US2858472A - Slow-wave circuit for a traveling wave tube - Google Patents

Slow-wave circuit for a traveling wave tube Download PDF

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Publication number
US2858472A
US2858472A US386582A US38658253A US2858472A US 2858472 A US2858472 A US 2858472A US 386582 A US386582 A US 386582A US 38658253 A US38658253 A US 38658253A US 2858472 A US2858472 A US 2858472A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wave
electron
circuit
along
axis
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Expired - Lifetime
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US386582A
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English (en)
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Karp Arthur
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AT&T Corp
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Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
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Priority to NLAANVRAGE7409244,A priority Critical patent/NL189259B/xx
Priority to BE532507D priority patent/BE532507A/xx
Application filed by Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc filed Critical Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Priority to US386582A priority patent/US2858472A/en
Priority to FR1111547D priority patent/FR1111547A/fr
Priority to DEW14877A priority patent/DE1055136B/de
Priority to GB29758/54A priority patent/GB764012A/en
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Publication of US2858472A publication Critical patent/US2858472A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/16—Circuit elements, having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube and interacting with the discharge
    • H01J23/24—Slow-wave structures, e.g. delay systems

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electromagnetic wave phase retarding circuits and more particularly to slow wave circuits suitable for use in traveling. wave tubes.
  • An object of this invention is to provide. an improved wave propagation circuit especially suitable for use in high power millimeter wavelength traveling wave tubes.
  • a more specific object is to provide such a circuit which is adapted for use with circular transverse electric mode Waves.
  • the invention of the traveling wave tube was the first step in the development of many of the present day techniques in the generation and amplification of millimeter wavelength electromagnetic waves.
  • the common type of traveling wave tube employing a wave propagating helix was limited by requirements of physical size to operation at wavelengths generally longer than one centimeter, recent discoveries, such asth'efspatial harmonic traveling wave tube disclosed in U. 8. Patent 2,683,238, issued July 6; 1954, to S.- Millman, have extended this rangeto less than one-half centimeter.
  • a single wave guide can accommodate signal frequencies over a range of many thousands of megacycl es and could theoretically replace most if not all existing transcontinental lines. Serious dimc'ulties in long distance wave guide transmission, howeven'remain to be overcome before such transmission is practical. Among these, perhaps one of the more prominent is the, lack of broad-hand high-power tubes which are rugged and easy to manufacture. The present invention is intended to supply such a tube.
  • This invention is based upon the spatial harmonic principle of wave amplification disclosed in the above mentioned patent. Briefly explained, spatial harmonic amplification takes place when a stream of electrons is beamed with the proper velocity in coupling proximity with a Wave propagating circuit of the iterative filter type having a non-zero distance between sections. Neglecting losses, such a circuit, .by virtue of its periodic nature, causes themaximum, as distinguished from the instantaneous, amplitude of the electric field to be a periodic function of distance along the circuit. Thus at a given instant of time the peak electric intensities along the circuit are not all the" same value, contrary to the condition along a uniform structure, such as a lossless wave propagating coaxial cable, where the .peakintensities. are equal.
  • the over-all electric field appears to be composed of a doubly infinite series of spatial harmonic components each having the same frequency but each having a phase velocity of propagation diiferent from that of any other compermit in the series;
  • a number of spatial harmonic circuits are disposed circularly within a conductively bounded wave guiding passage in such a way that they can be used in conjunction with an electromagnetic wave propagating within the guide in the fundamental transverse electric circular mode.
  • This mode is commonly designated TE and its field configuration is shown in Fields and Waves in Modern Radio by Ramo and Whinnery, John Wiley, 1946, pages 338 and 339.
  • One or more electron streams can then be beamed in coupling relation to these circuits in order to produce wave amplification.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a first illustrative em ,bodiment of the invention
  • Fig- 2 is a cross section view of the embodiment of Fig. l;-
  • Flg. 3 is a fragmentary cross section view of a second iilustrative embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 4 shows a modification of the embodiment of Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates in longitudinal cross section an arrangement for beaming electrons past the embodiments of Fig. 1 of the invention and, in addition, shows one way of impedance matching into and out of this embodiment.
  • Fig. 1 shows by way of illustration of the present invention a slow wave structure 10 comprising a number of spatial harmonic circuits 11 arranged circularly about the axi's of a conduc'tively bounded wave guiding passage of radius r
  • This passage, together with the spatial harmonic circuits 11, is in this embodiment formed by a plurality of metal stampings or plates 12 having a thickness t and spaced a distance d between opposing surfaces.
  • Plates limay be formed in any convenient way such as by photographic etching of a suitable conductor such as copper or gold plated molybdenum.
  • spatial harmonic circuits 11 are formed, in the embodiment shown in Fig. l, by groupsof segments 13 supported around openings in longitudinally spaced plates 12, these circuits may be formed by longitudinally spacing similar groups of segments of the same general configuration along the inside of a circular conducting wave guide.
  • the spaced-plate 3 arrangement of Fig. 1 helps to maintain the purity of the TE mode by suppressing unwanted modes. In either structure though the number of longitudinally spaced segments used depends .upon the amplification or gain required in the traveling wave tube utilizing them.
  • Fig. 1 At each end of the embodiment of Fig. 1 some form of impedance matching to and'from a cylindrical wave guide should generally be used.
  • the way shown at the right end of structure consists of tapering the area of segments 13 gradually from full size down to roughly zero size over a distance several guide wavelengths long. It should be understood, however, that this is not the only possible arrangement since others equally effective may be used instead.
  • the left end of structure 10 has been shown for simplicity in Fig. 1 without any form of impedance matching.
  • slow wave structure 10 When slow wave structure 10 is operated as a traveling wave tube, one or more electron streams can be beamed within an evacuated envelope lengthwise through the spaces provided by gaps so that the electrons interact with an electromagnetic wave of'proper configuration applied to the structure by such means as a hollow circular wave guide.
  • the phase velocities of propagation of the spatial harmonic components of this wave along circuits 11 are determined principally by the physical dimensions of segments 13, gaps 15, distance d, and thickness t,
  • these velocities can be computed if desired by the method, now well known to the art, described in the above-mentioned patent.
  • these velocities may be determined from the plot of the phase propagation constant 5 measured as afunction of the frequency of the wave applied to circuits 11. As explained previously by matching one of these velocities with the velocity of an electron stream, energy can be transferred from the electronsto the traveling electromagnetic wave.
  • Electrons traveling longitudinally down circuits 11 in or near gaps 15 see substantially no longitudinal field as they pass directly over the conductive surfaces of segments 13 (since there can be no electric field tangential to a metal surface) while when passing between plates 12 they see a strong longitudinal electric field.
  • This alternate passage from drift space to interaction space is analogous to a stroboscopic light flashing on a patterned velocity of the wheel corresponding to the phase velocity of the fundamental spatial harmonic component of the traveling wave.
  • For a given wheel velocity there will be several discrete stroboscopic frequencies at which the wheel appears stationary and each of these apparent nonrotations of the wheel corresponds to synchronism between a spatial harmonic component of the Wave propagating along circuits 11 and the electrons. In this synchronous condition a single electron sees the same electric field vector as it passes through each region between plates 12.
  • the requirement for electromagneticwave electron-stream interaction is met by, in effect, fooling the electrons.
  • the electrons can be synchronized with the spatial harmonic component of the wave having a negative phase velocity relative to the group velocity.
  • electromagnetic power flows from the collector end to the gun end of the tube.
  • This mode of operation useful for amplification up to a critical value of beam current, is likewise useful for obtaining oscillations beyond this critical value since the necessary feedback path for sustaining the oscillations is then automatically provided by the electron stream.
  • Fig. 2 is a cross sectional view of structure 10.
  • Members 13 and 14 are disposed symmetrically around the circular opening of radius r in plate 12.
  • the number of segments 13 in each plate group depends upon a number of factors such as the power handling capacity desired or the over-all diameter (2r required. In general, it is probably desirable to use a prime number, such as the five shown, in order to minimize the danger of individual circuits working together in sub-groups and producing outputs at the end of the tube that differ in phase or frequency.
  • the physical and electrical relations of these circuits to each other in the arrangement shown, however, are by themselves important factors in reducing this danger since all parts of the circuit are tied together by virtue of the existence of a single mode Wave.
  • Area 21 in Fig. 2 indicates the cross section and position of an electron stream which can be beamed through and around gaps 15.
  • Areas 22, 23, and 24 indicate the cross sections and positions of alternative electron streams which can be accommodated by properly slotting or aperturing wedges 13 as shown here but not shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a second illustrative embodiment of the invention shown in partial cross section in which a slow wave structure 30, substantially the same in principles of construction and in operation as the embodiment in Fig. l, is formed by a plurality of wire loops 31 and 32 supported symmetrically by struts 34 and 35, respectively, around circular openings of radius r in plates 33.
  • Plates 33 are spaced longitudinally in the same way as plates 12 are spaced in Fig. 1. In this embodiment, however, every other plate 33 is rotated angularly (p degrees with respect to the adjacent plates so that groups of loops 31 in one plate and groups of loops 32 in a different plate will be displaced relative to each other as shown, thereby forming spatial harmonic circuits of the interdigital type.
  • phase shift of the electric field between successive discontinuities is approximately 1r radians over a considerable frequency range and this constant phase shift is the cause of the wide operating bandwidth of a backward mode interdigital type traveling wave tube.
  • Fig. 2 When the structure of Fig. 2 is used as an amplifier or oscillator one or more electron streams may be beamedthrough the dotted areas 36.
  • Fig. 4 shows a variation of the structure shown in Fig. 3.
  • a group of posts or fingers 41 lying in the plane of one plate 42 is rotated angularly with respect to a group 43 lying in the plane of an adjacent plate 42. Electrons may be beamed through areas 44. Impedance matching can most easily be accomplished by tapering the lengths of post 41 instead of their widths as was done with segments 13in Fig. 1. This arrangement has the advantage of structural simplicity.
  • Fig. 5 shows a portion of the longitudinal cross section taken as indicated by lines 5--5 in Fig. 1, of a traveling wave tube embodying slow wave structure 10.
  • One or more electron guns 51 located around the outside of circular wave guide 52 beam' electrons lengthwise down the paths indicated by area 21 in Fig. 2.
  • Collector electrodes may be similarly located at the other end of the tube.
  • An alternative to the use of guns 51 lies in the use of cathodes coated directly upon the first few of segments 13.
  • a tapered length of guide 53 extending over a length which can be roughly two guide wavelengths long serves to match the impedance of guide 52 aims to" that of structure
  • a similar Ttaperedsection may be" usedlat the opposite and although for convenience this has not been shown.
  • Structure 10 isarranged so. that electron beam focus ing can be a'ccompl'ished in any one of several different Ways in addition to focusing. by the customary uniform longitudinal magnetic field. Focusing is caused here by the periodic direct voltage electric field existing in the region between ,plates l l. The optimum intensity of this field for most etficient focusing can be easily found by varying voltage source 54' which is connected between plates 12 in the way shown. Periodic magnetic focusing can be achieved in an analogous Way by inserting permanent magnets in the openings between plates 12.
  • tube '50 When tube '50 is operating as a forward mode spatial harmonic amplifier, wave energy in the proper mode which may be obtained directly from a circular wave guide propagating a TE f wave or through appropriate transducers, from other guides isapplied to structure 10 via guide 52'. The amplified signal may then be extracted at the other end of structure 10 by any appropriate means. When operating in a backward wave mode, wave energy is extracted from tube 50 via guide 52.
  • a wave interaction circuit for propagating electromagnetic wave energy in coupling proximity with said electron flow, said wave interaction circuit comprising a plurality of conductive members arranged in spaced succession along said path of flow and insulated from each other, each conductive member being substantially transverse to said electron path and including a plurality of conductive segments circumferentialy spaced around said electron path.
  • a wave interaction circuit for propagating electromagnetic wave energy in coupling proximity with said electron flow, said wave interaction circuit comprising a plurality of conductive members arranged in spaced succession along said path of flow, each conductive member being substantially transverse to said electron path and including a plurality of conductive segments circumferentially spaced around said electron path, and focusing means including a voltage source for maintaining alternate conductive members of the succession at the same potential and adjacent conductive members at a different potential.
  • an interaction circuit for propagating electromagnetic wave energy in coupling proximity with said electron flow, said interaction circuit comprising a spaced succession of conductive members along the electron path, each conductive member being transverse to said electron path and including a plurality of substantially uniform conductive segments circumferentially spaced around said path, a coupling connection comprising a circular hollow wave guide for propa gating energy in the circular electric mode, and a wave guiding transition section interposed between said wave circuit and said hollow wave guide for propagating electromagnetic energy therebetween, said transition section comprising a spaced succession of conductive members, each conductive member comprising a plurality of circumferentially disposed conductive segments, the dimensions of said segments increasing along the wave transition section in the direction from the hollow Wave guide to the interaction circuit.
  • an interaction circuit comprising wave guding means for propagating electromagnetic wave energy along an axis substantially in the fundamental transverse circular electric mode, said means comprising a spaced succession of conductive members insulated from one another along said axis each of said members having a plurality of radial slots therein, and means for generating an electron beam and projecting said beam through said radial slots.
  • a coupling connection comprising a circular hollow wave guide for propagating an electromagnetic wave along an axis in the fundamental transverse circular electric mode, a wave guiding transition section coupled to said coupling section comprising radially extending conductive means for confining the electromagnetic wave energy into sectoral regions, said radially extending conductive means comprising a succession of groups of radially extending conductive elements, each group lying in a plane transverse to said axis and spaced apart from adjacent groups of said succession in a direction parallel to said axis, the angle subtended by said radially extending members increasing along the length of said transition section, interaction circuit means coupled to said transition section, said interaction circuit comprising a succession of groups of radially-extending substantially uniform conductive elements, each group lying in a plane transverse to said axis and spaced apart from adjacent groups of said succession in a direction parallel to said axis, and means for projecting a beam of electrons parallel to said axis for interaction with the wave energy passing along said interaction circuit means.
  • a traveling Wave tube amplifier for amplifying energy in the fundamental transverse circular electric mode comprising electrodes spaced apart for defining therebetween a path of electron flow, Wave interaction means positioned along said path of electron flow for propagating electromagnetic wave energy in coupling proximity with said electron flow, said interaction circuit comprising a succession of groups of conductive members along an axis parallel to said path of flow, each group lying in a plane transverse to the path of electron flow and spaced apart from adjacent groups of said succession along said axis, and the conductive members of each group being uniform and circumferentially spaced about said axis, a circular hollow wave guide coupling connection to said traveling wave tube amplifier, and impedance matching means for coupling wave energy between said circular hollow wave guide and the interaction circuit, said impedance matching means comprising a succession of groups of conductive members along the axis of the circular hollow wave guide, each group lying in a plane transverse to said wave guide axis and spaced apart therealong, the conductive members of each group being circumferentially spaced about said wave guide axi
  • an interaction device for amplifying energy in the fundamental transverse circular electric mode a section of circular hollow wave guide, an impedance matching section axially aligned with said section of circular hollow wave guide for receiving wave energy therefrom, an interaction circuit positioned along the same axis and forming a continuation of the impedance matching section for receiving wave energy therefrom, and means for defining a path of electron flow along the length of the interaction circuit and substantially parallel to said axis in coupling proximity to the Wave energy propagating along the interaction circuit, said interaction circuit comprising a succession of groups of conductive elements, the conductive elements of each group circumferentially arranged about the axis and successive groups spaced apart along the axis, and the impedance matching section comprising a like succession of groups of conductive elements wherein the angle subtended by the circumferentially arranged conductive elements increases along the axis of the impedance matching section from the circular hollow Wave guide section to the interaction circuit.
  • interaction circuit means for propagating along an axis an electromagnetic wave substantially in the fundamental transverse circular electric mode, said means comprising a linear array of groups of conductive elements, each group lying in a plane transverse to said axis and successive groups spaced apart along the axis, impedance matching means positioned along the axis of propagation of said fundamental transverse circular electric mode, and means for projecting an electron beam in coupling proximity to said interaction circuit and substantially parallel to said axis.

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US386582A 1953-10-16 1953-10-16 Slow-wave circuit for a traveling wave tube Expired - Lifetime US2858472A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NLAANVRAGE7409244,A NL189259B (nl) 1953-10-16 Werkwijze voor de concentratie en zuivering van etheenoxide.
BE532507D BE532507A (en(2012)) 1953-10-16
US386582A US2858472A (en) 1953-10-16 1953-10-16 Slow-wave circuit for a traveling wave tube
FR1111547D FR1111547A (fr) 1953-10-16 1954-07-30 Circuits pour ondes lentes pour tubes à ondes progressives
DEW14877A DE1055136B (de) 1953-10-16 1954-09-14 Wanderfeldroehre mit einem Wechselwirkungskreis fuer raeumlich harmonische Betriebsweise zur Erzeugung oder Verstaerkung sehr kurzer elektrischer Wellen vom TE-Typ
GB29758/54A GB764012A (en) 1953-10-16 1954-10-15 Improvements in or relating to travelling wave tubes

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US386582A US2858472A (en) 1953-10-16 1953-10-16 Slow-wave circuit for a traveling wave tube

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US2858472A true US2858472A (en) 1958-10-28

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US (1) US2858472A (en(2012))
BE (1) BE532507A (en(2012))
DE (1) DE1055136B (en(2012))
FR (1) FR1111547A (en(2012))
GB (1) GB764012A (en(2012))
NL (1) NL189259B (en(2012))

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2926280A (en) * 1956-04-23 1960-02-23 Raytheon Co Traveling wave structures
US2933643A (en) * 1954-03-25 1960-04-19 M O Valve Co Ltd Travelling wave magnetrons
US2936395A (en) * 1955-09-30 1960-05-10 Hughes Aircraft Co Traveling wave tube
US2954505A (en) * 1955-01-11 1960-09-27 Csf Ultra high frequency discharge tubes
US2992356A (en) * 1956-07-31 1961-07-11 Rca Corp Traveling wave amplifier tube
US2995675A (en) * 1957-12-31 1961-08-08 Csf Travelling wave tube
US3054018A (en) * 1958-08-05 1962-09-11 Rca Corp Traveling wave amplifier tube
US3076115A (en) * 1956-07-05 1963-01-29 Rca Corp Traveling wave magnetron amplifier tubes
US3157814A (en) * 1960-04-11 1964-11-17 Siemens Ag Delay line for travelling wave tubes
US3175119A (en) * 1959-10-29 1965-03-23 Rca Corp Electrostatically focused traveling wave tube having periodically spaced loading elements
WO2011006588A1 (de) * 2009-07-11 2011-01-20 Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Vorrichtung zur vermeidung von parasitären schwingungen in elektronenstrahlröhren
CN111640636A (zh) * 2020-06-09 2020-09-08 电子科技大学 一种工作在正二次空间谐波的行波管慢波电路

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1264623B (de) * 1957-04-25 1968-03-28 Siemens Ag Verzoegerungsleitung mit periodischer Struktur fuer Lauffeldroehren und Lauffeldroehre mit einer solchen Verzoegerungsleitung
DE1206094B (de) * 1958-06-16 1965-12-02 Siemens Ag Lauffeldroehre fuer sehr kurze Wellen, insbesondere Millimeterwellen
NL240210A (en(2012)) * 1958-06-16

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2547503A (en) * 1943-11-19 1951-04-03 Rca Corp Multiresonator magnetron
US2640951A (en) * 1949-06-25 1953-06-02 Int Standard Electric Corp Microwave amplifier of the magnetron type
US2643353A (en) * 1948-11-04 1953-06-23 Int Standard Electric Corp Traveling wave tube
US2645737A (en) * 1949-06-30 1953-07-14 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Traveling wave tube
US2653270A (en) * 1944-06-08 1953-09-22 English Electric Valve Co Ltd High-frequency energy interchange device
US2683238A (en) * 1949-06-17 1954-07-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave amplifier

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2547503A (en) * 1943-11-19 1951-04-03 Rca Corp Multiresonator magnetron
US2653270A (en) * 1944-06-08 1953-09-22 English Electric Valve Co Ltd High-frequency energy interchange device
US2643353A (en) * 1948-11-04 1953-06-23 Int Standard Electric Corp Traveling wave tube
US2683238A (en) * 1949-06-17 1954-07-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave amplifier
US2640951A (en) * 1949-06-25 1953-06-02 Int Standard Electric Corp Microwave amplifier of the magnetron type
US2645737A (en) * 1949-06-30 1953-07-14 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Traveling wave tube

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2933643A (en) * 1954-03-25 1960-04-19 M O Valve Co Ltd Travelling wave magnetrons
US2954505A (en) * 1955-01-11 1960-09-27 Csf Ultra high frequency discharge tubes
US2936395A (en) * 1955-09-30 1960-05-10 Hughes Aircraft Co Traveling wave tube
US2926280A (en) * 1956-04-23 1960-02-23 Raytheon Co Traveling wave structures
US3076115A (en) * 1956-07-05 1963-01-29 Rca Corp Traveling wave magnetron amplifier tubes
US2992356A (en) * 1956-07-31 1961-07-11 Rca Corp Traveling wave amplifier tube
US2995675A (en) * 1957-12-31 1961-08-08 Csf Travelling wave tube
US3054018A (en) * 1958-08-05 1962-09-11 Rca Corp Traveling wave amplifier tube
US3175119A (en) * 1959-10-29 1965-03-23 Rca Corp Electrostatically focused traveling wave tube having periodically spaced loading elements
US3157814A (en) * 1960-04-11 1964-11-17 Siemens Ag Delay line for travelling wave tubes
WO2011006588A1 (de) * 2009-07-11 2011-01-20 Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Vorrichtung zur vermeidung von parasitären schwingungen in elektronenstrahlröhren
CN111640636A (zh) * 2020-06-09 2020-09-08 电子科技大学 一种工作在正二次空间谐波的行波管慢波电路
CN111640636B (zh) * 2020-06-09 2021-03-30 电子科技大学 一种工作在正二次空间谐波的行波管慢波电路

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Publication number Publication date
DE1055136B (de) 1959-04-16
GB764012A (en) 1956-12-19
BE532507A (en(2012)) 1900-01-01
FR1111547A (fr) 1956-03-01
NL189259B (nl) 1900-01-01

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