US2904680A - Retriggered direct coupled sweep circuit - Google Patents

Retriggered direct coupled sweep circuit Download PDF

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US2904680A
US2904680A US436455A US43645554A US2904680A US 2904680 A US2904680 A US 2904680A US 436455 A US436455 A US 436455A US 43645554 A US43645554 A US 43645554A US 2904680 A US2904680 A US 2904680A
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anode
potential
grid
pentode
circuit
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Robert F Casey
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Allen B du Mont Laboratories Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03KPULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K5/00Manipulating of pulses not covered by one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H03K5/01Shaping pulses

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  • This invention relates to a circuit combination for the production of sharp voltage pulses which can be used for triggering purposes generally, including self-triggering.
  • a triggering voltage pulse can be obtained from a point of cyclically varying potential.
  • the difficulty is that as the potential changes cyclically the triggering point is difcult to repeat With exact timing and wave form so that a sharp pulse which avoids these difficulties is desirable.
  • a sharp voltage pulse is obtained by generating a compleX wave form, clipping it, integrating it and differentiating it as necessary to produce the required sharp pulse. Very often a clamping tube or a switch tube is also required. Obviously this method provides the desired sharp pulse of proper characteristics but only at the expense of apparatus complication.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a very simple circuit combinationby means of which sharp -voltage pulses are produced.
  • Another object of the invention is to combine the pulseforrning means with a switch or clamping tube.
  • Still another object is to produce a sharp pulse at the end of the fly-back or retrace line rather than at the start of a new cycle, thus insuring greater accuracy in timing.
  • FIG. 1 is diagrammatically illustrated a circuit in accordance with this invention
  • Figure 2 is a graph of important current-voltage relations in the circuit of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration or chart of the associated Wave forms involved in the over-all operation of the circuit.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated at 11 a multielectrode electron discharge tube specifically a pentode.
  • a suitable source of cyclically varying potential is diagrammatically illustrated at 7, grounded at one terminal and connected at the other to the anode 12 of the pentode. This source is shunted to ground by means of a capacitor 13.
  • the cathode is grounded in the usual manner and is interconnected withthe suppressor grid 9, likewise a usual arrangement.
  • the screen grid 14 is connected to the cathode 17 of a triode 15 to provide a cathode follower ampliiier.
  • the control grid of the triode is provided with negative bias by means of the grounded potential source 42.
  • the anode of the triode is connected through the usual resistor to ground through a suitable potential source 40 so as to be held at the proper positive potential.
  • a terminal 21 is connected to the anode of the triode andpprovides an output connection for supplying sharp triggering pulses yfor any useful purpose.
  • the control electrode 19 of the pentode 11 is connected to one output terminal of a grounded source 20 generating a control voltage of suitable wave form such as the rectangular wave form shown.
  • suitable sources of ⁇ ice cyclically varying potential available for controlling the grid 19, including the voltage generator disclosed in my copending application Serial No. 446,011, tiled July 27, 1954, now abandoned.
  • the output triggering pulse which appears at the terminal 21, among its many uses, is employed to control the generator 20 as indicated by the connection thereto as diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 1.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a characteristic of the usual pentode operation. As shown in this chart, as the plate voltage becomes small, other parameters remaining constant, the plate current as indicated by the solid line decreases, while the screen grid-current designated by the broken line increases sharply, their sum at all times being substantially constant.
  • the screen grid current then ysuddenly increases to a very high value, impressing a pulse signal on the cathode 17 of the cathode follower' amplifier 18.
  • This amplified signal pulse of sharp wave form appears at the output terminal 21 for any suitable use.
  • this pulse is applied to the voltage source 20, as for example, the control grid of the generator, thereby triggering that circuit and causing the control grid 19 to go negative. This terminates the pulse rendering pentode 11 non-conductive whereupon capacitor 13 is recharged by the source 10.
  • Sweep curve A represents the output of the generator 7.
  • a simple sweep function has been chosen for illustrative purposes, but those skilled in the art will understand that more complex wave forms may be employed, ⁇ as for example, la staircase wave form.
  • Curve B is a chart showing the wave form of the output of the 4source 20, that is, of the voltage pulses applied to the control grid 19.
  • Curve C is a graph of the resultant screen grid current which is simply amplified by the triode 18 and ⁇ appears at the terminal 21.
  • the output pulse could be taken directly from, the screen grid 14 through a resisor, but the preferred embodiment as shown in Figure l is employed because it permits the potential of the screen grid to remain constant, thus ⁇ improving the pulsek wave form characteristics of the circuit.
  • the retrace begins at the y time t-l and this occurs also at the time that the control signal of source Z0, represented by curve B, rapidly increases to its maximum value.
  • the reversal of voltage relations previously referred to occurring at Vthe time t-,2 produces the sharp output pulse represented by graph C..
  • This figure also illustrates the fact that this pulse can be used to terminate. the control signal from the source Z0, whereupon the voltage ofthe sweep.
  • curve A as indicated thereby rises rapidly to recharge condenser I3 to start the cycle oven again.
  • a circuit 'for producing a triggering pulse comprising: a first electron discharge device having at least an anode, a screen grid, a control grid, and a grounded cathode; a source of constant potential having one end grounded; an output circuit including a second electron discharge device having a cathode connected to said screen grid, an anode connected to the other end of said source through a load resistor, and a grid connected to 1-bias voltage to maintain said screen grid at a given potential; grounded means applyi-ng a decreasing potential to said anode of said first electron discharge device; a utilization circuit connected between said control grid of said iirst electron discharge device and said anode of said second electron discharge device, said triggering pulse appearing across said load resistor and energizing said utilization circuit when said ⁇ decreasingpotential on said anode Afalls below said given potential.
  • a retriggering sweep generator circuit comprising; a first normally non-conductive electron discharge device haw'ng at least an anode, a screen grid, a control grid, and a grounded cathode; a sweep capacitor connected between said anode land ground; means charging said sweep capacitor; pulsing means connected to said control grid to cause said electron discharge device to become alternately non-conductive or conductive to discharge said sweep capacitor during periods of conductivity; a source of constant potential having one end connected to ground; a retriggering circuit including a second electron discharge device having an anode connected through a load resistor to the other end of said source, a control grid connected to a bias voltage and a cathode connected to said screen grid, to maintain said screen grid at a given potential; a connection from said second electron ldischarge device anode to said pulsing means to terminate said period of conductivity of said rst electron discharge device to charge ysaid capacitor during a period of non-conductivity of said rst electron discharge device.
  • a circuit for producing a sharp pulse comprising: a first electron discharge device having lat least an anode, a grid, and a grounded cathode;,a source 'of constant potential one end of which is grounded; first means connected to the other end of said source to maintain said grid at a predetermined potential, said first means comprising a second electron discharge device having at least a cathode connected to said grid of said first device, an anode connected to they other end of said source through a load resistor, and a grid connected to a bias voltage; grounded' second means applying a decreasing potential to said anode of said rst device to produce a sharp pulse at said grid of said rst device when said anode of said first device falls below said predetermined potential.
  • a circuit for producing a sharp pulse comprising: a pentode, having an anode, a screen grid, a cathode, and a, control grid; means to apply a substantially constant potential to said screen grid, saidA means comprising, an electron discharge device having an anode, a control grid,
  • a circuit for producing a sharp pulse comprising: a pentode having an anode, a screen grid, a cathode, and a control grid; means to apply a substantially constant potential to said screen grid, said means comprising an electron discharge device having an anode, a control grid, and a'cathode, a connection between said cathode of said electron discharge device and saidV screen grid of said pentode ⁇ whereby said screen grid cathode impedance of said' pentode acts asa cathode load for said device causing it 'to Yact asY a cathode follower, a source of substantially constant potential, a connection between said control gridof said'electron discharge deviceand' said source whereby said cathode follower action.
  • a circuit, for producing a. Shlp pulse comprising: a pentode having an anode, a screen grid a cathode, and a control grid; means to apply a substantially constant potential to, said screen grid, saidV means comprising an electron discharge device having an anode, a control grid, and, a cathodepa connection between said cathode of said electron discharge device and said screen grid of said pentode whereby said screen .grid cathode circuit of said pentode ycauses said electron discharge device tol act asa cathodefollower, a source-of substantially constant potential, a ⁇ connection between Vsaid control grid of said electron discharge device and said source, whereby said cathode4 follower action of said electron discharge causes the.
  • cathode of said electron discharge devlice and said screen grid of said pentode tov remain at a. substantially constant potential; means to apply a 4progressively decreasing potential tov saidf anodeY of said pentode, ⁇ said means. including a sweep capacitor connected to said anode, means for charging said capacitor to a predetermined potential whichds higher than said' substantially constant potential, means to discharge said capacitor, and thus reduce the potential at 'said lanode off said pentode whereby when the potential of said anode of said pentode becomes lower than the substantially constant: pote applied to 'said'v screcngrid Of Said; pentode there is a surge of current to said screen grid; utilization means adapted to be energized by said surge, said means comprising a circuit connected to said screen grid, said circuit comprising said electron discharge device and a resistance connected to the anode thereof; an output terminal connected to the anode of said electron discharge device; and means, energized by the output signal produced at said output terminal, for causing
  • a circuit comprising a pentode (acting as a constant current device) having an anode, a screen grid, and a control grid; means applying a substantially constant potential to said screen grid; a work circuit connected to said screen grid; means causing the potential at said anode to drop below the potential at said screen grid whereby said substantially constant current is diverted from said 6 anode to said screen grid to form a surge of current Ithrough said Work circuit; and means causing said current surge through said work circuit to cut o said pentode, said means comprising a connection between said work circuit and said control grid.

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Description

Sept. 15, 1959 R. F. CASEY RETRIGGERED DIRECT COPLED SWEEP CIRCUIT Filed June 14, 1954 PLATE CURRENT ATIILZMWSO INVENTOR.
ROBERT CASEY BY' im* 9% ATTQNEYS F ig.. 2
Fig.
United States Patent O RETRIGGERED DIRECT COUPLED SWEEP CIRCUIT Application June 14, 1954, Serial No. 436,455
7 Claims. (Cl. Z50-27) This invention relates to a circuit combination for the production of sharp voltage pulses which can be used for triggering purposes generally, including self-triggering.
As is well understood in the art, a triggering voltage pulse can be obtained from a point of cyclically varying potential. The difficulty is that as the potential changes cyclically the triggering point is difcult to repeat With exact timing and wave form so that a sharp pulse which avoids these difficulties is desirable. By the usual methods a sharp voltage pulse is obtained by generating a compleX wave form, clipping it, integrating it and differentiating it as necessary to produce the required sharp pulse. Very often a clamping tube or a switch tube is also required. Obviously this method provides the desired sharp pulse of proper characteristics but only at the expense of apparatus complication.
An object of this invention is to provide a very simple circuit combinationby means of which sharp -voltage pulses are produced.
Another object of the invention is to combine the pulseforrning means with a switch or clamping tube.
Still another object is to produce a sharp pulse at the end of the fly-back or retrace line rather than at the start of a new cycle, thus insuring greater accuracy in timing.
`Other and more detailed objects of the invention will be apparent from the following disclosure.
One embodiment of this invention is shown in the accompanying drawings for illustrative purposes. Thus, in Figure 1 is diagrammatically illustrated a circuit in accordance with this invention;
Figure 2 is a graph of important current-voltage relations in the circuit of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration or chart of the associated Wave forms involved in the over-all operation of the circuit.
In Figure 1 there is illustrated at 11 a multielectrode electron discharge tube specifically a pentode. A suitable source of cyclically varying potential is diagrammatically illustrated at 7, grounded at one terminal and connected at the other to the anode 12 of the pentode. This source is shunted to ground by means of a capacitor 13. The cathode is grounded in the usual manner and is interconnected withthe suppressor grid 9, likewise a usual arrangement. The screen grid 14 is connected to the cathode 17 of a triode 15 to provide a cathode follower ampliiier. The control grid of the triode is provided with negative bias by means of the grounded potential source 42. The anode of the triode is connected through the usual resistor to ground through a suitable potential source 40 so as to be held at the proper positive potential. A terminal 21 is connected to the anode of the triode andpprovides an output connection for supplying sharp triggering pulses yfor any useful purpose. The control electrode 19 of the pentode 11 is connected to one output terminal of a grounded source 20 generating a control voltage of suitable wave form such as the rectangular wave form shown. There are manysuitable sources of `ice cyclically varying potential available for controlling the grid 19, including the voltage generator disclosed in my copending application Serial No. 446,011, tiled July 27, 1954, now abandoned. The output triggering pulse which appears at the terminal 21, among its many uses, is employed to control the generator 20 as indicated by the connection thereto as diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 1.
Referring to Figure 2, there is shown a characteristic of the usual pentode operation. As shown in this chart, as the plate voltage becomes small, other parameters remaining constant, the plate current as indicated by the solid line decreases, while the screen grid-current designated by the broken line increases sharply, their sum at all times being substantially constant.
It is Well known in this art that the screen grid of a multielement electron tube should be maintained at a lower potential than that of the anode. It this relation is reversed, that is, if the screen grid is at a higher p tential than the plate, electrons would be attracted to the screen grid and the resultant current would increase to the danger point.
In accordance with this invention, there is provided a novel circuit wherein the sudden surge of screen grid current, instead of creating an unsafe condition, is employed to produce a controlled sharp voltage pulse suitable for triggering other circuits such as a multivibrator or a like arrangement.
In the operation of this circuit, when sweep capacitor 13 is charged by the source 7 a high positive potential is` also applied to the anode 12. Assuming that the control grid 19 at the time t-1 is caused to become more positive by the application thereto of a voltage from the source 20, as indicated, pentode 11 becomes conductive. As a result the capacitor 13 is discharged and at the same time the potential on the anodeL 12 decreases rapidly. This rapid discharge represents the retrace or fly-back line of a cycle. As the plate potential drops to a low value, 3the retrace will terminate and this is assumed herein to occur at the time t-2. Potential relations between the screen grid 14 and the anode 12 are now reversed. That is, the anode potential is lower than that of the screen grid. As previously suggested in connection with Figurey 2, the screen grid current then ysuddenly increases to a very high value, impressing a pulse signal on the cathode 17 of the cathode follower' amplifier 18. This amplified signal pulse of sharp wave form appears at the output terminal 21 for any suitable use. ln addition, as herein disclosed this pulse is applied to the voltage source 20, as for example, the control grid of the generator, thereby triggering that circuit and causing the control grid 19 to go negative. This terminates the pulse rendering pentode 11 non-conductive whereupon capacitor 13 is recharged by the source 10. v
These various operations are diagrammatically illustrated by the charts in Figure 3. Sweep curve A represents the output of the generator 7. A simple sweep function has been chosen for illustrative purposes, but those skilled in the art will understand that more complex wave forms may be employed, `as for example, la staircase wave form. Curve B is a chart showing the wave form of the output of the 4source 20, that is, of the voltage pulses applied to the control grid 19. Curve C is a graph of the resultant screen grid current which is simply amplified by the triode 18 and `appears at the terminal 21. At this point it may be noted, as will be understood, that the output pulse could be taken directly from, the screen grid 14 through a resisor, but the preferred embodiment as shown in Figure l is employed because it permits the potential of the screen grid to remain constant, thus` improving the pulsek wave form characteristics of the circuit.
Asindicated in Figure 3, the retrace begins at the y time t-l and this occurs also at the time that the control signal of source Z0, represented by curve B, rapidly increases to its maximum value. The reversal of voltage relations previously referred to occurring at Vthe time t-,2 produces the sharp output pulse represented by graph C.. This figure also illustrates the fact that this pulse can be used to terminate. the control signal from the source Z0, whereupon the voltage ofthe sweep. curve A as indicated thereby, rises rapidly to recharge condenser I3 to start the cycle oven again.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this disclosure that the specific embodiment -selected for illustrative purposes is capable of variations by those skilled in the art, and I therefore prefer to be limited by the appended claims rather than to the selected illustrative embodiment of this disclosure.
I claim:
1. A circuit 'for producing a triggering pulse comprising: a first electron discharge device having at least an anode, a screen grid, a control grid, and a grounded cathode; a source of constant potential having one end grounded; an output circuit including a second electron discharge device having a cathode connected to said screen grid, an anode connected to the other end of said source through a load resistor, and a grid connected to 1-bias voltage to maintain said screen grid at a given potential; grounded means applyi-ng a decreasing potential to said anode of said first electron discharge device; a utilization circuit connected between said control grid of said iirst electron discharge device and said anode of said second electron discharge device, said triggering pulse appearing across said load resistor and energizing said utilization circuit when said `decreasingpotential on said anode Afalls below said given potential.
2. A retriggering sweep generator circuit comprising; a first normally non-conductive electron discharge device haw'ng at least an anode, a screen grid, a control grid, and a grounded cathode; a sweep capacitor connected between said anode land ground; means charging said sweep capacitor; pulsing means connected to said control grid to cause said electron discharge device to become alternately non-conductive or conductive to discharge said sweep capacitor during periods of conductivity; a source of constant potential having one end connected to ground; a retriggering circuit including a second electron discharge device having an anode connected through a load resistor to the other end of said source, a control grid connected to a bias voltage and a cathode connected to said screen grid, to maintain said screen grid at a given potential; a connection from said second electron ldischarge device anode to said pulsing means to terminate said period of conductivity of said rst electron discharge device to charge ysaid capacitor during a period of non-conductivity of said rst electron discharge device.
V3. A circuit for producing a sharp pulse comprising: a first electron discharge device having lat least an anode, a grid, and a grounded cathode;,a source 'of constant potential one end of which is grounded; first means connected to the other end of said source to maintain said grid at a predetermined potential, said first means comprising a second electron discharge device having at least a cathode connected to said grid of said first device, an anode connected to they other end of said source through a load resistor, and a grid connected to a bias voltage; grounded' second means applying a decreasing potential to said anode of said rst device to produce a sharp pulse at said grid of said rst device when said anode of said first device falls below said predetermined potential.
4. A circuit for producing a sharp pulse, comprising: a pentode, having an anode, a screen grid, a cathode, and a, control grid; means to apply a substantially constant potential to said screen grid, saidA means comprising, an electron discharge device having an anode, a control grid,
`and a cathode connected to said screen grid, whereby the circuit comprising said screen grid and said cathode of said device causes said electron discharge device. to act as a cathode follower, a source of substantially constant potential, a connection between said control grid of said electron discharge device and said source whereby said cathode follower action of said electron discharge causes the cathode of said electron discharge device and said screen grid of said pentode to` remain at a substantially constant potential; means. to, apply a progressively decreasing potential to said anode of said pentode, said means includingacapacitance connected. to said anode, means for charging said capacitance to a predetermined potential which is higher than said Asubstantially constant potential', means to discharge said capacitance whereby when the potential of said capacitance and said anode of said pentode become lower than the substantially constant potential applied to said screen grid of said pentode there is a surge of current to said screen grid; and an output termi-nal connected to saidY screen grid.
5. A circuit for producing a sharp pulse, comprising: a pentode having an anode, a screen grid, a cathode, and a control grid; means to apply a substantially constant potential to said screen grid, said means comprising an electron discharge device having an anode, a control grid, and a'cathode, a connection between said cathode of said electron discharge device and saidV screen grid of said pentode `whereby said screen grid cathode impedance of said' pentode acts asa cathode load for said device causing it 'to Yact asY a cathode follower, a source of substantially constant potential, a connection between said control gridof said'electron discharge deviceand' said source whereby said cathode follower action. of said electron discharge causes the cathode ofI said electron discharge device and said screen grid of said pentode to remain at a, vsubstantially constant potential; means to apply a progressively decreasing potentialv to said anode 'of said pentode, said means including4 a sweep capactor connected' to saidanode, means for charging said capacitor to a predetermined potential which is higher than said substantially constant potential,- means to discharge said capacitor, and thus reduce the potentialV at` said anode lof said pentode whereby when the potential' of said anode of said pentode becomesI lower than the substantially constant potential applied to said screen, grid of said' pentode there is a surge of current to said screen grid; utilization means adapted to be energized, by said surge, said means comprising a circuit connected to said screen grid, said circuit comprising said electron discharge device and a resistance connected tothe anode ther-coli;` an output terminal' connected to the anode of'saidelctron discharge device.
6.l A circuit, for producing a. Shlp pulse, comprising: a pentode having an anode, a screen grid a cathode, and a control grid; means to apply a substantially constant potential to, said screen grid, saidV means comprising an electron discharge device having an anode, a control grid, and, a cathodepa connection between said cathode of said electron discharge device and said screen grid of said pentode whereby said screen .grid cathode circuit of said pentode ycauses said electron discharge device tol act asa cathodefollower, a source-of substantially constant potential, a` connection between Vsaid control grid of said electron discharge device and said source, whereby said cathode4 follower action of said electron discharge causes the. cathode of said electron discharge devlice and said screen grid of said pentode tov remain at a. substantially constant potential; means to apply a 4progressively decreasing potential tov saidf anodeY of said pentode,` said means. including a sweep capacitor connected to said anode, means for charging said capacitor to a predetermined potential whichds higher than said' substantially constant potential, means to discharge said capacitor, and thus reduce the potential at 'said lanode off said pentode whereby when the potential of said anode of said pentode becomes lower than the substantially constant: pote applied to 'said'v screcngrid Of Said; pentode there is a surge of current to said screen grid; utilization means adapted to be energized by said surge, said means comprising a circuit connected to said screen grid, said circuit comprising said electron discharge device and a resistance connected to the anode thereof; an output terminal connected to the anode of said electron discharge device; and means, energized by the output signal produced at said output terminal, for causing said pentode to become non-conductive whereby said capacitance may be charged, said means comprising a connection between said control grid of said pentode and said last-named means.
7. A circuit comprising a pentode (acting as a constant current device) having an anode, a screen grid, and a control grid; means applying a substantially constant potential to said screen grid; a work circuit connected to said screen grid; means causing the potential at said anode to drop below the potential at said screen grid whereby said substantially constant current is diverted from said 6 anode to said screen grid to form a surge of current Ithrough said Work circuit; and means causing said current surge through said work circuit to cut o said pentode, said means comprising a connection between said work circuit and said control grid.
References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,464,533 Loewe Aug. 14, 1923 1,910,099 Farnham May 23, 1933 1,933,773 Terman Nov. 7, 1933 2,231,377 Anderson Feb. 11, 1941 2,246,958 Strutt et al. lune 24, 1941 2,275,016 Koch Mar. 3, 1942 2,494,865 Fleming-Williams et al. Jan. 17, 1950 2,640,103 Clements May 26, 1953 2,644,886 Holland July 7, 1953
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Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1464533A (en) * 1923-08-14 A ttorne
US1910099A (en) * 1931-12-21 1933-05-23 Radio Frequency Lab Inc Carrier wave receiver
US1933773A (en) * 1929-12-23 1933-11-07 Wired Radio Inc Rectifier system
US2231377A (en) * 1938-04-07 1941-02-11 Rca Corp Noise limiter circuit
US2246958A (en) * 1937-07-10 1941-06-24 Rca Corp Rectifying arrangement for ultra short waves
US2275016A (en) * 1939-05-27 1942-03-03 Rca Corp Control system
US2494865A (en) * 1944-05-04 1950-01-17 Cossor Ltd A C Triggered electronic sweep generator
US2640103A (en) * 1951-02-19 1953-05-26 Int Standard Electric Corp Synchronizing signal separator
US2644886A (en) * 1948-08-31 1953-07-07 Pye Ltd Electronic counting circuit

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1464533A (en) * 1923-08-14 A ttorne
US1933773A (en) * 1929-12-23 1933-11-07 Wired Radio Inc Rectifier system
US1910099A (en) * 1931-12-21 1933-05-23 Radio Frequency Lab Inc Carrier wave receiver
US2246958A (en) * 1937-07-10 1941-06-24 Rca Corp Rectifying arrangement for ultra short waves
US2231377A (en) * 1938-04-07 1941-02-11 Rca Corp Noise limiter circuit
US2275016A (en) * 1939-05-27 1942-03-03 Rca Corp Control system
US2494865A (en) * 1944-05-04 1950-01-17 Cossor Ltd A C Triggered electronic sweep generator
US2644886A (en) * 1948-08-31 1953-07-07 Pye Ltd Electronic counting circuit
US2640103A (en) * 1951-02-19 1953-05-26 Int Standard Electric Corp Synchronizing signal separator

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