US2836893A - Apparatus for making perspective drawings - Google Patents

Apparatus for making perspective drawings Download PDF

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Publication number
US2836893A
US2836893A US610865A US61086556A US2836893A US 2836893 A US2836893 A US 2836893A US 610865 A US610865 A US 610865A US 61086556 A US61086556 A US 61086556A US 2836893 A US2836893 A US 2836893A
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arm
tracing
vertical
perspective
column
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US610865A
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English (en)
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Robert A Barnett
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B43—WRITING OR DRAWING IMPLEMENTS; BUREAU ACCESSORIES
    • B43L—ARTICLES FOR WRITING OR DRAWING UPON; WRITING OR DRAWING AIDS; ACCESSORIES FOR WRITING OR DRAWING
    • B43L13/00—Drawing instruments, or writing or drawing appliances or accessories not otherwise provided for
    • B43L13/14—Devices for drawing in perspective
    • B43L13/147—Three-dimensional devices

Definitions

  • This invention relates to perspective drawing rnachines of the kind in which the movements imposed on a tracing point are transmitted to a drawing point associated with a flat drawing surface, through an arm pivoted at the fixed station point.
  • the station point is the equivalent of the eye of the observer and the object looked at is located to be scanned by the tracing point.
  • the object is a plan view the altitudes of the various points of which are known and which is orientated in relation to the station point in conformity with the perspective view to be drawn.
  • the plan is usually laid on a horizontal surface and the tracing point is the lower extremity of a vertical column to which the arm is secured at a variable level. Altering the point of attachment of the arm to the column is equivalent to variation of the angle of sight in the vertical plane.
  • perspective projections are made in several horizontal planes at difierent altitudes, the inclinations of the arm being varied from plane to plane in conformity with the altitude of each plane.
  • the several perspective views thus obtained are then amalgamated into a single perspective drawing by inserting the lines which are vertical or have a vertical direction component. In some cases the verticals are drawn by movement along the column end of the arm; in other cases the verticals are interpolated manually on the perspective drawing.
  • the procedure is simplified in that, with the arm made variable in length and including the tracing point, the latter is caused to scan the object in the three-dimensions, as the eye does, and the drawing point produces the perspective view, as it is produced on the retina of the eye.
  • the object of the present invention is to produce a machine which eschews mechanical complication so that its cost is moderate, which is easy to operate, in which the scale of the perspective drawing is within the control of the operator, and in which the drawing being made is in the operators view as he causes the tracing point to scan the object.
  • a perspective drawing machine comprises a horizontal table, a vertical drawing board, an extensible tracing arm and an extensible drawing arm at right angles to one another in plan, a vertical column, a plinth supporting the column and standing Patented June 3, 1958 movably on the table, means swivellably connecting an end of the tracing arm to the column and movable up and down the column, a tracing point provided by the plinth, a writing instrument mounted at one end of the drawing arm, a coupling, rotatable about a vertical axis, connecting the drawing and tracing arms one above the other and constraining them against relative movement in the horizontal plane while permitting relative pivotal movement in vertical planes, a vertical post rigidly fixed to the table, means to support the coupling on the post at an adjustable height, and additional coupling means connecting the drawing and tracing arms, displaced in plan from the vertical axis of the coupling, spanning the vertical distance between them and comprising a universal joint.
  • Figure-2 is an elevation, partly in section, of a counterbalancing means for the drawing arm
  • Figure 3 is an elevation of the coupling device
  • Figure 4 is a horizontal section on the line 44 of Figure 3;
  • Figure 5 is a view of a partly completed drawing
  • Figure 6 is a detail view of part of the tracing column
  • Figure 7 is a perspective view of another form of the invention.
  • Figure 8 is a fragmentary side view, partly in section of the coupling means of Figure 7;
  • Figure 9 is a perspective view of an alternative form of tracing column
  • Figure 10 is a perspective view of another form of tracing column; and I Figure 11 is a perspective view of yet another form of tracing column.
  • 10 denotes a table on which the machine stands. Ona section 11 of the table surface the object from or of which a perspective view is to be made is mounted. In the drawing this is shown as a plan view 12 of the building 13 shown in Figures 1, 5 and 7.
  • a vertical pillar v14 is mounted on the table and the tracing arm 15 is carried by it in a coupling device later to be described.
  • the tracing point is provided at the lower end of a vertical tracing column 16 to which an end of the tracing arm 15 is secured by a swivelling clevis 17 engaging, through pivot pins 18, a collar 19 that rotates around a core 19a that slides on the column 16.
  • a broad plinth 249 preferably of transparent material, on which the tracing point occurs as a spot 21.
  • the collar 19 is attached to one bight of an endless band 22, that passes around pulleys 23 mounted towards the ends of the column 16.
  • One pulley is rotatable by means of a knob 24, operation of which varies the height of the collar 19 above the table level and thus the inclination of the arm 15.
  • the collar is associated with a scale 25 calibrated in units of height, for instance the scale is applied to the band 22.
  • the arm consists of a sleeve 26 held by the device and a rod 27 slidable in it; that is, so that the drawing arm will be unresponsive to movements of the point 21 transverse to the drawing arm and to the components of movement of the point in that direction.
  • the drawing point is a writing instrument 31 that ter- .minat'es a drawing arm 32, which is carried by the 'erator.
  • the arm like the the instrument 31, and consists in a sleeve 33 held by the device, and a rod 34 slidable in it and carrying the instrument 31.
  • the latter is biassed towards a flat, jupright, drawing board 35 mounted on the table by a tension spring 36 or an elastic band, and is capable of retraction from the board against the resistance of the spring 36 or the band.
  • the outer end of the arm 32 may carry the counterbalance weight,- shown in Figure 2 and described later;
  • the board 35 has a piece of drawing paper 38 pinned to it, on which the perspective view is-to bernade; and is mounted on posts 39.
  • the core of the invention is the separation of tracing V "arm and drawing arm, and the motion-transmitting means between them that ensures that the-drawing arm, despite the separation, will be the slave of the tracing
  • the arms are at right angles to one another and the drawing arm '32, being the slave of the tracing arm' 15, remains at right angles to it whatever the'behaviour'of the tracing arm.
  • the device' consists in an open framework 41 that is pivotally supported on a vertical axis AA by pin-bear- 'ings 42 provided by a yoke 43 that is mounted on the pillar 14 by means of a slidable 'collar 44, that can be locked in any position on the pillar by a locking screw 45.
  • the sleeve 26 of the tracing arm is connected to the framework by a horizontal spindle 46 that con- 1 strains it against'all movement relatively to "the frame other than pivotal movement aboutthe axis ofthepspindlc.
  • the sleeve 33 of the drawing arm 32 is pivoted ion a horizontal spindle 47, set atan angle to the spindle 46 which,-inthe embodiment being discussed, is aright angle. 7 '5' a 1
  • the ,arms15 and 32 are directly connected together through the Hookes joint device 48.
  • [,Gne "element 49 of the outer member of the Hookefsjoin't isscctn'edto a link '51 that extends parallel with the tracing arm 15 tracing arm 1'5,'is 7 constructed to allow lost motion between the vdevice and transmitted to the drawing instrument 31'as a horizontal movement.
  • the rod 34 is shown as mounted for sliding movement within-thetsleeve '33 on ro'llers81, which are journaled in the sleeve.
  • the sleeve carries an extension arm :82 on whicha wheeled carriage 83 runs.
  • the carriage and the other element 50 is secured to a link 52 that ex- 2 tends parallel with the drawing arm 32.
  • Each-link 51, "52 is connected to its arm 15,32 bya clevised strap 53 that straddles the arm and is pivotally secured 'to it by cross pins 54.
  • the links are so connected to the straps by means of a head 55 that is rotatable 'on the reduced extremity 56 of each arm, the head being pivoted to the straps by spindles 57 held by thestraps.
  • the limb'58a of the central member 580i the Hookes joint '48 is pivoted to the frame about a horizontal axis that is inclined to the axis of both arms 15-and 32, to maintain the arms in their prescribed angular relationship. As this relationship is a right'angle, the member is at an angle of 45 to each axis.
  • the carriage and the rod 34 are both tied to, an endless cord85 *which passes round pulleys 86, 87, oneI86 of which is mounted on the sleeve 33 and the other on the I extensionarm 82.
  • V i a When the 'arm 32 is inclined downwardly it urges the bight a of the cord downwardly, and the bight 85b thus tends to propel the carriage 83 upwardly. Contrariwise when the arm 32 is inclined upwardly the' carriage tends to 'be propelled downwards; so that in both cases a state of equilibrium of forces exists.
  • the motiontransmitting means includes a coupling 88, which is 7 through the upper slot 9.0 and is .pivotally connected to j the coupling by the horizontal cross pin 92;
  • both arms 15 and32 are constrained against movements relatively to the coupling, otherwisethan in vertical planes at right angles to one another. Movements of the tracing arm in the horizontal plane or movements having a horizontal direction component cause rotation of the coupling about the axis A-A, which rotation is transmitted to the drawing arm 32 and causes corresponding horizontal displacement of the arm.
  • the motion-transmitting means includes also a pair ofmembers which in the drawing are shown as contacting cylinders 93, 94; one, 93, mounted on a horizontal arm 95 projecting rigidly from and at right angles to the sleeve 26 of the tracing arm 15, and the other 94 mounted on a horizontal arm 96 projecting rigidly from and at right angles to the sleeve 33 of the drawing arm 32.
  • each cylinder provides one element of a pair of contact surfaces held together and free to move in contact with one another as the movements of the tracing arm 15 dictate.
  • the members'93, 94 are such that the distance a-a Fig. 8, which is the vertical distance between the horizontal planes containing the two arms 95, 96, is substantially the same at all times as the vertical displacement of the pin 92 above the pin 91.
  • This condition is satisfied by forming the members 93, 94 as cylinders, as illustrated, but could also be satisfied by making them conical with opposed tapers, or for that matter as flat contacting plates universally pivoted to the arms 95, 96.
  • the simplest form is that illustrated; and to minimise friction the cylinders, in the embodiment being described, are rollers.
  • the structure described ties the arms 15, 32 together in a rigid relationship in which the drawing arm 32 is constrained to movement imposed on it by the tracing arm 15.
  • the motion is transmitted via the pin 91 to the coupling 88 and by the coupling to the drawing arm 32 through the pin 92.
  • this motion is wholly normal to the planes of the pivotal movement permitted the arms 15, 32 about the pins 91, 92, the members 93, 94, play no active part therein and the arms are solidly locked together. Movement of the spot 21 normal to the edge 59 is thus transmitted to the drawing instrument 31 as a horizontal movement.
  • the plan 12- is correspondingly oriented in relation to the station point.
  • the yoke 43 is adjusted on the pillar 14 to correspond to the altitude of the station point, and the spot 21 and the collar 19 set for the co-ordinates of a central point of the drawing to be made.
  • the collar 15 is moved to the altitude of the plane first to be regarded, the spot 21 is moved to scan the plan in the first plane; the collar is moved to the altitude of the next plane, the plan at that plane is scanned; and so on until all the necessary planes have been dealt with.
  • the plan view, shown in the tracing position in Figure 1 is prepared to show (at 61a, 62a, 63a) the location of the door 61, the window 62 and the door 63 in the lean-to 64.
  • the plan is mounted on the table 10 in the determined orientation. Selecting a station point at, say lintel of the window 62, the arm 15 is set on the pillar 14 at its altitude. The collar 19 is then dropped to ground level and the ground plan of the house is scanned, bearing in mind of course that portions of the plan will be hidden from sight by the superposed structure.
  • the arm is then raised successively to the altitude of the window sill, the window lintel, the door lintels, the upper and lower roof levels of the lean-to, the roof and the chimney top. This will produce a perspective drawing as shown in Figure l or Figure 7.
  • the writing instrument 31 is withdrawn from the paper 38 against the resistance of the biassing spring or band 36. This may be done manually but it will be appreciated that a draftsman who has both hands employed in directing the tracing spot 21 along the object 12 will waste time and tend to lose concentration if his observation of the object and of the emerging perspective drawing be interrupted by the necessity to retract the instrument 31 by hand.
  • the machine is'highly flexible in that any perspective i protractor .102.
  • view, exterior or'interior, can be drawn in a fraction of .theifirne necessary to do so by ordinary drafting methods.
  • Q .Aiword may. be said about three-dimensional objects.
  • the object may be located on the table ,10, the'tracing arm 15 is withdrawn from' spot 21 is kept stationary at the point on the plan 651) appropriate .to the vertical line. If, however, the line be inclined -t o1the ver.tical, it cannot be thus translated to the drawingarm32.- The reason for this is that given above, ethat-machineslof the kind in question produce perspective 'viewspf :thelobject being drawn in a number of horizontal planes intersecting the object, and the drawing is com-.
  • the collar 19x carries aplate 9S'that is mounted on the collar 19x by means'of a yoke 99 to which 'theplate is secured by wing nuts' 100 that screw 01110? screw-"threaded studs ltlLprojectihgfrorn the plate .QSithrOnghitheIi-mbS- f the yoke 99.
  • the inclina'tion'of the plate .tortheyertical maybe adjusted by tilting-the plate about thehorizontal pivotal axis, provided by the ;studs .-101,-the.angle;of inclination ibeing indicated on a
  • the plate i98 has cutintoit a seriesJof concentric.cir- .cular grooves .103, the radii of which correspond to the 155 'arm,.,1f5, .16 represents in all figures the vertical-tracing 8 A radii .of circular lines most likely to be encountered in drawings of thekind to be dealt with.
  • Two or more plates may be provided, each withiits series of grooves, if the series catered for in one plateis insuflicient to deal with a-ll probabilities, the appropriate plate being mounted on the column 16.76., i V
  • the column In use the column is located on the table x, over, the circle or are that appears on the planview which is drawnon the paper 651 7 By means of a set-square,lthe groove of appropriate diameter .on the plate 9 8 is alljusted (by rotation v.of the column 16x and tilting of the plate 93) to occupy in space the same orientationas the circular or arcuate line to be drawn. Thereupon, the
  • pointed end'15a of the tracing arm x is projected to enterthe groove andthe tracing arm 15x is rotated for the end to traverse the groove or such portion of it as is appropriate.
  • Thedeyice of Figure 10 is advantageousin that the circles that can be dealt with are of infinitelyjvarifible radiusand not merely any one of a prescribed series.
  • the device consists in a' graduated crank arm 103;.held. slidably in a guide 104 that is 'rotatably mounted, on i the collar 19y.
  • One end of the arm 103 carries a peg 105 pocked at 106 to receive the pointed end 15;: .of the tracingarmlSy. 7 y l r lnuse the crank arm 103 is adjusted in the guide 104 describedinction with Figure 9, the end..15a is 'held engaged in .the pock 196 and the arm 103 is rotated.
  • the vertical column 16z is made up of twoparallel-rails 1611,1612 of T section that act as guides for a saddle 107 which can be clamped at anyposition along the height of the column by a thumbscrew 108. T heheight of the saddle is set by means of a pointer 10? associated with a graduated'scale 110.
  • the device is mounted on the saddle for rotation about a horizontal pivot pin '111 and may be clamped in any angular orientationto the vertical by means of W a thumbscrew behind the saddle.
  • the angular position is indicated by a pointer 112 associated with aprotractor ⁇
  • the device comprises a disc 114 which is rotatable about its axis on a spindle .115, within a sleeve 116.
  • the sleeve is carried at the'end of a cranked bracket 117 of" which the crank-arm 118 is mounted for rotation about the pivot pin 111.
  • the bracket 117 is; such that in all angular positionsof thedisc 114 the centre "of the disc lies vertically above the :tracing point Zlz.
  • :pointerz has a peck 121 which is designed to be engaged by the pointed end 15oz of the tracing arm 15z.
  • the plinth base Ztlz is placed on the plan drawn :onthe paper b and the disc 114 is adjusted at the correct altitude on the column 16 and in the correctorientation to conform .with the circle or are to be drawn.
  • the pointer 119 is moved along'the scale 120 held in engagement while the disc 114 is rotated.
  • a simulacrum of the circle or are to be drawn is in effectdefined'and is'translated by the tracing arm to the drawing arm.
  • a plan view thereof may be drawn and applied to the'disc 114, which is then orientated. Tre tracing point 15az is then caused to scan the lines of the drawing. To ensure that the plan is held immobile while this is happening, the spindle 115 may be clamped to the sleeve by means of a thumbscrew 122.
  • a perspective drawing machine comprising a horizontal table, a vertical drawing board, an extensible tracing arm and an extensible drawing arm at right angles to one another in plan, a vertical column,'a plinth supporting the column and standing movably on the table, means swivellably connecting an end of the tracing arm to the column and movable up and down the column, a tracing point provided by the plinth, a writing instrument mounted at one end of the drawing arm, a coupling rotatable about a vertical axis, connecting the drawing and tracing arms one above the other and constraining them against relative movement in the horizontal plane while permitting relative pivotal movement in vertical planes, a vertical post rigidly fixed to the table, means to support the coupling on the post at an adjustable height, and additional coupling means connecting the drawing and tracing arms, displaced in plan from the vertical axis of the coupling, spanning the vertical distance between them and comprising a universal joint.
  • the machine of claim 1 including a yoke slidably mounted on the post and means to clamp the yoke to the post, in which the arms of the yoke are horizontal and in which the coupling is mounted between the arms.
  • a perspective drawing machine comprising a horizontal table, a vertical drawing board, an extensible tracing arm and an extensible drawing arm at right angles to one another in plan, a vertical column, a plinth supporting the column and standing movably on the table, means swivel-lably connecting an end of the tracing arm to the column and movable up and down the column, a tracing point provided by the plinth, a writing instrument mounted at one end of the drawing arm, a coupling rotatable about a vertical axis, connecting the drawing and tracing arms one above the other and constraining them against relative movement in the horizontal plane while permitting relative pivotal movement in vertical planes, a vertical post rigidly fixed to the table, means to support the coupling on the post at an adjustable height, and additional coupling means connecting the drawing and tracing arms and consisting in two parts each providing one element of 'a pair of surfaces biassed into contact but free to move relatively to one another, the parts being one above the other and such that their vertical displacement remains substantially constant in all positions of
  • the coupling is a body with two vertical slots, one above the other and at right angles to one another, and in which the drawing and tracing arms extend one through each slot and are pivoted on the slots about horizontal axes.
  • the universal joint comprises a Hookes joint, the central member of which is arranged vertically, with a horizontal limb fixed on the frame for pivotal movement about its axis which axis is inclined to the axes of both arms to transmit to one arm tilting movements of the other arm.
  • each link is arranged to be permitted rotational movement about its own axis relatively to its arm.
  • the machine of claim 13 including a collar on the column to which the tracing arm is swivellably connected, pulleys at the top and bottom of the column, an endless band around the pulleys, an operating knob for rotating one pulley to drive the band, and a calibrated scale on the band, the collar being attached to one bight of the band.
  • the machine of claim 1 including counterbalancing means mounted on the drawing arm consisting in a wheeled carriage that runs on the drawing arm, two spaced pulleys mounted on the drawing arm and an endless cord around the pulleys, one bight of which is secured to the carriage and the other to the rod.
  • a perspective drawing machine comprising a horizontal table, a vertical drawing board, an extensible tracing arm comprising a tracing point; and an extensible drawing arm at right angles to one another in plan, a vertical column, a plinth supporting the column and standing movably on the table, a tracing point provided by the plinth, a writing instrument mounted at one end of the drawing arm, a coupling rotatable about a vertical axis, connecting the drawing and tracing arms one above the other and constraining them against relative movement in the horizontal plane while permitting relative pivotal movement in vertical planes, a vertical post rigidly fixed to the table, means to support the coupling on the post at an adjustable height, additional coupling means connecting the drawing and tracing arms, displaced in plan from the vertical axis of the coupling, spanning the vertical distance between them and comprising a universal joint; and a device for translating to the drawing arm lines that are curved in plan view, consisting in means defining a path that is a simulacrum of the line mounted on
  • the defining means is a disc mounted for its height and for its orientation to be adjustable.
  • the defining means is a plate with a series of concentric grooves cut into it, and in which the tracing point is a stylus adapted to be engaged in any one of the grooves and to be constrained by the groove to move around the selected groove.
  • the defining means is a disc mounted for rotation about its axis, and a means to engage the end of the tracing arm arranged on the face of the disc for its radial distance to be adjustable.
  • the engaging means comprises a pointer associated with a scale graduated to show radial distances, and a peck in the pointer and in which the tracing arm has a pointed end that is adapted to be engaged in the pock in the pointer.
  • the machine of claim 19 including a spindle mounted on the column journalled in a cranked bracket that is adjustable in respect of its angular orientation to the vertical.
US610865A 1954-08-09 1956-09-19 Apparatus for making perspective drawings Expired - Lifetime US2836893A (en)

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ZA349795X 1954-08-09

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US2836893A true US2836893A (en) 1958-06-03

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US (1) US2836893A (en:Method)
BE (1) BE540429A (en:Method)
CH (1) CH349795A (en:Method)
FR (1) FR1143025A (en:Method)
GB (1) GB776111A (en:Method)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4672749A (en) * 1984-06-26 1987-06-16 Tamari Vladimir F Mechanical perspective drafting device
FR3050959A1 (fr) * 2016-05-03 2017-11-10 Pierre-Jean Laine Dispositif robotise mobile pour dessiner sur les surfaces verticales
CN114252063A (zh) * 2021-12-22 2022-03-29 内蒙古工业大学 一种基于几何透视法的古建筑测绘装置及其测绘方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH17733A (fr) * 1898-10-03 1899-08-15 V Ziegler Christophe Perspecteur-pantographe
US704307A (en) * 1901-10-22 1902-07-08 Paul Galopin Perspectograph.
US888249A (en) * 1907-09-13 1908-05-19 Ernst Meyer Apparatus for drawing perspective views.
US962439A (en) * 1906-05-25 1910-06-28 Long Arm System Company Engraving-machine.
CH176067A (fr) * 1934-01-31 1935-03-31 Odier Ernest Appareil pour l'établissement de perspectives.

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH17733A (fr) * 1898-10-03 1899-08-15 V Ziegler Christophe Perspecteur-pantographe
US704307A (en) * 1901-10-22 1902-07-08 Paul Galopin Perspectograph.
US962439A (en) * 1906-05-25 1910-06-28 Long Arm System Company Engraving-machine.
US888249A (en) * 1907-09-13 1908-05-19 Ernst Meyer Apparatus for drawing perspective views.
CH176067A (fr) * 1934-01-31 1935-03-31 Odier Ernest Appareil pour l'établissement de perspectives.

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4672749A (en) * 1984-06-26 1987-06-16 Tamari Vladimir F Mechanical perspective drafting device
FR3050959A1 (fr) * 2016-05-03 2017-11-10 Pierre-Jean Laine Dispositif robotise mobile pour dessiner sur les surfaces verticales
CN114252063A (zh) * 2021-12-22 2022-03-29 内蒙古工业大学 一种基于几何透视法的古建筑测绘装置及其测绘方法

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BE540429A (en:Method)
CH349795A (fr) 1960-10-31
FR1143025A (fr) 1957-09-25
GB776111A (en) 1957-06-05

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