US2892160A - Nonreciprocal circuit element - Google Patents

Nonreciprocal circuit element Download PDF

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Publication number
US2892160A
US2892160A US485280A US48528055A US2892160A US 2892160 A US2892160 A US 2892160A US 485280 A US485280 A US 485280A US 48528055 A US48528055 A US 48528055A US 2892160 A US2892160 A US 2892160A
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United States
Prior art keywords
conductors
wave
nonreciprocal
phase
dielectric
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US485280A
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English (en)
Inventor
John H Rowen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE543784D priority Critical patent/BE543784A/xx
Priority to NL201279D priority patent/NL201279A/xx
Priority to US485280A priority patent/US2892160A/en
Application filed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc filed Critical Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority to US485281A priority patent/US2892161A/en
Priority to FR1139781D priority patent/FR1139781A/fr
Priority to DEW18173A priority patent/DE1027745B/de
Priority to GB2469/56A priority patent/GB788345A/en
Priority to CH338503D priority patent/CH338503A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2892160A publication Critical patent/US2892160A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/32—Non-reciprocal transmission devices

Definitions

  • This invention relates to nonreciprocal transmission circuits for electromagnetic wave energy and, more particularly, to directional or nonreciprocal attenuators and phase shifters for said wave energy in the frequeency ranges below a few thousand megacycles.
  • the present invention is particularly directed to'novel means of exciting and propagating a circularly polarized wave of low frequency.
  • a wave transmission structure comprising three parallel conductors.
  • these conductors When these conductors are excited degrees out-of-phase, a circularly polarized magnetic field results from their combined fields in a center region common to each of the individual fields.
  • Novel means is also provided for exciting this phase difference directly from a coaxial transmission line.
  • This means comprises a helical radiating member matched by a dielectric transistion member to the extremities of the conductors.
  • an illustrative embodiment of a broad band isolator or directional phase shifter is shown which may be interposed directly in a coaxial transmission system.
  • This device comprises three similar, elongated conductors or wires 11, 12 and 13 that extend parallel to each other longitudinally and are located transversely at equally spaced points around the circumference of a circle.
  • Conductors 11 through 13 may be suitable supported in this relation in several ways, one of which comprises imbedding the longitudinal extremities of conductors 11 through 13 in dielectric members 14 and 15, the shape and further purpose of which will be considered in more detail hereinafter.
  • Support is also provided by a rigid, cylindrical shield 23 which may be made of conductive, nonconductive, or electrically dissipative material. Shield 23 protects conductors 11 through 13 from outside mechanical and electrical influences but otherwise plays no substantial part in the electrical operation of the invention.
  • Element 16 may [be supported by allowing pointed ends of portions 24 and 25 of dielectric members 14 and 15 to extend within conical depressions 17 and 18 in the ends of element 16.
  • the material of element 16 is of the type having electrical and magnetic properties of the type described by the mathematical analysis of D. Polder in Philosophical Magazine, January 1949, vol. 40, pages 99 through 115. More specifically, element 16 may be made of any of the several ferromagnetic materials combined in a spinel structure.
  • it may comprise iron oxide with a small quantity of one or more bivalent metals such as nickel, magnesium, zinc, manganese, aluminum, or other similar material in which the other metals combine 'with the iron oxide in a spinel structure.
  • This material is known as a ferromagnetic spinel or as ferrite. Frequently these materials are first powdered and then molded with a small percentage of plastic material according to the process described in the publication of C. L. Hogan, The Microwave Gyrator in the Bell System Technical Journal, January 1952.
  • One specific material which is particularly suitable at the lower frequencies contemplated by the present invention is magnesium-manganese-aluminum ferrite which has been found to exhibit a ferromagnetic resonance effect at a lower frequency range than prior considered ferrites with values of biasing magnetic field that are obtainable in practice. These frequencies have been observed to include the frequency range from below l7 megacycles per second to 2,000 megacycles per second at'field strengths ranging from less than approximately 200 to 850 oersteds, respectively.
  • Element 16 is biased by a polarizing magnetic field applied parallel to the direction of propagation of the Waves conducted along conductors 11 through 13.
  • This field may be supplied by a solenoid 28 mounted upon the outside of shield 23 and supplied by energizing current from a source 29 through rheostat 30.
  • a solenoid 28 mounted upon the outside of shield 23 and supplied by energizing current from a source 29 through rheostat 30.
  • specific polarities are assigned to this field as indicated on the drawing, with the north pole thereof at the left-hand end of solenoid 28. Therefore all reference to clockwise and counterclockwise hereinafter is taken as viewed in the positive direction of this field, i.e., as viewed from the right-hand extremities of conductors 11 through 13 looking toward their left-hand extremities.
  • element 16 may be magnetized in the opposite polarity and by a solenoid of other suitable physical design, by a permanent magnet structure, or the ferromagnetic material of element 16 may be permanently magnet
  • One novel feature of the present invention resides in the means for exciting circularly polarized waves upon the transmission system comprising conductors 11 through 13.
  • this consists of exciting the three conductors 120 degrees out-of-phase in the fashion of a threewire three-phase system.
  • Such excitation will produce a circularly polarized magnetic field in the center region of the three conductors where the three separate fields occupy a common space.
  • conductors 11 through 13 are excited by a helical radiating element 19 which is imbedded in dielectric member 14 with the helical axis of element 19 parallel to conductors 11 through 13 and substantially coaxial with element 16.
  • Helix 19 comprises an extension of the inner conductor 20 of coaxial conductor 2021, the outside shield 21 of which is connected to a conductive end plate 22 of shield 23.
  • the helix continues for several turns and ends adjacent to the left-hand extremities of conductors 11 through 13.
  • the diameter of helix 19 is chosen so that its circumference is of the order of one wavelength of the energy to be conducted m the dielectric material of member 14.
  • Such a helix is known to radiate in what is designated the axial mode of radiation, the radiation pattern of which is maximum in the direction of the helix axis and is substantially circularly polarized.
  • the sense of rotation of the radiated circularly polarized wave is the same as the spiral sense of the helix.
  • Plate 22 performs the function of a ground plane necessary for this radiation and should be at least one half wavelength in diameter as measured in the dielectric as is more fully described in the chapter entitled The Helical Antenna in the textbook Antennas by I. D. Kraus, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1950.
  • Helix 19 radiates a circularly polarized Wave within dielectric member 14, which is composed of material having a high dielectric constant such as steatite or polystyrene, acting as a very short dielectric guide.
  • Taper portion 24 then provides an impedance match into the system comprising conductors 11 through 13.
  • a voltage is caused to build up between conductors 12 and 13, degrees later between conductors 13 and 11, and 120 degrees later between conductors 11 and 12.
  • the resultant of the magnetic fields of these three waves at the position of element 16 appears to be circularly polarized.
  • a similar arrangement of taper portion 25, dielectric guide 15, helix 26, and coax 27 is provided adjacent to the right-hand extremity of conductors 11 through 13.
  • Helices 19 and 26 have the same sense of spiral as viewed in space.
  • wave energy is supplied from a source by way of coax 2021 to helix 19.
  • this wave With a spiral sense of helix 19, as shown in the drawing, this wave is circularly polarized in a counterclockwise sense as viewed in the above defined positive direction of the field.
  • little or no attenuation is introduced to the wave by the gyromagnetic eflect of element 16 when biased in the sense shown and by a field of sufficient strength to produce gyromagnetic resonance in the material of element 16.
  • the energy is guided by conductors 11 through 13 and is returned to coax 27 for delivery to a load.
  • the diameter of element 16 be kept small to reduce its dielectric loss in the direction of small attenuation and that its length parallel to conductors 11 through 13 be relatively long in terms of wavelength to introduce sufficient attenuation to absorb all or part as desired of the wave traversing in the direction of high attenuation.
  • the embodiment of the figure may be inserted directly in the coaxial lead between a source and a load. Energy from the source is delivered efficiently to the load but possible reflections from the load are unable to reach and interfere with the source. It should be apparent that the relative directions of ferromagnetic attenuation depend upon the sense of the applied magnetic field so that reversing the sense thereof will reverse the direction of maximum attenuation.
  • the device of the'figure becomes a directional phase shifter with maximum phase delay being introduced to the waves propagating from left to right through shield 23 which have counterclockwise rotating magnetic wave components at the position of element 16.
  • a minimum phase delay will be experienced by the Waves propagating from right to left which have clockwise rotating components at the position of element 16.
  • the relative amplitudes of the phase shifts are a function of the strength of the magnetizing field and may be varied by adjusting rheostat 30.
  • a nonreciprocal electromagnetic wave component comprising a plurality of elongated conductors conductively isolated from and extending parallel to each other along the entire lengths between their extremities, an element of magnetically polarized gyromagnetic material being similarly displaced with respect to each of said conductors, a two-conductor transmission line forming an input for said component, and a helical conductor comprising a helically formed extension of one of said input line conductors, said helical conductor having the helical axis thereof parallel to said elongated conductors and located adjacent to an extremity of said conductors for coupling wave energy supported by said line with a wave of electromagnetic energy transmitted along the length of said conductors.
  • the component of claim 2 including means for producing an impedance match between the propagation path comprising said conductors and said helical conductor comprising a tapered member of dielectric material.
  • the component of claim 1 including a helical conductor located adjacent to both extremities of said elongated conductors, a pair of coaxial transmission lines having inner conductors, said helical conductors each being extensions of the inner conductor of one of said coaxial transmission lines.
  • a nonreciprocal electromagnetic wave component comprising three elongated conductors being equally spaced transversely around the circumference of a circle and extending longitudinally parallel to each other in conductive isolation from each other along a major portion of their lengths to form a plurality of two-conductor transmission lines when successive ones of said conductors are considered in pairs, means for exciting a voltage between successive ones of said conductors with a degree phase difference, and an elongated element of magnetically polarized gyromagnetic material extending parallel to said conductors, said element being similarly displaced with respect to each of said conductors.

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US485280A 1955-01-31 1955-01-31 Nonreciprocal circuit element Expired - Lifetime US2892160A (en)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE543784D BE543784A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1955-01-31
NL201279D NL201279A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1955-01-31
US485281A US2892161A (en) 1955-01-31 1955-01-31 Nonreciprocal circuit element
US485280A US2892160A (en) 1955-01-31 1955-01-31 Nonreciprocal circuit element
FR1139781D FR1139781A (fr) 1955-01-31 1955-11-28 élément de circuit non réciproque
DEW18173A DE1027745B (de) 1955-01-31 1956-01-07 Nicht reziproke Schaltelemente
GB2469/56A GB788345A (en) 1955-01-31 1956-01-25 Improvements in or relating to non-reciprocal circuit components
CH338503D CH338503A (fr) 1955-01-31 1956-01-30 Dispositif conducteur d'ondes électromagnétiques unidirectionnel

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US485280A US2892160A (en) 1955-01-31 1955-01-31 Nonreciprocal circuit element

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2892160A true US2892160A (en) 1959-06-23

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US485280A Expired - Lifetime US2892160A (en) 1955-01-31 1955-01-31 Nonreciprocal circuit element

Country Status (7)

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US (1) US2892160A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE543784A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH338503A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1027745B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1139781A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB788345A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL201279A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3041559A (en) * 1959-04-27 1962-06-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave filter
US20140227905A1 (en) * 2013-02-13 2014-08-14 Bradley David Knott Device and method for impedance matching microwave coaxial line discontinuities

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL113836C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1957-05-09
DE1128930B (de) * 1960-04-14 1962-05-03 Wilma Hencke Geb Unger Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von UHF-Resonanzdrehfeldern

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2441574A (en) * 1944-02-29 1948-05-18 Sperry Corp Electromagnetic wave guide
US2588832A (en) * 1949-12-01 1952-03-11 Rca Corp Transmission line coupling
US2603749A (en) * 1946-04-08 1952-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive antenna system
FR1012939A (fr) * 1950-02-16 1952-07-21 Sadir Carpentier Dispositif de couplage
US2746018A (en) * 1951-10-02 1956-05-15 Sichak William Microwave phase shifter
US2755447A (en) * 1954-10-29 1956-07-17 Itt Radio frequency coupling devices
US2760162A (en) * 1952-04-18 1956-08-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Waveguide amplitude modulator
US2773254A (en) * 1953-04-16 1956-12-04 Itt Phase shifter
US2811641A (en) * 1954-03-31 1957-10-29 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave tube

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE938021C (de) * 1954-04-20 1956-01-19 Patelhold Patentverwertung Einrichtung zur veraenderbaren Kopplung zweier Lecherleitungen

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2441574A (en) * 1944-02-29 1948-05-18 Sperry Corp Electromagnetic wave guide
US2603749A (en) * 1946-04-08 1952-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Directive antenna system
US2588832A (en) * 1949-12-01 1952-03-11 Rca Corp Transmission line coupling
FR1012939A (fr) * 1950-02-16 1952-07-21 Sadir Carpentier Dispositif de couplage
US2746018A (en) * 1951-10-02 1956-05-15 Sichak William Microwave phase shifter
US2760162A (en) * 1952-04-18 1956-08-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Waveguide amplitude modulator
US2773254A (en) * 1953-04-16 1956-12-04 Itt Phase shifter
US2811641A (en) * 1954-03-31 1957-10-29 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave tube
US2755447A (en) * 1954-10-29 1956-07-17 Itt Radio frequency coupling devices

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3041559A (en) * 1959-04-27 1962-06-26 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave filter
US20140227905A1 (en) * 2013-02-13 2014-08-14 Bradley David Knott Device and method for impedance matching microwave coaxial line discontinuities

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL201279A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE1027745B (de) 1958-04-10
FR1139781A (fr) 1957-07-04
BE543784A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH338503A (fr) 1959-05-31
GB788345A (en) 1957-12-23

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