US2864233A - Self vaporization of liquid fuels by partial oxidation - Google Patents
Self vaporization of liquid fuels by partial oxidation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2864233A US2864233A US201055A US20105550A US2864233A US 2864233 A US2864233 A US 2864233A US 201055 A US201055 A US 201055A US 20105550 A US20105550 A US 20105550A US 2864233 A US2864233 A US 2864233A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- phenylhydrazine
- peroxide
- vaporization
- combustion
- fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title description 25
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title description 19
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 title description 17
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 title description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- HKOOXMFOFWEVGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylhydrazine Chemical compound NNC1=CC=CC=C1 HKOOXMFOFWEVGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 229940067157 phenylhydrazine Drugs 0.000 description 19
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- RHMZKSWPMYAOAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl peroxide Chemical compound CCOOCC RHMZKSWPMYAOAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- -1 peroxide compound Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000015842 Hesperis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012633 Iberis amara Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002760 rocket fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02K9/00—Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof
- F02K9/42—Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof using liquid or gaseous propellants
- F02K9/425—Propellants
Definitions
- This invention relates to the vaporization of liquid fuels before their ignition.
- liquid fuels however have some advantages over liquid fuels in regard to combustion. Owing to their penetrability for example the oxidant can react with them more readily than with liquids. Usually therefore liquids are either evaporated or divided into a fine spray before ignition.
- Evaporation requires a large amount of heat that must be supplied in a rather short time.
- a stable or diluting liquid fuel with phenylhydrazinc dissolved therein is contacted with a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide.
- Phenylhydrazine is hypergolic to such contact.
- the heat generated by the spontaneous reaction between the phenylhydrazine and peroxide is employed to vaporize the remaining liquid and to heat the gas formed. This gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber of whatever device the process is used with.
- the drawing depicts schematically a vaporization chamber generally indicated at 2 having admission means indicated at 5 and 7 for the introduction of the fuel containing phenylhydrazine and the other hypergolic reactant respectively into the vaporization chamber.
- the vaporization chamber functionally communicates with a conventional combustion chamber generally indicated at l.
- the fuel containing the phenylhydrazine contacts the peroxide compound which is hypergolically reactive with the phenylhydrazine.
- the fuel vaporized without combustion thereof and is then introduced into the combustion chamber for reaction with an oxidizer for the combustion thereof.
- Example 1 (0.725) (0.41) (55)+(0.37) (1.0) ()::44 Kcal.
- the vaporization at boiling temperature requires:
- isopropyl alcohol dissolves phenylhydrazine as well as H 0 and has a lower heat of vaporization and higher heat of combustion than ethyl alcohol.
- isopropyl alcohol can thus be vaporized additionally.
- the final hypergolic composition is:
- Example 2 In order to raise the heating value of the combination an oxidizer is chosen in which the active oxygen is bound to a combustible radical, diethyl peroxide for example. No data could be found on the heat of decomposition of diethyl peroxide to diethyl ether and oxygen but it is assumed to be about 10 KcaL/mol.
- the oxidation may be formulated as follows:
- the lower heating value of the combination is:
- the heating value of the ether plus heat of decomposition of the peroxide was inserted as the heat of combustion of the diethyl peroxide.
- reaction For use in gas turbines, the reaction must be carried out at higher pressures and the gases superheated to higher temperatures through use of less diluent.
- a process of vaporizing a normally stable liquid fuel taken from the class consisting of isopropyl alcohol and xylene the step which comprises vaporizing a mixture consisting essentially of said fuel and phenylhydrazine by reacting said mixture with a peroxide compound taken from the class consisting of hydrogen peroxide and diethyl peroxide, said phenylhydrazine and peroxide compound being present in equivalent reaction proportions.
Description
Dec. 16, 1958 J. G. TSCHINKEL 2,864,233
SELF VAPORIZATION OF LIQUID FUELS BY PARTIAL OXIDATION Filed Dec. 15, 1950 INVENTOR. Jtih EIITL ELTE chinksl SELF VAPORIZATION F LIQUID FUELS BY PARTIAL OXIDATION Johann G. Tschinkel, Huntsville, Ala., assignor to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Application December 15, 1950, Serial No. 201,055
. 6 Claims. (Cl. 60-354) (Granted under Title 35, U. S. Code (1952), see. 266) The invention described in the specification and claims may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to me of any royalty thereon.
This invention relates to the vaporization of liquid fuels before their ignition.
The storage of gases is always expensive. At normal conditions of temperature and pressure they are very bulky and require excessive storage space. Furthermore there is a possibility of leakage or diffusion losses. On the other hand liquefied gases require good heat insulation to avoid high vaporization losses. If the gases are merely compressed, very heavy containers are required. It follows that it is cheaper to store a liquid than a gas under normal conditions.
Gaseous fuels, however have some advantages over liquid fuels in regard to combustion. Owing to their penetrability for example the oxidant can react with them more readily than with liquids. Usually therefore liquids are either evaporated or divided into a fine spray before ignition.
Evaporation requires a large amount of heat that must be supplied in a rather short time. A special case where an extremely short time is available for mixing, evaporation and combustion is found in ramjet propulsion units. The time requirement can be met more easily if the fuel is vaporized and preheated before injection.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a method for vaporizing a liquid fuel and preheating the gas before injection into the combustion chamber. Incorporation of a hypergolic material into a larger mass of relatively stable fuel will accomplish this result. Another object of the invention is consequently to provide a method for vaporizing a liquid fuel and heating the resulting gas by means of a hypergolic material added to the liquid. Phenylhydrazine in this application will serve as a hypergolic compound, that is one capable of igniting spontaneously upon contact with the proper oxidant. A third object of the invention is therefore the use of phenylhydrazine as a hypergolic agent to vaporize a larger bulk of relatively stable fuel and to heat the resulting gas. Other objects will be evident hereinafter.
The process of the present invention may be explained in general terms as follows:
A stable or diluting liquid fuel with phenylhydrazinc dissolved therein is contacted with a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide. Phenylhydrazine is hypergolic to such contact. The heat generated by the spontaneous reaction between the phenylhydrazine and peroxide is employed to vaporize the remaining liquid and to heat the gas formed. This gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber of whatever device the process is used with.
These hot fuel gases can be used in gas turbines employed with rockets. These turbines propel pumps, electric generators and the like and may be driven by combustible gases later burned after expansion in the rocket States atent O Patented Dec. 16, 1958 combustion chamber. In similar fashion better use has already been made of the hydrogen peroxide, employed in the turbines on rockets, by burning the decomposition products with the rocket fuel in the rocket combustion chamber. It may be noted that the peroxide used with the phenylhydrazine in the instant invention furnishes only a small part of the oxygen necessary for the complete combustion of the fuel.
My invention may be more readily understood from the examples and the accompanying drawing which form a part of the specification. The drawing depicts schematically a vaporization chamber generally indicated at 2 having admission means indicated at 5 and 7 for the introduction of the fuel containing phenylhydrazine and the other hypergolic reactant respectively into the vaporization chamber. The vaporization chamber functionally communicates with a conventional combustion chamber generally indicated at l. The fuel containing the phenylhydrazine contacts the peroxide compound which is hypergolically reactive with the phenylhydrazine. Upon contact and combustion of the hypergolic reactants, the fuel is vaporized without combustion thereof and is then introduced into the combustion chamber for reaction with an oxidizer for the combustion thereof.
The process which I have discovered is shown in more detail in the following two examples:
Example 1 (0.725) (0.41) (55)+(0.37) (1.0) ()::44 Kcal. The vaporization at boiling temperature requires:
(0.725) (93)+(0.37) (540)=267.5 Kcal.
while the superheating of the vapor to 200 C. requires (0.37) (0.474) ()=61 Kcal.
717.5 Kcal. is thus available to heat up the stable fuel, isopropyl alcohol in this example. This alcohol dissolves phenylhydrazine as well as H 0 and has a lower heat of vaporization and higher heat of combustion than ethyl alcohol. The heating, evaporation and superheating of one kilogram of isopropyl alcohol require (0.65) (55) ()+(0.45) (l20)=250 Kcal.
2.87 (717.5/250) kg. isopropyl alcohol can thus be vaporized additionally.
The final hypergolic composition is:
Percent 1.0 kg. phenylhydrazine 23.53 2.9 kg. isopropyl alcohol 68.235 0.35 kg. 90% H 0 8.235
The lower heat of combustion of this combination is (0.082) (280)=6990 Kcal.
Example 2 In order to raise the heating value of the combination an oxidizer is chosen in which the active oxygen is bound to a combustible radical, diethyl peroxide for example. No data could be found on the heat of decomposition of diethyl peroxide to diethyl ether and oxygen but it is assumed to be about 10 KcaL/mol.
The oxidation may be formulated as follows:
o s a a a u) 2 2- o o-la+ 2 The weight ratios are 1 kg. kg. (C3H5)g0f' 0.725 kg. C3HQ+ 0.260N +0.167 kg. H30+ 0.685 kg. (CgH5)20+970 Kcal.
The lower heating value of the combination is:
(0.14) (6650) =9090 KCaL/kg.
The heating value of the ether plus heat of decomposition of the peroxide was inserted as the heat of combustion of the diethyl peroxide.
For use in gas turbines, the reaction must be carried out at higher pressures and the gases superheated to higher temperatures through use of less diluent.
What I claim is:
1. In a process of vaporizing a normally stable liquid fuel taken from the class consisting of isopropyl alcohol and xylene, the step which comprises vaporizing a mixture consisting essentially of said fuel and phenylhydrazine by reacting said mixture with a peroxide compound taken from the class consisting of hydrogen peroxide and diethyl peroxide, said phenylhydrazine and peroxide compound being present in equivalent reaction proportions.
2. The process of vaporizing a liquid fuel without combustion thereof comprising reacting in a confined system a mixture consisting essentially of phenylhydrazine and a normally stable liquid fuel taken from the class consisting of isopropyl alcohol and xylene with a peroxide compound taken from the class consisting of hydrogen peroxide and diethyl peroxide, said phenylhydrazine and peroxide compound being present in equivalent reaction proportions for interaction therebetween.
3. The process of vaporizing a liquid fuel mixture without combustion thereof comprising reacting in a confined system a normally stable liquid fuel mixture consisting essentially of isopropyl alcohol and phenylhydrazine with hydrogen peroxide, said phenylhydrazine and peroxide compound being-present in equivalent reaction proportions.
4. The process of claim 3 in which the amounts of phenylhydrazine and hydrogen peroxide are in the ratio of 1 to .35 by weight.
5. The process of vaporizing a liquid fuel mixture without combustion thereof comprising reacting in a confined system a normally stable fuel mixture consisting essentially of xylene and phenylhydrazine with diethyl peroxide in equivalent reaction proportions.
6. The proces of claim 5 in which the amounts of phenylhydrazine and diethyl peroxide are in the ratio of 1 to .835 by weight.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft, Berichte, July-Dec. 1887, vol. 20, page 2633, by Wurster.
Journal of American Chemical Society, vol. 38, page 635, by Walton and Lewis.
Hackhs Chemical Dictionary, 3rd ed., 1944, page 644. Journal of the American Rocket Soc.,-No. 61, March 1945, p. 5.
Journal of the American Rocket Soc., No. 80, Marc 1950, p. 14,
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201055A US2864233A (en) | 1950-12-15 | 1950-12-15 | Self vaporization of liquid fuels by partial oxidation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201055A US2864233A (en) | 1950-12-15 | 1950-12-15 | Self vaporization of liquid fuels by partial oxidation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2864233A true US2864233A (en) | 1958-12-16 |
Family
ID=22744288
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201055A Expired - Lifetime US2864233A (en) | 1950-12-15 | 1950-12-15 | Self vaporization of liquid fuels by partial oxidation |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2864233A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3071924A (en) * | 1959-02-03 | 1963-01-08 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method of combustion utilizing ozone |
| US3116599A (en) * | 1962-02-26 | 1964-01-07 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Starter for rocket motor |
| US3214909A (en) * | 1962-04-16 | 1965-11-02 | Aerojet General Co | Ignition system |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB191310047A (en) * | 1913-04-29 | 1914-04-23 | Alexander Thomas Porter | Improved Process of Treating Liquid Fuel to Produce Vapour. |
| US1757855A (en) * | 1921-07-27 | 1930-05-06 | Chilowsky Constantin | Method of making oil-gas mixtures |
| US1906044A (en) * | 1929-08-09 | 1933-04-25 | Standard Oil Co | Improving cracked petroleum distillates |
| US2059523A (en) * | 1936-11-03 | Heating apparatus | ||
| US2433932A (en) * | 1944-03-11 | 1948-01-06 | Aerojet Engineering Corp | Fuel combustion |
| US2433943A (en) * | 1944-03-11 | 1948-01-06 | Aerojet Engineering Corp | Operation of jet propulsion motors with nitroparaffin |
| US2489051A (en) * | 1943-08-16 | 1949-11-22 | American Cyanamid Co | Rocket propulsion utilizing hydrocarbon, sulfate turpentine, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid or oleum |
| US2573471A (en) * | 1943-05-08 | 1951-10-30 | Aerojet Engineering Corp | Reaction motor operable by liquid propellants and method of operating it |
-
1950
- 1950-12-15 US US201055A patent/US2864233A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2059523A (en) * | 1936-11-03 | Heating apparatus | ||
| GB191310047A (en) * | 1913-04-29 | 1914-04-23 | Alexander Thomas Porter | Improved Process of Treating Liquid Fuel to Produce Vapour. |
| US1757855A (en) * | 1921-07-27 | 1930-05-06 | Chilowsky Constantin | Method of making oil-gas mixtures |
| US1906044A (en) * | 1929-08-09 | 1933-04-25 | Standard Oil Co | Improving cracked petroleum distillates |
| US2573471A (en) * | 1943-05-08 | 1951-10-30 | Aerojet Engineering Corp | Reaction motor operable by liquid propellants and method of operating it |
| US2489051A (en) * | 1943-08-16 | 1949-11-22 | American Cyanamid Co | Rocket propulsion utilizing hydrocarbon, sulfate turpentine, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid or oleum |
| US2433932A (en) * | 1944-03-11 | 1948-01-06 | Aerojet Engineering Corp | Fuel combustion |
| US2433943A (en) * | 1944-03-11 | 1948-01-06 | Aerojet Engineering Corp | Operation of jet propulsion motors with nitroparaffin |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3071924A (en) * | 1959-02-03 | 1963-01-08 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method of combustion utilizing ozone |
| US3116599A (en) * | 1962-02-26 | 1964-01-07 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Starter for rocket motor |
| US3214909A (en) * | 1962-04-16 | 1965-11-02 | Aerojet General Co | Ignition system |
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