US2858208A - Nickel base alloy for use as an electrical resistance element - Google Patents

Nickel base alloy for use as an electrical resistance element Download PDF

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Publication number
US2858208A
US2858208A US553440A US55344055A US2858208A US 2858208 A US2858208 A US 2858208A US 553440 A US553440 A US 553440A US 55344055 A US55344055 A US 55344055A US 2858208 A US2858208 A US 2858208A
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alloy
electrical resistance
nickel
chromium
alloys
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US553440A
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Norman F Spooner
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HOSKINS ALLOYS LLC
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Hoskins Manufacturing Co
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Assigned to CONCEPT ALLOYS, L.L.C. reassignment CONCEPT ALLOYS, L.L.C. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOSKINS MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Assigned to HOSKINS ALLOYS, L.L.C. reassignment HOSKINS ALLOYS, L.L.C. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CONCEPT ALLOYS, L.L.C.
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
    • C22C19/058—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium without Mo and W

Definitions

  • This invention relates to alloys and more particularly to alloys suitable for use as electrical resistance elements.
  • alloys for use as electrical resistance elements has presented problems in that no single alloy has been developed which can be used successfully for long periods of time throughout a temperature range to about 2200 F.
  • Some alloys such as the extensively used alloys of the type containing about chromium, have a relatively long life at high temperatures, say from 2000 F. to 2200 F.; but they are subject to green rot corrosion in a temperature range of about 1500" F. to 1 800 F. in some reducing atmospheres.
  • other alloys of the type containing about 35% nickel, 18 /z% chromium and the balance iron resist green rot corrosion, but have a very short life at temperatures above 2000 F.
  • 'It is an object of this invention to produce an alloy which is admirably suited for use as an electrical resistance element and which has a relatively long life when used in the temperature range of from 2000 F. to 2200 F. and which, at the same time, is not subject to green rot corrosion when used in the temperature range of from about 1500 F. to 1800 F.
  • the element of this invention is very resistant to green rot corrosion, it has a longer life at high temperatures than any similar electrical resistance alloy with which I am familiar and its resistance to carburization and sulfur pick-up is greater than other similar .alloys with which I am familiar.
  • the alloy of this invention has a composition somewhat similiar to the material sold by The Hoskins Manufactur- 2 ing Company of Detroit, Michigan, and known as Alloy 798.
  • Alloy 798 is not an alloy especially adapted for use as an electrical resistance element. This alloy is used primarily for structural members in high temperature work. Alloy 798 has substantially the following composition: Nickel 69.5%, chromium 20.0%, iron 8.3%, manganese 0.5%, silicon 1.4% and carbon .10% maximum. Alloy 798 is not very susceptible to green rot corrosion. The iron content of this alloy is sufficiently high to normally resist green rot corrosion. However, at 2150 F., this alloy has a useful life, as defined by the ASTM standard life test for resistance alloys, of about 100 hours or less. On the average, the best nickel-20% chromium alloys have a useful life at 2150 F. of slightly over 200 hours.
  • Alloy 798 The resistance to carburization of Alloy 798 is somewhat greater than 80% nickel-20% chromium alloys. For example, in carburization tests conducted with numerous alloys for two hours at 2000 F. in an atmosphere having a 1% carbon potential to steel, an 80% nickel-20% chromium alloy picked up .62% carbon while Alloy 7-98 picked up .42% carbon.
  • the calcium may be added as calcium silicide and the cerium as misch-metal.
  • the proportions of the various constituents may vary within the following ranges: Nickel 60% to 75%, chromium 18% to 22%, iron 7% to 10%, manganese 1.0% maximum, silicon 1.5% to 2.5%, carbon .15% maximum, cobalt 1.0% to 2.0% and columbium .25% to 1.0%.
  • Alloy 798 primarily by the addition of small amounts of cobalt and columbium, I have produced an alloy which is admirably suited for use as an electrical resistance element because the new alloy possesses not only the resistance to green rot corrosion which .Alloy 798 has; but in addition, it has a very substantially longer life at high temperatures and a substantially greater resistance to carburization and sulfur pick-up as compared with not only Alloy 798, but alloys presently in commercial use for electrical resistance heating elements.
  • An electrical resistance heating element formed of an alloy consisting essentially of 60% to 75% nickel,
  • An alloy for use as an electrical resistance element which is characterized by its resistance to green rot corrosion, carburization and sulfur pick-up and by a long life at high temperatures, said alloy consisting essentially of 60% to 75% nickel, 18% to 22% chromium, 7% to 10% iron, 1.5% to 2.5% silicon, 1% to 2% cobalt and .25 to 1% columbium.
  • An alloy for use as an electrical resistance element which is characterized by its resistance to green rot corrosion, carburization and sulfur pick-up and by a long life at high temperatures, said alloy consisting essentially of about 70% nickel, 20% chromium, 8.3% iron and from 1% to 2% cobalt and .25% to 1% columbium.
  • An electrical resistance heating element formed of an alloy consisting essentially of to nickel, 18% to 22% chromium, 7% to 10% iron, 1% maximum manganese, 1.5% to 2.5% silicon, .15% maximum carbon, 1% to 2% cobalt and .25% to 1% columbium.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Description

80% nickel and 20% United States Patent NICKEL BASE ALLOY FOR USE AS AN ELEC- TRICAL RESISTANCE ELEMENT Norman F. Spooner, Dearborn Township, Wayne County,
Mich., assignor to The Hoskins Manufacturing Company, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Michigan No Drawing. Application December 16, 1955 Serial No. 553,440
4 Claims. (Cl. 75-171) This invention relates to alloys and more particularly to alloys suitable for use as electrical resistance elements.
At the present time, the manufacture of alloys for use as electrical resistance elements has presented problems in that no single alloy has been developed which can be used successfully for long periods of time throughout a temperature range to about 2200 F. Some alloys, such as the extensively used alloys of the type containing about chromium, have a relatively long life at high temperatures, say from 2000 F. to 2200 F.; but they are subject to green rot corrosion in a temperature range of about 1500" F. to 1 800 F. in some reducing atmospheres. On the other hand, other alloys of the type containing about 35% nickel, 18 /z% chromium and the balance iron resist green rot corrosion, but have a very short life at temperatures above 2000 F. Of these alloys, this latter group oxidize quite readily in an oxidizing atmosphere in this high temperature range and also have a low resistance to carburization. The carburization of electrical resistance alloys decreases the melting point of the alloy; and, of course, this is very detrimental when the resistance element is operating at a temperature relatively close to its melting point. In addition, carburization of such elements tends to increase the volume of the element, thus producing distortion and often causing one turn of the element to short out with the adjacent turn. In alloys of the 80% nickel-20% chromium type, carburization not only lowers the melting point, but also causes a decrease in electrical resistance, thus resulting in the element operating at a higher temperature with the same voltage. Since the rate of carburization tends to vary as a lineal ratio with respect to temperature, it can be readily understood that once carburization of the heating elements begins, burnouts could occur in a very short time.
The pick-up of sulfur by an electrical resistance element is likewise very detrimental, since sulfur has an even more potent effect on the lowering of the melting point of the alloy.
'It is an object of this invention to produce an alloy which is admirably suited for use as an electrical resistance element and which has a relatively long life when used in the temperature range of from 2000 F. to 2200 F. and which, at the same time, is not subject to green rot corrosion when used in the temperature range of from about 1500 F. to 1800 F.
I have found that an .alloy containing about 20% chromium and about 70% nickel can be modified by suitable alloy additions to produce a resistance heating element which possesses remarkable properties. The element of this invention is very resistant to green rot corrosion, it has a longer life at high temperatures than any similar electrical resistance alloy with which I am familiar and its resistance to carburization and sulfur pick-up is greater than other similar .alloys with which I am familiar. The alloy of this invention has a composition somewhat similiar to the material sold by The Hoskins Manufactur- 2 ing Company of Detroit, Michigan, and known as Alloy 798.
Alloy 798 is not an alloy especially adapted for use as an electrical resistance element. This alloy is used primarily for structural members in high temperature work. Alloy 798 has substantially the following composition: Nickel 69.5%, chromium 20.0%, iron 8.3%, manganese 0.5%, silicon 1.4% and carbon .10% maximum. Alloy 798 is not very susceptible to green rot corrosion. The iron content of this alloy is sufficiently high to normally resist green rot corrosion. However, at 2150 F., this alloy has a useful life, as defined by the ASTM standard life test for resistance alloys, of about 100 hours or less. On the average, the best nickel-20% chromium alloys have a useful life at 2150 F. of slightly over 200 hours. The resistance to carburization of Alloy 798 is somewhat greater than 80% nickel-20% chromium alloys. For example, in carburization tests conducted with numerous alloys for two hours at 2000 F. in an atmosphere having a 1% carbon potential to steel, an 80% nickel-20% chromium alloy picked up .62% carbon while Alloy 7-98 picked up .42% carbon.
I have discovered that by modifying the composition of Alloy 798 slightly, namely, by the addition of small amounts of cobalt and columbium to the composition, the useful life and the total life of elements made with such alloys are greatly increased; and the resistance to carburization and sulfur pick-up is likewise substantially improved. For example, a resistance heating element made from an alloy containing 67.75% nickel, 20.0% chromium, 8.3% iron, 0.5% manganese, 2.0% silicon, less than .10% carbon, 1.0% cobalt and 0.25% columbium was tested at 2150" F. and found to have a useful life of 265 hours and a total life of 596 hours as com pared with a useful life of about hours for Alloy 798 and slightly over 200 hours for an 80% nickel-20% chromium alloy. This same alloy, when tested for susceptibility to carburization, was found to have picked up .09% carbon as compared with a pick-up of .42% for the Alloy 798 and .62% for the 80% nickel-20% chromium alloy referred to above. At the same time, it was found in testing the alloy of this invention, Alloy 798 and an 80% nickel-20% chromium alloy that the sulfur pickup of the alloy of this invention was lower than the other two alloys. For example, in a two hour test at 1600 F. to 1800 F. in an atmosphere of 10% H S and the balance hydrogen, the sulfur pick-up of the alloy of this invention amounted to 38% and .77% for the 80% nickel-20% chromium alloy.
In carrying out the invention, best results are obtained if small additions of calcium, aluminum and cerium are added to the molten metal. The calcium may be added as calcium silicide and the cerium as misch-metal. The proportions of the various constituents may vary within the following ranges: Nickel 60% to 75%, chromium 18% to 22%, iron 7% to 10%, manganese 1.0% maximum, silicon 1.5% to 2.5%, carbon .15% maximum, cobalt 1.0% to 2.0% and columbium .25% to 1.0%.
Thus, it will be seen that by modifying the composition of Alloy 798 primarily by the addition of small amounts of cobalt and columbium, I have produced an alloy which is admirably suited for use as an electrical resistance element because the new alloy possesses not only the resistance to green rot corrosion which .Alloy 798 has; but in addition, it has a very substantially longer life at high temperatures and a substantially greater resistance to carburization and sulfur pick-up as compared with not only Alloy 798, but alloys presently in commercial use for electrical resistance heating elements.
Iclaim:
1. An electrical resistance heating element formed of an alloy consisting essentially of 60% to 75% nickel,
3 18% to 22% chromium, 7% to 10% iron, 1.5% to 2.5% silicon, 1% t 2% cobalt and .25% to 1% columbium.
2. An alloy for use as an electrical resistance element which is characterized by its resistance to green rot corrosion, carburization and sulfur pick-up and by a long life at high temperatures, said alloy consisting essentially of 60% to 75% nickel, 18% to 22% chromium, 7% to 10% iron, 1.5% to 2.5% silicon, 1% to 2% cobalt and .25 to 1% columbium.
3. An alloy for use as an electrical resistance element Which is characterized by its resistance to green rot corrosion, carburization and sulfur pick-up and by a long life at high temperatures, said alloy consisting essentially of about 70% nickel, 20% chromium, 8.3% iron and from 1% to 2% cobalt and .25% to 1% columbium.
4. An electrical resistance heating element formed of an alloy consisting essentially of to nickel, 18% to 22% chromium, 7% to 10% iron, 1% maximum manganese, 1.5% to 2.5% silicon, .15% maximum carbon, 1% to 2% cobalt and .25% to 1% columbium.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,008,862 Guetti July 23, 1935 2,145,020 Becket et al. Jan. 24, 1939 2,422,489 Kihlgren et al June 17, 1947 2,747,992 Hildebrand et al. May 29, 1956 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,043,378 France June 10, 1953 1,106,645 France July 20, 1955

Claims (1)

1. AN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE HEATING ELEMENT FORMED OF AN ALLOY CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF 60% TO 75% NICKEL, 18% TO 22% CHROMIUM, 7% TO 10% IRON, 1.5% TO 2.5% SILICON, 1% TO 2% COBALT AND .25% TO 1% COLUMBIUM.
US553440A 1955-12-16 1955-12-16 Nickel base alloy for use as an electrical resistance element Expired - Lifetime US2858208A (en)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4877465A (en) * 1986-03-18 1989-10-31 Electicite De France (Service National) Structural parts of austenitic nickel-chromium-iron alloy
WO2007004973A1 (en) * 2005-07-01 2007-01-11 Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab Ni-cr-fe alloy for high-temperature use.
EP1308967A3 (en) * 2001-10-31 2009-06-17 Heraeus Sensor Technology Gmbh Sheath wire, in particular connecting wire for electrical temperature sensors
US20150076130A1 (en) * 2013-09-16 2015-03-19 Lincoln Global, Inc. Flux cored welding electrode for 5-9% nickel steel

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2008862A (en) * 1935-03-12 1935-07-23 Lorenzo S Guetti Alloy
US2145020A (en) * 1938-06-15 1939-01-24 Electro Metallurg Co Nickel-chromium alloys
US2422489A (en) * 1945-06-02 1947-06-17 Int Nickel Co Welding electrode
FR1043378A (en) * 1951-09-29 1953-11-09 British Driver Harris Co Ltd Alloys with improved resistance to heat and oxidation
FR1106645A (en) * 1954-08-24 1955-12-21 William Jessop And Sons Nickel and chromium based alloys
US2747992A (en) * 1950-12-08 1956-05-29 Kanthal Ab Thermo-electric nickel-base alloys

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2008862A (en) * 1935-03-12 1935-07-23 Lorenzo S Guetti Alloy
US2145020A (en) * 1938-06-15 1939-01-24 Electro Metallurg Co Nickel-chromium alloys
US2422489A (en) * 1945-06-02 1947-06-17 Int Nickel Co Welding electrode
US2747992A (en) * 1950-12-08 1956-05-29 Kanthal Ab Thermo-electric nickel-base alloys
FR1043378A (en) * 1951-09-29 1953-11-09 British Driver Harris Co Ltd Alloys with improved resistance to heat and oxidation
FR1106645A (en) * 1954-08-24 1955-12-21 William Jessop And Sons Nickel and chromium based alloys

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4877465A (en) * 1986-03-18 1989-10-31 Electicite De France (Service National) Structural parts of austenitic nickel-chromium-iron alloy
EP1308967A3 (en) * 2001-10-31 2009-06-17 Heraeus Sensor Technology Gmbh Sheath wire, in particular connecting wire for electrical temperature sensors
WO2007004973A1 (en) * 2005-07-01 2007-01-11 Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab Ni-cr-fe alloy for high-temperature use.
EP1899489A1 (en) * 2005-07-01 2008-03-19 Sandvik Intellectual Property AB Ni-cr-fe alloy for high-temperature use.
US20080206089A1 (en) * 2005-07-01 2008-08-28 Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy For High-Temperature Use
EP1899489A4 (en) * 2005-07-01 2010-08-18 Sandvik Intellectual Property Ni-cr-fe alloy for high-temperature use.
US8926769B2 (en) 2005-07-01 2015-01-06 Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab Ni—Cr—Fe alloy for high-temperature use
US20150076130A1 (en) * 2013-09-16 2015-03-19 Lincoln Global, Inc. Flux cored welding electrode for 5-9% nickel steel
US9962794B2 (en) * 2013-09-16 2018-05-08 Lincoln Global, Inc. Flux cored welding electrode for 5-9% nickel steel

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Owner name: CONCEPT ALLOYS, L.L.C., MICHIGAN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HOSKINS MANUFACTURING COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:012513/0090

Effective date: 20011218

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