 80-0hm resistor Had an 80-0hm resistor been used '4 s in series withan (LS-ohm flashtube directly in the dis charge circuit, only one percent of the discharge voltage would be converted into a. light-energy flash through the fiashtube 1. This poor efliciency is vastly increased in accordance with the present invention as a result of the effective increased impedance presented by the flashtube 1 to the capacitor discharge circuit.
  • An electric system having, in combination, an electric discharge device having a low impedance during such discharge, a source of electric pulse energy for said dis: charge device, and impedance conversion means for coupling said discharge device to said source and for increasing the effective impedance presented by said discharge device tosaid source during the coupling of said pulse energy from said source to said'device.
  • said impedance conversion means comprising a step-downtransformershaving a primary winding connected to said source and a secondary winding connected'to said discharge device.
  • said discharge device having a pair of closely spaced'principal electrodes and a trig; gering electrode, said principal electrodes being connected to said source through said impedance conversion means, and said triggering electrode also being connected to said source.
  • said source comprising an electric energy storage device and switch means for cans.- ing said storage device to discharge its energy to said electric discharge device through said coupling means.
  • said impedance conversion means comprising a step-down transformer having-a sec ondary winding connected to said electric discharge de-' vice and a primary winding, said source comprising an electric charge storage device connected to said primary winding and to a power supply, and switch means for causing said storage device to discharge through said prima y in in 7 r 8.
  • said source comprising a resonant charging circuit for said storage device including an electric checkvalye connecting said storage device to said power supply, said switch means comprising a gaseous

Description

April 19, 1960 Filed June 14, 1956 TRIGGER 01 lnvenfors Kenneth J Germeshausen Harold E. Edgerfon bym W v Attorneys United States Patent ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE SYSTEM Kenneth J. Germeshausen, Newton Center, and Harold E. Edgerton, Belmont, Mass, assignors to Edgerton, Germeshausen 8: Grier, Inc., Boston, Mass., a corporation of Massachusetts Application June 14, 1956, Serial No. 591,332
8 Claims. (Cl.'315163) The present invention relates to electric-discharge systems, and, more specifically, to systems embodying electric flash devices, such as gaseous-discharge tubes and the like, to produce a single flash or a repetition of flashes for such purposes as flash-photography and stroboscopic work.
As described in United States Letters Patent Nos. 2,478,901 through 2,478,907, inclusive, issued to one of the applicants herein, Harold E. Edgerton, on August 16, 1949, and in Letters Patent 2,722,629, issued on Novemher 1, 1955 to the other applicant herein, Kenneth J. Germeshausen, a wide variety of electrical circuits may be utilized to cause energy stored in a capacitor to discharge through an electric-discharge device, such as a gaseousdischarge fiashlarnp, spark gap and the like, to produce a brief flash of light. As explained in the said Letters Patent, these circuits may also be used to flash or pulse other types of electric-discharge tubes or load devices.
The energy-storing capacitor or capacitors is or are controlled by a switching device, such as a mechanical switch or a gaseous-discharge switch of the thyratron type, to discharge energy at an appropriate moment or moments through the electric-discharge tube or other load device, such as through the before-mentioned gaseous-discharge flashtube, either directly or through a step-up transformer or inductor device.
There are cases, however, where the load device presents such a very low impedance to the discharge circuit during the discharging process, that an inordinately large discharge current flows through the switching device. In the case of thyratron switching tubes, such a large current may destroy the tube. Included in such low-impedance load devices are extremely small-dimensioned, high-pres sure gaseous-discharge flashtubes, such as those described, for example, in application Serial No. 341,181, now Patent No. 2,893,289, of the said Harold E. Edgerton, filed March 9, 1953 for Microscope Flash-Photography Systems and Apparatus, in application Serial No. 588,906, filed June 1, 1956 by the said Harold E. Edgerton for Flash Tube and Apparatus, and in application Serial No. 235,480, now Patent No. 2,756,361, of the said Kenneth J. Germeshausen, filed July 6, 1951 for Gaseous-Discharge Device and Method of Making the Same. Such small flashtubes are useful in microscope flash-photography, as described in the said application Serial No. 341,- 181, now Patent No. 2,893,289, and for other purposes where small point or line light sources are required, including stroboscopic and moving-picture systems such as those described in United States Letters Patent No. 2,186,- 013, issued on January 19, 1940 to the said Harold E. Edgerton. In order to limit the discharge current through the switching tube or device, of course, an impedance may be placed in series with the flashtube in the discharge circuit. In view of the low impedance of the conductive flashtube, this results, however, in very little discharge voltage being developed across the flashtube and hence very poor light output efliciency. The flashtube impedance can, of course, itself be increased by increasing the 2,933,647 Patented Apr. 19, 1960 trodes thereof. This, however, does not provide the desired small point or line source of flash illumination for the purposes above mentioned.
An object of the present invention, accordingly, is to provide a new and improved electric system that permits the use of such small flashtubes of very low impedance with increased light-output efiiciency.
A further object is to provide such an electric system in which the switching device, such as the before-mentioned thyratron, is protected from excessive discharge currents despite the very low impedance of the flashtube. In summary, this end is achieved through causing the effective impedance presented bythe flashtube to the discharge circuit, including the switching device, to be stepped-up. Preferred: constructional details are hereinafter presented.
An additional object is to provide a new and improved electrical discharge or pulsing system of general utility.
Other and further objects will be explained hereinafter and will be more particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
The invention will now be described in connection with the accompanying drawing the single figure of which is a circuit diagram illustrating the invention in preferred form, applied, 'for purposes of illustration, to the important' application of small-dimensioned flashtubes and the like. Such a flashtube is diagrammatically illustrated at 1 having a pair of closely spaced principal electrodes 3 and 5 which may be disposed in, for example, a highpressure argon, xenon or other gaseous medium within the light-transparent quartz or similar envelope 1. The separation between the electrodes may, for example, be of the order of a few millimeters for gas pressures of the order of one or more atmospheres. Other types of flashtubes may, of course, also be used including those described in the said copending applications. When conductive, as during an electrical discharge between the principal electrodes 3 and 5, flashtubes of this character have the before mentioned very low impedance of the order of 0.8 of an ohm, more or less, which, in the ordinary flash-producing circuit, such as those described in the said Letters Patent, could result in the passing of inordin-ately high currents through the switching tube or other device in the discharge circuit.
A flash capacitor or capacitors 7, is or are caused to charge or store energy from a source which may, for example, be a source of direct-current potential, through an oscillatory series-resonant charging circuit of the type disclosed in the said Edgerton Letters Patent 2,478,907, that causes the stored voltage to assume a value inexcess of that of the source ideally, twice the said value. The oscillatory charging circuit comprises a current-limiting impedance, such as an inductor 9, an electric check valve 11, the capacitor or capacitors 7, and a winding 13 of a transformer 15. The voltage stored in the capacitor or capacitors 7 is discharged at an appropriate desired moment, or at successive moments or intervals of time of period sufiicient to permit the oscillatory charging circuit to develop the desired voltage, as described in the said Letters Patent 2,478,907. The discharge may be efiected with the aid of a switching device which'mayv comprise a mechanical or electrical switch such as the preferred gaseous-discharge thyratron switching tube 19 disposed with its anode electrode 21 connected to the lefthand terminal of the capacitor or capacitors 7 and its cathode electrode 23 connected to the terminal of the energy source. The switching tube 19, for example, may be of the type described in United States Letters Patent 2,542,556, issued on April 15, 1952 to the said Kenneth J. Germeshausen. When a trigger impulse is applied to terminals 27, 29 between a control-grid electrode 25 and as ess? 3 the cathode 23 of the tube 19; across the input resistor 31, the tube 19 conducts and permits the capacitor or capacitors7 to dischargethrough the tube 19 between its anode nan it at b as'aadf hmu h h ran m r i in 13? Other types of switching devices, such as those described in the previously c'ited patents and applications may also be employed, to effect the 'discharge of the charged capacitor or capacitors 7 through the transformer winding .13.
n accordance w1th the'present invention, the voltage stored in the capacitor or apactors 7 is not directly applied between the principal electrodes '3' and of the flashtube 1 in-view of its very lovv'impedance, as before discussed. To the contrar'y,-the energy discharge through the winding 13 is applied to 2. preferably step-down seco idary winding 17 of the transformer 15 to convert the dis harged energy into a lower-voltage electrical impulse that, is applied between the flashtube'electrodes 3 and 5 asa consequence of the connection'therebetween of the upper and lower terminals of the secondary winding 17. Fififhflf to a ist n h b kin daw at we h h-Pr s:
a a a -9 1 m chanics; he' ash b .1, t e n h p n pa s ss 3 nd 5. arfstaab n ma trigger orc'oiitrol electrode 33"may be employed, if desired, .0 nected to a predetermined pointof thebefore-desc'ribe'd it lia s'sqii lli il t e P991? 1 e w n h capacitor 61' capacitors 7 and the upper terminal of the primary winding 13 oft-he transformer 15. As the voltage stored in the capacitor orcapacitors 7 is discharged through the primary winding 13, producing the electrical impulse in' the secondary winding 17 to efiect a discharge between the principal flashtube. electrodes 3 and 5, accordingly, a trigger voltage is substantially simultaneously applied from the point 31 to the trigger electrode 33 to aid in effecting a discharge in the flashtube 1 that, in turn, gives rise to a flash of illumination. Through the use of the st ep-down transformer, moreover, the effective im penan e presented by the flashtube 1to the discharge cir-' euit (Between the point 31 and; the lower terminal of the Pfima d 3) is n r as d y a a t r de m ed by the square of the turns ratio between the number of in the windings 1 -3.and 17. In actual practice, the leakage inductance of the step-down transformer 15 supplements the efiective impedance increase so that the discharge current through the switching tube 19 is limited eve'nftho'ugh the actual flashtube 1 itself is of very low impedance when conductive.
As an illustration, the voltage source may supply 4; 'k'ilovolts of direct-current voltage. With a series inductor 9 of about 0.3 henries, a type 3B28 check valve increased at least sixteen times, and actually more in view.
of the leakage inductance of the transformer windings. If, for example, it is desired to keep the discharge current passed through the switching tube 19 to 100 amperes, the effective resistance presented by the fiashtube 1 to the discharge circuit should be 80 ohms for the 8 kilovolt potential before-mentioned. Had an 80-0hm resistor been used '4 s in series withan (LS-ohm flashtube directly in the dis charge circuit, only one percent of the discharge voltage would be converted into a. light-energy flash through the fiashtube 1. This poor efliciency is vastly increased in accordance with the present invention as a result of the effective increased impedance presented by the flashtube 1 to the capacitor discharge circuit.
sModifications will occur to those skilled in the art and all such are considered to fall within the spirit andscope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. What is claimed is: s
1. An electric system having, in combination, an electric discharge device having a low impedance during such discharge, a source of electric pulse energy for said dis: charge device, and impedance conversion means for coupling said discharge device to said source and for increasing the effective impedance presented by said discharge device tosaid source during the coupling of said pulse energy from said source to said'device.
v 2 'Ihesystern of claim 1, said discharge device being a. gasc'cusd s harg ,dvi a 3. The systemof claim 1, said discharge device being a flash tube. I
'4. Ihe'systern of claim '1, said impedance conversion means comprising a step-downtransformershaving a primary winding connected to said source and a secondary winding connected'to said discharge device.
5. The system of claim 1, said discharge device having a pair of closely spaced'principal electrodes and a trig; gering electrode, said principal electrodes being connected to said source through said impedance conversion means, and said triggering electrode also being connected to said source.
6. The system of claim 1, said source comprising an electric energy storage device and switch means for cans.- ing said storage device to discharge its energy to said electric discharge device through said coupling means.
7. The system oi clainrl, said impedance conversion means comprising a step-down transformer having-a sec ondary winding connected to said electric discharge de-' vice and a primary winding, said source comprising an electric charge storage device connected to said primary winding and to a power supply, and switch means for causing said storage device to discharge through said prima y in in 7 r 8. The system of claim 7, said source comprising a resonant charging circuit for said storage device including an electric checkvalye connecting said storage device to said power supply, said switch means comprising a gaseous,
discharge device connecting said storage device to said prima y w n References Cited in the file ofthis patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,858,985 Davy May 17, 1932, 2,037,161 Fetter et al. Apr. 14, 1936, 2,127,005 Nicholas et a1 Aug. 16, 1938 2,127,605 Kucher et a1. Aug. 23, 1938 2,212,404 Robinson Aug. 20, 1940 2,259,613 Cerveny Oct. 21, 1941 2,391,611 Beck Dec. 25, 1945 2,509,005 Lord May 23, 1950 2,587,452 Farris Feb. 26, 1952 2,722,629 Gerrneshausen Nov. 1, 1955 2,775,718 Dubilier Dec. 25, 1956
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3197675A (en) * 1961-01-30 1965-07-27 Fruengel Method and apparatus for high-speed photography of gas flow phenomena
US3633127A (en) * 1969-11-17 1972-01-04 Avco Corp Pulsed laser device with improved discharge circuit

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1858985A (en) * 1926-01-26 1932-05-17 Vibroscope Inc Stroboscopic apparatus and method
US2037161A (en) * 1933-06-01 1936-04-14 Electrical Res Prod Inc Apparatus for the optical calibration of timepieces
US2127005A (en) * 1934-10-22 1938-08-16 Horace E Nichols Electrical flashing device
US2127605A (en) * 1938-08-23 Stroboscopic apparatus
US2212404A (en) * 1937-11-11 1940-08-20 Gen Electric Ignition apparatus for internal combustion engines
US2259613A (en) * 1939-03-08 1941-10-21 Cerveny James Paul Stroboscopic meter tester
US2391611A (en) * 1944-06-27 1945-12-25 Gastro Photor Lab Corp Illuminating arrangement
US2509005A (en) * 1949-10-17 1950-05-23 Gen Electric Flashtube triggering circuits
US2587452A (en) * 1947-12-01 1952-02-26 Farris Clarence Earl Watch timing device
US2722629A (en) * 1946-06-28 1955-11-01 Kenneth J Germeshausen Electric system
US2775718A (en) * 1954-03-04 1956-12-25 Dubilier William Electronic speed light

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2127605A (en) * 1938-08-23 Stroboscopic apparatus
US1858985A (en) * 1926-01-26 1932-05-17 Vibroscope Inc Stroboscopic apparatus and method
US2037161A (en) * 1933-06-01 1936-04-14 Electrical Res Prod Inc Apparatus for the optical calibration of timepieces
US2127005A (en) * 1934-10-22 1938-08-16 Horace E Nichols Electrical flashing device
US2212404A (en) * 1937-11-11 1940-08-20 Gen Electric Ignition apparatus for internal combustion engines
US2259613A (en) * 1939-03-08 1941-10-21 Cerveny James Paul Stroboscopic meter tester
US2391611A (en) * 1944-06-27 1945-12-25 Gastro Photor Lab Corp Illuminating arrangement
US2722629A (en) * 1946-06-28 1955-11-01 Kenneth J Germeshausen Electric system
US2587452A (en) * 1947-12-01 1952-02-26 Farris Clarence Earl Watch timing device
US2509005A (en) * 1949-10-17 1950-05-23 Gen Electric Flashtube triggering circuits
US2775718A (en) * 1954-03-04 1956-12-25 Dubilier William Electronic speed light

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3197675A (en) * 1961-01-30 1965-07-27 Fruengel Method and apparatus for high-speed photography of gas flow phenomena
US3633127A (en) * 1969-11-17 1972-01-04 Avco Corp Pulsed laser device with improved discharge circuit

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