US2815307A - Processes for coating and drying photographic layers - Google Patents

Processes for coating and drying photographic layers Download PDF

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Publication number
US2815307A
US2815307A US375404A US37540453A US2815307A US 2815307 A US2815307 A US 2815307A US 375404 A US375404 A US 375404A US 37540453 A US37540453 A US 37540453A US 2815307 A US2815307 A US 2815307A
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coating
chamber
drying
zone
web
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US375404A
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English (en)
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Beck Robert Haun
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EIDP Inc
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EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
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Priority to BE530378D priority Critical patent/BE530378A/xx
Application filed by EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co filed Critical EI Du Pont de Nemours and Co
Priority to US375404A priority patent/US2815307A/en
Priority to FR1112718D priority patent/FR1112718A/fr
Priority to DEP12456A priority patent/DE961784C/de
Priority to US568868A priority patent/US2898882A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/74—Applying photosensitive compositions to the base; Drying processes therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
    • B29C48/08—Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/91—Heating, e.g. for cross linking
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9135—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means
    • B29C48/914—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means cooling drums
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
    • B29C48/911—Cooling
    • B29C48/9135—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means
    • B29C48/915—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means with means for improving the adhesion to the supporting means
    • B29C48/916—Cooling of flat articles, e.g. using specially adapted supporting means with means for improving the adhesion to the supporting means using vacuum

Definitions

  • PROCESSES FOR COATING AND DRYING PHOTOGRAPHIC LAYERS Filed Aug. 20, 1953 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Elm or Paper 44 32 4o Web W I I l 1 I ""110111111 42 Heotmg platens INVENTOR ROBERT HAUN BECK ATTORNEY PRGCESSES FGR (IGA'HNG DRYKNG PHQTQGRAPHHS LAYERS Application August 20, 1953, Serial No. 37 5,404
  • This invention relates to photography and more particularly to a process and apparatus for coating viscous solutions as layers in photographic elements and drying such layers. More particularly it relates to a process and apparatus for coating and drying viscous aqueous silver halide dispersions in water-permeable colloids. Still more particularly it relates to such a process and apparatus wherein highly reduced pressures are utilized. In an important aspect, the invention relates to a process and apparatus for coating and drying viscous aqueous silver halide dispersions in gelatin at highly reduced pressures.
  • Photographic films and paper are usually made on a large commercial scale by coating continuous rolls of flexible film base in wide widths, e. g., 36 to 48 inches, with an aqueous dispersion of silver halides in a waterpermeable colloid, chilling and setting the liquid emulsion and drying the emulsion layer in a convection type dryer wherein the wet bulb temperature of the air is lower than the melting point of the set emulsion.
  • Two common methods of coating photographic layers are: (1) skim coating in which the web is passed around a coating roll disposed in a coating pan so that the web contacts the liquid emulsion and picks up a thin layer and (2) air jet coating in which emulsion is applied by method (1) and then a thin jet of air is directed against the coating in order to control the amount (thickness) of emulsion adhering to the web.
  • the photographic layer can also be applied by dip coating, by applicator rolls, or from a suitable extrusion hopper.
  • the air jet method has the advantage that aqueous emulsions of higher solids content can be used.
  • setting of the aqueous emulsion layer is accomplished by passing the coated web through a zone in which the wet bulb temperature is below the melting point of the emulsion where in it sets or gels to a semi-solid condition.
  • Drying of the webs coated by the foregoing methods is usually done by festooning the web over the moving bars of a festoon dryer.
  • the air velocities and drying conditions in such a dryer are generally moderate and drying times of 30 to 90 minutes are required, depending upon the coating weight of the layer.
  • Spiral chamber dryers and tenter frame dryers have been used and are quite satisfactory but they require rather expensive and large equipment.
  • the aqueous silver halide colloid dispersions are relatively dilute
  • An object of this invention is to provide an improved process for coating and drying photographic webs, e. g., films and papers. Another object is to provide a more rapid method of coating and drying photographic films and papers. A further object is to provide a process of coating films and papers with photographic emulsions of high solids content. Yet another object is to provide such process which can be readily controlled. A still further object is to provide such a process which can be carried out on a continuous basis and will produce relatively thin, smooth, uniform coatings.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide improved apparatus for the coating and drying of concentrated aqueous silver halide colloid dispersions. Yet another object is to provide such apparatus which is simple to construct and easy to maintain under continuous operating conditions. A further object is to provide such an apparatus which requires a minimum of space and moving parts. Still other objects will be apparent from the following description of the invention.
  • a commercially practical process of coating and drying a viscous aqueous solution which comprises extruding a viscous aqueous solution onto a flexible web traveling at a linear speed of at least 150 feet per minute and 1 to 200 times faster than the linear speed of extrusion of the liquid, in the substantial absence of non-condensable gases, but in the presence of added readily condensable vapors of inert, water-soluble liquids having a boiling point of not greater than 230 F. at atmospheric pressure, passing the coated web at the same rate through a heated drying zone for 2 to 15 seconds, said zone being maintained at a pressure of 5 to 192 mm. of mercury, and the coated layer being at a temperature of 34 F. to 150 F. during its passage through said drying zone.
  • the novel processes of this invention in one of its broader aspects comprises extruding a viscous aqueous dispersion of silver halides in a water-permeable colloid having a viscosity of 2,000 to 100,000 and preferably 3,000 to 60,000 centipoises and a solids content of 20% to 65%, through a narrow, rectangular slot orifice onto a moving Web of film or paper traveling at a speed of at least 150 feet per minute and at a linear speed the same or preferably faster than that at which the dispersion is extruded so that the extruded layer of dispersion is drawn down 1 to 200 times in thickness, at a reduced pressure, in the substantial absence of non-condensable vapors but in the presence of added water vapor at a pressure of 20 to 190 mm.
  • the lips of the rectangular slot orifice are placed about 0.002 to 0.030 inch apart and they are disposed about to 7 inch above the surface of the web to be coated.
  • the angle between the web and the center line of the extrusion lips should be from 0 degree to 60 degrees. Since the coating point is generally above a supporting roller of small diameter or curved bar of small radius the angle is measured from the tangent perpendicular to the axis 3 of such roller or bar at the point of contact of the extruded layer of dispersion.
  • the coating chamber In carrying out the process the coating chamber is provided with suitable sealing means at the point of entrance and at the point of exit of the web from the drying chamber. Also in its movement from the coating chamber to the drying chamber the web is conducted through a restricted opening so that a differential pressure can be maintained between the coating zone and drying zone, respectively.
  • the total pressure in the coating zone should be high enough to prevent the water and any water-soluble solvents in the aqueous dispersion being coated from boiling at the coating temperature which, with photographic gelatin emulsions, is usually about 90 F. to 110 F.
  • Air is purged from the coating zone before the coating operation commences by introducing a current of water vapor, e. g., saturated steam while evacuating the two zones by means of a vacuum pump or aspirator.
  • Water vapor is, introduced into the coating zone continuously during the coating operation and the added water vapor and any air which leaks into the system and any water or volatile solvents which evaporate from the emulsion are drawn off by means of a vacuum pump or aspirator.
  • the aqueous coating solution contains a watersoluble solvent which has a relatively high vapor pressure, such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and acetone, vapors of such solvents and/ or water can be added to the coating zone.
  • a watersoluble solvent which has a relatively high vapor pressure, such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and acetone
  • Fig. l is a schematic, sectional view in elevation of one type of vacuum coater and dryer of this invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic, sectional view in elevation of an alternative type vacuum coater and dryer of this invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a perspective view with parts in section of the coating support roller and vapor induction tube.
  • the coating and drying apparatus shown in Fig. l of the drawings consists of an enclosed chamber 1 which is provided with an eduction pipe 2.
  • the chamber is divided into two zones, a coating zone and a drying zone.
  • a continuous web of photographic film base or paper from a source not shown passes through one wall of the chamber into the coating zone.
  • This wall is provided with two hard surfaced (e. g. metal) rollers 3 which have resilient sealing means at their ends.
  • a horizontal resilient roller 4 presses against the surface of horizontal rollers 3 and when the web is introduced between one of the rollers 3 and resilient roller 4, the admission of any significant amount of air into the coating chamber is prevented.
  • the web passes in a horizontal plane over horizontally disposed roller 5 then downwardly under horizontal roller 6, then upwardly over horizontal coating support roller 7, then downwardly around a relatively large drum 8, which can be provided with means for regulating its temperature.
  • the film then passes upwardly into the drying chamber.
  • the coating chamber is separated from the drying chamber by means of an L shaped baffle 9 which is provided at its ends with suitable resilient sealing means 10 which contact with the hard surface sealing roller 3 and another horizontally disposed hard surface sealing roller l1 between the surface of which and the surface of the drum 8 there is disposed another horizontally mounted resilient sealing roller 12.
  • the outer wall of the chamber 1 is curved and spaced a slight distance from the surface of the drum, thus acting as a baflle and providing a means of maintaining a pressure difference between the coating zone and the drying zone.
  • an extrusion hopper 13 which is provided with a narrow slot orifice for extruding the viscous aqueous silver halide dispersion onto the surface of the web.
  • This extrusion hopper is similar to that described more fully below in the apparatus of Fig. 2 being shown indetail in Fig. 3.
  • the emulsion is fed into the hopper at a constant rate by means of a metering pump. It preferably is first passed through a heat exchanger which maintains the temperature uniform.
  • the hopper may also be provided with temperature regulating means.
  • a horizontally disposed vapor tube 14 is placed adjacent to the coating support roller 7 so that solvent vapor or other condensable vapor can be introduced into the coating zone near the coating point.
  • the absolute pressure in the coating zone is regulated by the amount of condensable vapor added.
  • the web W after leaving the coating chamber passes upwardly then over a horizontally disposed guide roller 15 which is journaled in hearings on a frame which can be moved upwardly or downwardly in the drying chamber to vary the length of film between heating elements (described below).
  • the web then passes downwardly under a horizontal guide roller 16 then laterally between hard surface sealing roller 17 and resilient sealing roller 13, which in turn, presses against another horizontal hard surface sealing roller 17 which has a construction similar to roller 3.
  • the upper end of the drying chamber is provided with heating platens 19 which are provided with suitable means for heating them to an elevated temperature, e. g., 300 F. to 1000 F.
  • These platens may contain electrical resistance elements (e.
  • infra-red heating platens may he provided with tubes for circulating a heat exchange fiuid. Between the heating platens and the walls of the chamber, there is provided suitable insulation 20. It may be composed of any suitable insulation such as refractory insulating brick or aluminum foil. An inspection window 21 is provided in the wall of the chamber opposite the coating point.
  • the drum may be 2 to 4 feet in diameter and the drying zone 8 to 20 feet in height.
  • the remaining rollers may have diameters proportional, as shown in the drawing, to such drum diameters.
  • the coating and drying apparatus shown in Fig. 2 of the drawings consists of a U-shaped chamber 31 which has a lateral eduction duct for vapor removal in the upper part of the chamber 32.
  • Web W passes between the circumferential surfaces of the resilient sealing roll and the hard-surface sealing roll then downwardly under guiding roller 35, then upwardly over coating support roller 36, then downwardly and upwardly around drum 37 for the major portion of its diameter then under guiding roller 38 and upwardly between hard surface sealing roller 39 and resilient sealing roller 40, which in turn, is pressed against an additional hard-surface sealing roller 39.
  • sealing rollers 33, 34, 39, and 4% are journaled in suitable bearings mounted on the frame for the chamber 31. Their ends and one face are provided with resilient sealing means to prevent the free ingress of air between the atmosphere and the chamber. Sealing means 33 and 39' are provided in the walls of the chamber to press against the peripheral surfaces of rollers 33 and 39, respectively.
  • a horizontal resilient sealing roller 41 is placed between the surface of drum 37 and one of the sealing rollers 39 or 33 (as shown) in order to separate the coating zone from the drying zone of the chamber.
  • the lower curved wall of chamber 31 is U-shaped and, in general, follows the contour of the drum. It is maintained close to the drum, for example, about A; of an inch therefrom from the point where the web passes onto the drum for a substantial distance so as to form a narrow confining passage for the web.
  • This narrow passage, with sealing roller 41 serves to separate the coating chamber from the drying chamber so that the zones can be separately heated or exhausted to different temperatures andpressures.
  • the lower U-shaped wall of the chamber 31 is spaced from the surface of the drum in order to form a U-shaped drying zone 42.
  • Curved heating platens 42' are placed in this chamber and may be fastened to the walls by any suitable means. These heating elements can be electrically heated platens or platens heated by means of tubes through which a heatregulating fluid is circulated.
  • the upper part of chamber 31 opposite the coating Zone that has the eduction opening 32 which is preferably a rectangular or circular tube, communicates with an aspirator expansion chamber 43. High pressure steam is passed through aspirator tube 44 which passes into the aspirator expansion chamber and withdraws vapors from the coating and heating zone.
  • the aspirator expansion chamber communicates with a cooling chamber 45 which is provided with suitable horizontal staggered bafiles 46. Water is passed through pipe 47 into the cooling chamber where it passes downwardly over the bafiles and absorbs the vapors passing into the chamber. Any remaining vapors pass upwardly through pipe 48 which connects with aspirator 49 and high pressure steam is injected into this aspirator by a suitable tube 50.
  • the lower end of the cooling chamber is provided with an outlet tube 51 which communicates with a pump 52.
  • extrusion hopper 54 Adjacent to the extrusion hopper there is provided a vapor tube 59 for the introduction of water vapor or other condensable vapor near the coating point. In the wall opposite the extrusion hopper there is provided a window 53 so that the point of coating can be observed.
  • the emulsion is fed into the hopper at a constant rate by means of a metering pump. It preferably is first passed through a heat exchanger which maintains the temperature uniform.
  • the hopper is also provided with temperature regulating means.
  • the drum in the type of apparatus shown in Fig. 2 may be 8 to 20 feet in diameter and the other rollers proportional in size to the drum, as indicated in the drawing.
  • the apparatus shown in Fig. 2 is not limited to an aspirator for removing vapors from the drying zone as a vacuum pump or other suitable vacuum producing means can be connected to the eduction opening 32.
  • a vacuum pump or other suitable vacuum producing means can be connected to the eduction opening 32.
  • Other means of condensing the vapors may be employed such as tubular heat exchangers.
  • the induction hopper 54 has a horizontal throat 55' which connects with a source of viscous aqueous solution, e. g., an aqueous silver halide dispersion.
  • the throat communicates with lips 56 which are spaced a short distance apart, e. g., 0.002 inch to 0.030 inch.
  • lips 56 which are spaced a short distance apart, e. g., 0.002 inch to 0.030 inch.
  • One or both of these lips may be made adjustable so that the width of the opening between the lips can be closely adjusted. It may be fastened to the hopper by means of screws 57.
  • the hopper is also provided with channels 58 through which a heat exchanging fluid can be circulated to control the temperature of the hopper.
  • the lips of the hopper should be accurately machined and highly finished and they should be as nearly parallel as possible so as to result in a uniform thickness of the extruded emulsion.
  • the upper surface of the bottom hopper lip is placed about to inch from the surface of the web.
  • Vapor tube 59 is placed adjacent to the hopper so that water vapor or other condensable vapor is projected under the hopper between the web and the extruded layer of silver halide dispersion.
  • Suitable sealing means for the ends of the rolls 3, 4, 12, 17, 18, 33, 34, 39, and 41, etc. for seals 10, 33 and 39' of the two above-described types of apparatus are described in Minton U. S. Patent No. 1,633,121.
  • This pateat also discloses suitable sealed journalled bearings which 0 are useful for mounting the sealing rolls in the apparatus of the invention.
  • gears, belts or chains and attendant mechanisms which are connected to a suitable source or sources of power can be used to drive the drum and coating roller. They can be synchronized with each other and with suitable web windup and feed devices. Rapid change mechanisms, etc., to permit substituting a new roll of Web and splicing it to the end of the old roll, can be supplied to make the operation continuous over long periods of time.
  • the heating elements or platens used in the above apparatus should be constructed so that they do not emit any substantial amounts of actinic light which would expose and thus affect the coated layer deleteriously. These platens may be electrically heated and should provide uniform concentration of radiant energy over the entire surface exposed.
  • the smaller diameter coating roller enables one to use a wider angle of nip between the locus of the path of the extruded film and the tangent to the roller surface.
  • a stationary curved coating bar of equally small radius can be used in place of the roller if desired. It has been found that a wider angle of nip admits of faster coating speeds and substantially eliminates entrapment of vapor between the emulsion and base.
  • Example 1 An aqueous gelatino silver iodobromide emulsion of the X-ray type (50% by weight solids content) is extruded through an emulsion hopper onto a thin gelatin substratum on a cellulose acetate film base having a thickness of about 8 mils and a width of about 45", to a coating weight of about 103 milligrams of silver hflide per square decimeter, in an apparatus of the type shown in Fig. 1 of the drawing.
  • the air is removed from the apparatus by introducing a jet of steam while evacuating the drying chamber to a pressure of 18 to 40 mm. of mercury.
  • the coating zone is maintained at a temperature of F. to F.
  • the lips of the coating hopper are spaced 0.005 to 0.010 inch apart and they are disposed about /s inch from the point of contact with the web on the coating support roller which has a diameter of inch.
  • the emulsion is extruded at the rate of 40-80 feet per minute and the web is moved past the coating point at the rate of 400 feet per minute.
  • the infra-red heating platens in the drying zone are maintained at a temperature of about 1000 F. The length of the heating platens is about 10 feet and any given point on the film is maintained in the drying zone about three seconds.
  • Example 11 A gelatino silver iodobromide emulsion of thetype described in Example I is prepared and coatedonto a film element of the type described in that example but in an apparatus of the type shown in Fig. 2 of the drawing.
  • the air is first removed from the apparatus by aspirators which maintain a vapor pressure. of 6 to 10 mm. of mercury in the drying chamber. Steam is admitted to the coating chamber at a rate. to maintain a pressure of 60 to 70 mm. in such coating chamber.
  • the drum is approximately 10 feet in diameter and heated to a temperature of 105 F. to 110 F; and the heating platens are heated to a temperature of"900 F. to.1000 F.
  • the coated film remains in the drying chamber for about three to four seconds. As it emerges from the drying chamber, it is found to be smooth, firm and of uniform photographic quality.
  • the film has properties similar to a film dried in air in the conventional manner.
  • the apparatus described above is not limited to the use of electric means for heating the platens nor to the passage of a heated exchange fluid through ducts or tubes, as induction heating may be used.
  • the drum can be heated by means of induction coils or by passing a heat exchange fluid through channels or ducts near its surface.
  • the invention is, of course, not limited to the coating of film and paper with aqueous gelatin silver halide emulsions but is useful in coating aqueous silver halide dispersions in other water-permeable colloids as described above.
  • it can be used in the coating of aqueous ethanol solutions of polyvinyl acetal color formers of the type described in Jennings et al. U. S. Patent 2,397,864 and Blanchard U. S. Patent 2,551,091.
  • the invention is useful in preparing multilayer photographic film elements including multicolor films both positive and negative, printing papers, double-coated X- ray films, motion picture films, portrait films, and papers, etc. It is not only useful in coating the light-sensitive silver halide colloid layers but can be used in coating light-filter layers, and antihalation layers containing dyes and pigments which absorb the desired wavelengths of light, as well as antiabrasion layers and snblayers from aqueous solutions, including aqueous ethanol solutions. In these layers gelatin or the other colloids described above may constitute the film-forming binding agent.
  • the coating solutions may have a solids content of 20% to 65%.
  • An advantage of the invention resides in the fact that photographic film and paper may becoated and dried in-an extremely short time as compared with prior art methods. seconds at relatively low temperatures. The high drying rate admits of considerable. savings in labor and in fixed overhead for the photographic manufacturer.
  • the apparatus has the advantage that it is very compact and requires only a fraction of the building space usually required for the convection type of dryer.
  • the process of the present invention requires relatively small quantities of added vapor, e. g., steam. Relatively small amounts of electric power, steam and other utilities are required for the operation of the vacuum coating and drying apparatus of this invention as compared with the convection type coater and dryer of equivalent capacity.
  • the invention has the further advantage that dust particles are not likely to come into contact with the wet The viscous solu--
  • the film can be dried in three to five coating material. Also the extremely short travel of the wet emulsion within-a sealed chamber makes dust collection extremely unlikely.
  • Film dried in vacuumat temperatures below 90 F. has a low surface resistivity (5x10 so that it will not be abnormally susceptible to static troubles later on in its manufacture or use. Film dried in so short a time by any other method would have a high surface resistivity and would be likely to pick up static marks in handling subsequent to the drying operations. Still other advantages will be apparentifrom the'above descriptionof the invention.
  • the process whichcomprises extruding in a coating zone within a chamber a viscous aqueous solution-onto a moving flexible. web traveling'at a linear speed of at least 150'feetper minute andl'to 200 times faster than the linear speed of. extrusion of the dispersion, in the substantialabsence. of non-condensable gases, but in the presence of added readily condensable vapors of inert, water-solubleliquids havinga boiling pointof not great er than 230 F.
  • the process which comprises extruding a viscous aqueous dispersion of silver halides in a water-permeable colloid having a viscosity of 2,000 to 100,000 centipoises and a solids content of 20% to 65%, in the form of a layer 0.002 inch to 0.030 inch in thickness, into a zone within a chamber, said zone being maintained at a pressure from 20 to 190 mm. of mercury and a temperature of 75 F.
  • colloid is a hydroxyl polymer containing a large number of recurring intralinear CH CHOH-- groups.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
US375404A 1953-08-20 1953-08-20 Processes for coating and drying photographic layers Expired - Lifetime US2815307A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE530378D BE530378A (fr) 1953-08-20
US375404A US2815307A (en) 1953-08-20 1953-08-20 Processes for coating and drying photographic layers
FR1112718D FR1112718A (fr) 1953-08-20 1954-07-23 Perfectionnements à l'enduction de compositions aqueuses sur des supports
DEP12456A DE961784C (de) 1953-08-20 1954-08-04 Verfahren und Geraet zum Beschichten einer bewegten Traegerbahn mit einer viskosen waessrigen Masse
US568868A US2898882A (en) 1953-08-20 1956-03-01 Apparatus for coating and drying photographic layers

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US375404A US2815307A (en) 1953-08-20 1953-08-20 Processes for coating and drying photographic layers
US568868A US2898882A (en) 1953-08-20 1956-03-01 Apparatus for coating and drying photographic layers

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2963001A (en) * 1957-09-16 1960-12-06 Continental Can Co Chamber sealing apparatus for web materials
US2972330A (en) * 1956-02-15 1961-02-21 Nat Steel Corp Vacuum seal for coating apparatus
US3082144A (en) * 1957-11-08 1963-03-19 Du Pont Extrusion coating under reduced pressure
US3158507A (en) * 1960-01-11 1964-11-24 Continental Can Co Floating roller seal
US3161710A (en) * 1961-07-27 1964-12-15 Du Pont Polymerization process for polyester films
US3260603A (en) * 1962-11-23 1966-07-12 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Rough surfaced copy-sheet intermediate
US3379878A (en) * 1962-02-15 1968-04-23 Lumoprint Zindler Kg Thermographic reproduction apparatus with means to apply the radiation sensitive material just prior to exposure
US3640752A (en) * 1966-05-02 1972-02-08 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Coating method
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US6426119B1 (en) * 1994-01-04 2002-07-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Coating method employing die enclosure system
US20030131793A1 (en) * 2002-01-15 2003-07-17 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Production apparatus of multilayer coating film
US20030230003A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2003-12-18 3M Innovative Properties Company Vapor collection method and apparatus
US20040231186A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2004-11-25 Kolb William Blake Coating process and apparatus
US20040231185A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2004-11-25 Kolb William Blake Dry converting process and apparatus

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US3632374A (en) * 1968-06-03 1972-01-04 Eastman Kodak Co Method of making photographic elements
US3508947A (en) * 1968-06-03 1970-04-28 Eastman Kodak Co Method for simultaneously applying a plurality of coated layers by forming a stable multilayer free-falling vertical curtain
EP1642729B1 (fr) * 2004-10-04 2008-03-26 Océ-Technologies B.V. Dispositif de traitement de feuilles avec plaque de support pour feuilles et système de régulation de température

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US2972330A (en) * 1956-02-15 1961-02-21 Nat Steel Corp Vacuum seal for coating apparatus
US2963001A (en) * 1957-09-16 1960-12-06 Continental Can Co Chamber sealing apparatus for web materials
US3082144A (en) * 1957-11-08 1963-03-19 Du Pont Extrusion coating under reduced pressure
US3158507A (en) * 1960-01-11 1964-11-24 Continental Can Co Floating roller seal
US3161710A (en) * 1961-07-27 1964-12-15 Du Pont Polymerization process for polyester films
US3379878A (en) * 1962-02-15 1968-04-23 Lumoprint Zindler Kg Thermographic reproduction apparatus with means to apply the radiation sensitive material just prior to exposure
US3260603A (en) * 1962-11-23 1966-07-12 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Rough surfaced copy-sheet intermediate
US3640752A (en) * 1966-05-02 1972-02-08 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Coating method
US4051278A (en) * 1975-06-06 1977-09-27 Eastman Kodak Company Method for reducing mottle in coating a support with a liquid coating composition
US6426119B1 (en) * 1994-01-04 2002-07-30 3M Innovative Properties Company Coating method employing die enclosure system
US20050241177A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2005-11-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Coating process and apparatus
US20070107254A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2007-05-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Dry converting process and apparatus
US20040231186A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2004-11-25 Kolb William Blake Coating process and apparatus
US20040231185A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2004-11-25 Kolb William Blake Dry converting process and apparatus
US7971370B2 (en) 2000-09-24 2011-07-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Vapor collection method and apparatus
US7918038B2 (en) 2000-09-24 2011-04-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Vapor collection method and apparatus
US7032324B2 (en) 2000-09-24 2006-04-25 3M Innovative Properties Company Coating process and apparatus
US7918039B2 (en) 2000-09-24 2011-04-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Coating process and apparatus
US20060179680A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2006-08-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Vapor collection method and apparatus
US20060191160A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2006-08-31 3M Innovative Properties Company Vapor collection method and apparatus
US7100302B2 (en) 2000-09-24 2006-09-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Coating process and apparatus
US7143528B2 (en) 2000-09-24 2006-12-05 3M Innovative Properties Company Dry converting process and apparatus
US20030230003A1 (en) * 2000-09-24 2003-12-18 3M Innovative Properties Company Vapor collection method and apparatus
US7182813B2 (en) * 2002-01-15 2007-02-27 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Production apparatus of multilayer coating film
US20060121202A1 (en) * 2002-01-15 2006-06-08 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Production apparatus of multilayer coating film
US20030131793A1 (en) * 2002-01-15 2003-07-17 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Production apparatus of multilayer coating film
CN1956799B (zh) * 2004-03-26 2010-08-25 3M创新有限公司 涂敷工艺和设备
WO2005102542A1 (fr) * 2004-03-26 2005-11-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Procede d'enrobage et dispositif correspondant
KR101152022B1 (ko) 2004-03-26 2012-06-11 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 코팅 방법 및 장치

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Publication number Publication date
DE961784C (de) 1957-04-11
US2898882A (en) 1959-08-11
BE530378A (fr) 1900-01-01
FR1112718A (fr) 1956-03-19

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