US2861930A - Method of electropolishing and electrolytic solution therefor - Google Patents

Method of electropolishing and electrolytic solution therefor Download PDF

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US2861930A
US2861930A US609531A US60953156A US2861930A US 2861930 A US2861930 A US 2861930A US 609531 A US609531 A US 609531A US 60953156 A US60953156 A US 60953156A US 2861930 A US2861930 A US 2861930A
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acid
solution
electropolishing
stainless steel
bath
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US609531A
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Herbert B Robinson
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AO Smith Corp
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AO Smith Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F3/00—Electrolytic etching or polishing
    • C25F3/16—Polishing
    • C25F3/22—Polishing of heavy metals

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electropolishing and more particularly to an electrolytic solution for use in the anodic treatment .of, metals to impart polish or luster to the metals.
  • Electropolishing is a method ofachieving newsurface qualities and appearance. .Electropolishing eliminates scratches, strains, metal debris and embedded abrasive which ordinarily accompany mechanical finishing methods. The electropolished surfacehas the true grain structure of the metal undistorted by the cold working of mechanical methods.
  • the present invention is directed to an improved electrolytic solution for use in electropolishnig.
  • the electrolytic solution or bath is composed of a mixture of ortho phosphoric acidand other mineral acids such as sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and contains asmall amount of a salt of alginic acid.
  • the resulting solution is a low cost, low energy, room temperature bath having high throwing power and being generally insensitive to current density;
  • the electrolytic solution of the invention is not hazardous in use for it will not, give off poisonous or toxic fumes, nor is it explosive.
  • the specific mineral acid employed in combination with the phosphoric acid depends on the type of cleaning action desired. For example, if maximum brightening is desired on parts free of heat treatment discoloration or scale, then sulphuric acid may be used as the mineral acid in combination with phosphoric acid If, on the other hand, removal of heat treatment scale and discoloration is desired along 1with polishing, then hydrochloric acid may be used.
  • the salt of alginic acid may-take the form ,of any of the known alginates such as sodium alginate, ammonium 2 alginate and propylene glycol alginate.
  • Alginic acid is a hydrophilic colloidal polymer of anhydro-B-D-mannuronic acid units, the structural formula. 'of which is generally accepted to be:
  • An electrolytic solution to be used for maximum brightening has the following general formula inweight
  • a specific example of the electrolytic solution falling within the above range is as follows in weight percent:
  • This solution or bath has a'mild odor suggestivexof yeast, has a foam layer which eliminatesspray and will i not corrode surrounding equipment. A loose, light green film is produced on-the workpiece by this solution.
  • The, electrolytic solution as: used for cleaning, heat treatment scale and discoloration has the .followinggeneral' compositionin weight percent:
  • the alginate as used in the above electrolytic solutions provides a film essential to leveling action and current .redistributionwhich is basic to electropolishing action.
  • the alginate serves to increase.
  • the.viscosity in .the.range of 1%, ofthe, alginate need be added to' the solution to restore the capacity thereof.
  • the electrolyticsolutions of the invention are. prefer- .ably. prepared by initially mixing the acids together and then addingthe alginate.
  • the metal or alloy to be polished or cleaned is em ployed as the anode inthe electrolytic solution and may be a ferrous.
  • metal such as carbon steel or the 200, 300 and 400 series of stainless steel, or maybe a nickelor cobalt base alloy.
  • the cathode in the electrolytic solution may bemade of any metal or alloy which will not corrode during idle periods of. the process and may take. the form of the'3'00 series stainless steel, lead, or the like.
  • the process. of the invention is run at relatively low temperatures or at room temperature. For example, "the erably in a rangeof 50'? F. to
  • electropolishing bath containing sulphuric acid will'generally have an operating temperature below 160 F. and in the range of F. to 160 F. A temperature of about F. has proven very satisfactory forthis bath.
  • the electrocleaning solution, using hydrochloric acid, .operates at temperatures below 100 F. and pr ef- F. with atemperature of 75 proving very satisfactory.
  • the electropolishing bath operates at relatively "low current densities.
  • The, particular current density employed is dependent on thetime that thework'piece is maintained in the bath.
  • a current density of 10 amperes per square foot can be employed for a 30 minute period or a current density of 400 amperes per square foot can be used for a 1 minute period.
  • the viscosity of the solution should not be so great that gas bubbles cannot escape from the solution or spot-
  • the viscosity of the bath is reduced slightly with'the first work polished, but the decreased viscosity does not reduce the polishing efficiency and the solution is stable for months thereafter.
  • the solution during service, will absorb metal and when the amount of metal reaches about the solution is regenerated. This is done by permitting the metal salts to precipitate or settle out and thereafter decanting the solution. Small amounts of alginate and acid can then be added to the solution to restore the original strength.
  • the parts may be initially treated in the hydrochloric acid solution followed by treatment in the solution containing sulphuric acid where the highest quality of finish is required.
  • the treatment produced by the solution containing hydrochloric acid may be adequate in itself. After either treatment the dried part is passive.
  • the part or workpiece to be treated Prior to the electropolishing treatment, the part or workpiece to be treated is degreased by alkaline cleaning. After the treatment the part may be given a quick dip in a 50% solution of nitric acid followed by a water rlnse.
  • a type 431 stainless steel, machined bomb ejector part was heat treated by heating to 1875 F. in a hydrogen atmosphere, air cooling and tempering at 600 F. in air.
  • the heat treated part was then made the anode in an electrolytic bath composed by weight of 12% hydrochloric acid (1.16 sp. g.), 58% ortho phosphoric acid (1.70 sp. g.), 3% sodium alginate and 27% water.
  • a stainless steel cathode was employed and a current density of 135 amperes per square foot was used for a period of 1 minute and the current density was then reduced to amperes per square foot for an additional 2.5 minutes.
  • the operating temperature of the bath was 75 F.
  • the part was then removed from the electrolytic solution, rinsed with water to remove the film and placed I as the anode in a second bath composed of 20% sulphuric 'acid (1.84sp. g.), 60% phosphoric acid (1.70 sp. g.),
  • the part was then removed, dipped in nitric acid and rinsed with water. .
  • the resulting finish was uniformly polished and high-in luster.
  • the present process has particular application where very accurately machined articles are to be cleaned or polished.
  • the tolerance of the machined article may be in the range of +0.0005" and therefore very little corrosion or abrasion can be effected without taking the article out of the tolerance limits.
  • the hydrochloric acid bath is especially useful for such articles as it is self-limiting, removing only 0.0001 from the surface in the normal cycle of 2 to 5 minutes.
  • the present process is a low energy process using considerably lesser current densities than conventional electropolishing process.
  • the electrolytic solution using the alginate has high throwing power and has exceptional ability to remove scale in recesses and other inaccessible places.
  • the solution is not hazardous or toxic and can be used without excessive precautions as contrasted to electropolishing baths containing perchloric acid or the like, in which definite explosive hazards are inherent.
  • an electrolytic bath for polishing metal and containing a mixture of ortho phosphoric acid and a mineral acid selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid a salt of alginic acid dispersed within the bath in an amount of 0.10% to 5.0% by weight of the bath.
  • an electrolytic bath for polishing metal the combination of a mixture of mineral acids with ortho phosphoric acid comprising a major portion of said mineral acids, and a salt of alginic acid selected from the group consisting of sodium alginate, ammonium alginate and propylene glycol alginate, said salt comprising about 0.10% to 5.0% by weight of the bath.
  • An electrolytic solution for cleaning and polishing metal consisting essentially of, about 30.0% to 80.0% of the equivalent of 1.70 specific gravity phosphoric acid, about 1.0% to 15.0% of the equivalent of 1.16 specific gravity hydrochloric acid, about 0.1% to 5.0% of a salt of alginic acid dispersed within the solution and selected from the group consisting of sodium alginate, ammonium alginate and propylene glycol alginate, and the balance water.
  • An electrolytic solution for cleaning and polishing metal consisting essentially of, about 40.0% to 80.0% of the equivalent of 1.70 specific gravity phosphoric acid, about 3.0% to 42.0% of the equivalent of 1.84 specific gravity sulphuric acid, about 0.1% to 5.0% of salt of alginic acid dispersed within the solution and selected from the group consisting of sodium alginate, ammonium alginate and propylene glycol alginate, and the balance water.
  • the method of electropolishing metallic material selected from the group consisting of the 200 series of stainless steel, the 300 series of stainless steel, the 400 series of stainless steel, carbon steel, nickel and nickel base alloys, and cobalt and cobalt base alloys which comprises passing an electric current from said metallic material as the anode through an aqueous solution of a mixture of ortho phosphoric acid, a salt of alginic acid-and a mineral acid selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid, said derivative of alginic acid being present in an amount of about 0.1% to 5.0% by weight of said solution, and continuing to pass said current with sufficient density for a sufiicient length of time to remove scale and discoloration and to brighten and smooth said metallic material.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)

Description

. METHOD OF ,ELECTROPOLISHING, AND ELEC- TROLYTIC SOLUTION THEREFOR Herbert' B'.'-R0binson,' Long-Beach, Calif., assignor to A. O. Smith Corporationl Milwaukee,2"Wis., acorporation of New York No Drawing. 7 Application September 13,1956
, Serial No. 609,531
; This invention relates to electropolishing and more particularly to an electrolytic solution for use in the anodic treatment .of, metals to impart polish or luster to the metals.
Electropolishing is a method ofachieving newsurface qualities and appearance. .Electropolishing eliminates scratches, strains, metal debris and embedded abrasive which ordinarily accompany mechanical finishing methods. The electropolished surfacehas the true grain structure of the metal undistorted by the cold working of mechanical methods.
The present invention is directed to an improved electrolytic solution for use in electropolishnig. .According to the invention, the electrolytic solution or bath is composed of a mixture of ortho phosphoric acidand other mineral acids such as sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid, and contains asmall amount of a salt of alginic acid. The resulting solution is a low cost, low energy, room temperature bath having high throwing power and being generally insensitive to current density; In addition, the electrolytic solution of the invention is not hazardous in use for it will not, give off poisonous or toxic fumes, nor is it explosive.
The specific mineral acid employed in combination with the phosphoric acid depends on the type of cleaning action desired. For example, if maximum brightening is desired on parts free of heat treatment discoloration or scale, then sulphuric acid may be used as the mineral acid in combination with phosphoric acid If, on the other hand, removal of heat treatment scale and discoloration is desired along 1with polishing, then hydrochloric acid may be used.
The salt of alginic acid may-take the form ,of any of the known alginates such as sodium alginate, ammonium 2 alginate and propylene glycol alginate. Alginic acid is a hydrophilic colloidal polymer of anhydro-B-D-mannuronic acid units, the structural formula. 'of which is generally accepted to be:
a I t 3 (311- GH-OH o -o1 1 oH-0 on /CHO (EH-CH OH-O 'OH H noon 2:
An electrolytic solution to be used for maximum brightening has the following general formula inweight A specific example of the electrolytic solution falling within the above range is as follows in weight percent:
Percent Ortho phosphoric acid (1.70 sp. g.) 60.0 Sulphuric acid (1.84 sp. g.) 20.0
, Sodium alginate 3.0 Water 17.0
This solution or bath has a'mild odor suggestivexof yeast, has a foam layer which eliminatesspray and will i not corrode surrounding equipment. A loose, light green film is produced on-the workpiece by this solution.
: The, electrolytic solution as: used for cleaning, heat treatment scale and discoloration has the .followinggeneral' compositionin weight percent:
*Percent Ortho phosphoric acid (1.70 sp.- 'g.) 30.0-80.0 ,Hydrochloric. acid (1 .16 sp. g.) 1.0-150 'Salt of alginic acid 0.1- .5.0 Water Balance A specific example ofthe composition falling within "the above range is as follows:
Percent Ortho'phosphoric acid (1.70 sp. g.) 56.0
-Hydr0chloric acid (1.16 sp. g.) 'l0.0 Propylene glycol ester of alginic acid 2.5
Water 31.5
This solution produces a darkgreen film on the workpiece which slowly rinses OE With water, has a relatively strong odor of hydrochloric acid and is somewhat-corrosive to surrounding equipment.
The alginate as used in the above electrolytic solutions provides a film essential to leveling action and current .redistributionwhich is basic to electropolishing action.
Inuaddition, the alginate serves to increase. the.viscosity in .the.range of 1%, ofthe, alginate need be added to' the solution to restore the capacity thereof.
.The electrolyticsolutions of the invention are. prefer- .ably. prepared by initially mixing the acids together and then addingthe alginate.
I The metal or alloy to be polished or cleaned is em ployed as the anode inthe electrolytic solution and may be a ferrous. metal, such as carbon steel or the 200, 300 and 400 series of stainless steel, or maybe a nickelor cobalt base alloy.
The cathode in the electrolytic solution may bemade of any metal or alloy which will not corrode during idle periods of. the process and may take. the form of the'3'00 series stainless steel, lead, or the like. The process. of the invention is run at relatively low temperatures or at room temperature. For example, "the erably in a rangeof 50'? F. to
electropolishing bath containing sulphuric acidwill'generally have an operating temperature below 160 F. and in the range of F. to 160 F. A temperature of about F. has proven very satisfactory forthis bath. The electrocleaning solution, using hydrochloric acid, .operates at temperatures below 100 F. and pr ef- F. with atemperature of 75 proving very satisfactory.
The electropolishing bath. operates at relatively "low current densities. The, particular current density""employed is dependent on thetime that thework'piece is maintained in the bath. For "example, using a'sulphuric acid type bath for electropolishing, a current density of 10 amperes per square foot can be employed for a 30 minute period or a current density of 400 amperes per square foot can be used for a 1 minute period.
With the hydrochloric acid bath it has been found that the current density should initially be in the range ting will result.
r 3 of 125 to 150 amperes per square foot and then reduced to about 25 to 30 amperes per square foot after 1 minute; A total time of 2 to minutes is ordinarily sufiicient for this operation.
The viscosity of the solution should not be so great that gas bubbles cannot escape from the solution or spot- The viscosity of the bath is reduced slightly with'the first work polished, but the decreased viscosity does not reduce the polishing efficiency and the solution is stable for months thereafter.
The solution, during service, will absorb metal and when the amount of metal reaches about the solution is regenerated. This is done by permitting the metal salts to precipitate or settle out and thereafter decanting the solution. Small amounts of alginate and acid can then be added to the solution to restore the original strength. 1
Since electropolishing generally follows heat treating of the metal, it is desirable that the clectropolishing process be able to cope with discolored or slightly scaled parts, thus saving a vapor-blasting operation and the passivation and inspection necessary to insure that the vapor blasting was complete. To this end, the parts may be initially treated in the hydrochloric acid solution followed by treatment in the solution containing sulphuric acid where the highest quality of finish is required. In some cases, the treatment produced by the solution containing hydrochloric acid may be adequate in itself. After either treatment the dried part is passive.
Prior to the electropolishing treatment, the part or workpiece to be treated is degreased by alkaline cleaning. After the treatment the part may be given a quick dip in a 50% solution of nitric acid followed by a water rlnse.
As an example of the operation of the process, a type 431 stainless steel, machined bomb ejector part was heat treated by heating to 1875 F. in a hydrogen atmosphere, air cooling and tempering at 600 F. in air.
The heat treated part was then made the anode in an electrolytic bath composed by weight of 12% hydrochloric acid (1.16 sp. g.), 58% ortho phosphoric acid (1.70 sp. g.), 3% sodium alginate and 27% water. A stainless steel cathode was employed and a current density of 135 amperes per square foot was used for a period of 1 minute and the current density was then reduced to amperes per square foot for an additional 2.5 minutes. The operating temperature of the bath was 75 F.
The part was then removed from the electrolytic solution, rinsed with water to remove the film and placed I as the anode in a second bath composed of 20% sulphuric 'acid (1.84sp. g.), 60% phosphoric acid (1.70 sp. g.),
3.0% sodium alginate and 17.0% water. A current density of 20 amperes per square foot was used for 5 minutes with the solution at a temperature of 120 F.
The part was then removed, dipped in nitric acid and rinsed with water. .The resulting finish was uniformly polished and high-in luster.
.The present process has particular application where very accurately machined articles are to be cleaned or polished. In some cases the tolerance of the machined article may be in the range of +0.0005" and therefore very little corrosion or abrasion can be effected without taking the article out of the tolerance limits. The hydrochloric acid bath is especially useful for such articles as it is self-limiting, removing only 0.0001 from the surface in the normal cycle of 2 to 5 minutes.
The present process is a low energy process using considerably lesser current densities than conventional electropolishing process. The electrolytic solution using the alginate has high throwing power and has exceptional ability to remove scale in recesses and other inaccessible places.
Furthermore, the solution is not hazardous or toxic and can be used without excessive precautions as contrasted to electropolishing baths containing perchloric acid or the like, in which definite explosive hazards are inherent.
Various modes of carrying out the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention.
1 claim:
1. In an electrolytic bath for polishing metal and containing a mixture of ortho phosphoric acid and a mineral acid selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid, a salt of alginic acid dispersed within the bath in an amount of 0.10% to 5.0% by weight of the bath.
2. In an electrolytic bath for polishing metal, the combination of a mixture of mineral acids with ortho phosphoric acid comprising a major portion of said mineral acids, and a salt of alginic acid selected from the group consisting of sodium alginate, ammonium alginate and propylene glycol alginate, said salt comprising about 0.10% to 5.0% by weight of the bath.
3. An electrolytic solution for cleaning and polishing metal consisting essentially of, about 30.0% to 80.0% of the equivalent of 1.70 specific gravity phosphoric acid, about 1.0% to 15.0% of the equivalent of 1.16 specific gravity hydrochloric acid, about 0.1% to 5.0% of a salt of alginic acid dispersed within the solution and selected from the group consisting of sodium alginate, ammonium alginate and propylene glycol alginate, and the balance water.
4. An electrolytic solution for cleaning and polishing metal consisting essentially of, about 40.0% to 80.0% of the equivalent of 1.70 specific gravity phosphoric acid, about 3.0% to 42.0% of the equivalent of 1.84 specific gravity sulphuric acid, about 0.1% to 5.0% of salt of alginic acid dispersed within the solution and selected from the group consisting of sodium alginate, ammonium alginate and propylene glycol alginate, and the balance water.
5. The method of electropolishing metallic material selected from the group consisting of the 200 series of stainless steel, the 300 series of stainless steel, the 400 series of stainless steel, carbon steel, nickel and nickel base alloys, and cobalt and cobalt base alloys which comprises passing an electric current from said metallic material as the anode through an aqueous solution of a mixture of ortho phosphoric acid, a salt of alginic acid-and a mineral acid selected from the group consisting of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid, said derivative of alginic acid being present in an amount of about 0.1% to 5.0% by weight of said solution, and continuing to pass said current with sufficient density for a sufiicient length of time to remove scale and discoloration and to brighten and smooth said metallic material.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS

Claims (1)

  1. 5. THE METHOD OF ELECTROPOLISHING METALLIC MATERIAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF THE 200 SERIES OF STAINLESS STEEL, THE 300 SERIES OF STAINLESS STEEL, THE 400 SERIES OF STAINLESS STEEL, CARBON STEEL, NICKEL AND NICKEL BASE ALLOYS, AND COBALT AND COBALT BASE ALLOYS WHICH COMPRISES PASSING AN ELECTRIC CURRENT FROM SAID METALLIC MATERIAL AS THE ANODE THROUGH AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF A MIXTURE OF ORTHO PHOSPHORIC ACID, A SALT OF OLGINIC ACID AND A MINERAL ACID SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF SULPHURIC ACID AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SAID DERIVATIVE OF ALGINIC ACID BEING PRESENT IN AN AMOUNT OF ABOUT 0.1% TO 5.0% BY WEIGHT OF SAID SOLUTION, AND CONTINUING TO PASS SAID CURRENT WITH SUFFICIENT DENSITY FOR A SUFFICIENT LENGTH OF TIME TO REMOVE SCALE AND DISCOLORATION AND TO BRIGHTEN AND SMOOTH SAID METALLIC MATERIAL.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3167493A (en) * 1961-03-15 1965-01-26 North American Aviation Inc Manufacture of high-strength steel parts for use in aircraft and the like
US3203884A (en) * 1959-11-20 1965-08-31 Siemens Ag Bath and method for anodic brightening of metals
US20050178241A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2005-08-18 Smith David W. Grindable self-cleaning singulation saw blade and method
US20140018244A1 (en) * 2012-07-11 2014-01-16 Faraday Technology, Inc. Electrochemical system and method for electropolishing superconductive radio frequency cavities

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2115005A (en) * 1936-10-15 1938-04-26 Samuel J Blaut Electrochemical treatment of metal
US2334698A (en) * 1938-07-09 1943-11-23 Battelle Memorial Institute Polished metal and a method of making the same
US2440715A (en) * 1943-07-23 1948-05-04 Battelle Development Corp Continuous method for electropolishing nickel and nickel-containing alloys

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2115005A (en) * 1936-10-15 1938-04-26 Samuel J Blaut Electrochemical treatment of metal
US2334698A (en) * 1938-07-09 1943-11-23 Battelle Memorial Institute Polished metal and a method of making the same
US2440715A (en) * 1943-07-23 1948-05-04 Battelle Development Corp Continuous method for electropolishing nickel and nickel-containing alloys

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3203884A (en) * 1959-11-20 1965-08-31 Siemens Ag Bath and method for anodic brightening of metals
US3167493A (en) * 1961-03-15 1965-01-26 North American Aviation Inc Manufacture of high-strength steel parts for use in aircraft and the like
US20050178241A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2005-08-18 Smith David W. Grindable self-cleaning singulation saw blade and method
US7086394B2 (en) * 2004-02-17 2006-08-08 Nexedge Corp. Grindable self-cleaning singulation saw blade and method
US20140018244A1 (en) * 2012-07-11 2014-01-16 Faraday Technology, Inc. Electrochemical system and method for electropolishing superconductive radio frequency cavities
US9006147B2 (en) * 2012-07-11 2015-04-14 Faraday Technology, Inc. Electrochemical system and method for electropolishing superconductive radio frequency cavities
US9987699B2 (en) 2012-07-11 2018-06-05 Faraday Technology, Inc. Electrochemical system and method for electropolishing hollow metal bodies

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