US2805342A

US2805342A - Diffractometer

Info

Publication number: US2805342A
Application number: US442567A
Authority: US
Inventors: Andrew R Lang
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1954-07-12
Filing date: 1954-07-12
Publication date: 1957-09-03
Anticipated expiration: 1974-09-03

Description

Sept. 3, 1957 A. R. LANG 2,305,342

DIFFRACTOMETER Filed July 12, 1954 BY I ATTORNEY United States Patent ice DIFFRACTOR ETER Andrew R. Lang, Cambridge, Mass.

Appiication July 12, 1954, Serial No. 442,567

Claims. (Cl. 25tl53) The present invention relates to diflra-ctometers.

Specimens are commonly analyzed with the aid of X- rays that are caused to impinge thereon in the form of a diverging primary beam that is reflected therefrom by diffraction in the form of a converging beam that is thereafter detected. The specimen is mounted upon a rotatably adjustable support.

In many applications, however, as where it is necessary to study diffracted rays scattered at small angles, and where it is desirable to study preferred orientation textures of the material of the specimen, improved results are obtained by transmitting the primary X-ray beam through the specimen, instead of reflecting it therefrom.

An object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved diffractometer operating on the principle of transmitting the primary X-ray beam through the specimen.

With the above end in view, a feature of the invention resides in positioning a collimator of particular type in the path of the secondary diverging X-ray beam transmitted by diffraction through the specimen. The collimator is provided with a plurality of X-ray transmission channels converging longitudinally toward the virtual focus of the diverging secondary X-ray beam when the collimator occupies a predetermined position. The collimator may be rotatably adjusted about the axis of rotation of the said rotatably adjustable support at double the rate of rotatable adjustment of the specimen about the said axis of rotation to an optimum position for effecting recording of the data.

Other and further objects of the invention will be explained hereinafter and will be particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

The invention will now be more fully described in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating geometric principles underlying the present invention; and Fig. 2 is a perspective, partly in section and partly broken away, of a diffractometer embodying the invention.

A primary beam is diagrammatically shown in Fig. 1 diverging from a source 1 of X-rays, illustrated in Fig. 2 as a straight-line source produced by bombarding the target 12 of an X-ray tube 11 by a beam of electrons emitted from a filament 13. The straight-line source 1 is diagrammatically indicated in Fig. 1 as perpendicular to the plane of the drawing, which may represent the scanning plane. The primary X-ray beam is shown in Fig. 1 diverging toward an X-ray diflraction transmission specimen 2 that it is desired to analyze. It is customary to adjust the support for the specimen 2, shown in Fig. 2 at 1 rotatably about an axis 3 substantially perpendicular to the primary diverging X-ray beam and parallel to the straight-line X-ray source 1. The center-or median ray 4 of the incident primary diverging X-ray beam is therefore shown impinging upon a central part of the specimen 2 at 3, approximately half-way between the extreme rays of the diverging beam. The primary beam is trans- 2 mitted by diffraction through the specimen 2 in the form of a secondary X-ray beam that is shown diverging from a straight-line virtual focus 6 parallel to the straight-line source 1.

Prior-art diffractometers are not well adapted to the study of a diffracted X-ray beam that makes a small angle with the primary beam, for the following reasons. First, the length of the reflection specimen heretofore used that is irradiated by a primary beam of fixed divergence increases rapidly as the angle made by the primary beam with the specimen surface is reduced. Secondly, the aberrations of the Bragg-Brentano focussing geometry increase rapidly as the observed diffraction angle is reduced. Such increased aberration results in loss of angular resolution and reduction in the accuracy of determination of the difiracted angle. It is essential to record accurately diffracted small angles, however, in the study of important classes of substances, such as fibres, fats, soaps and solutions. It is for this reason that the specimen 2 is illustrated as a transmission specimen.

In a copending application, Serial No. 442,566, filed July 12, 1954, there is disclosed a diffractometer designed to obtain high resolution with the use of an X-ray diffraction reflection specimen disposed in the path of a primary X-ray beam the angle of divergence of which is usually between one and four degrees. This divergent primary X-ray beam becomes reflected from the specimen in the form of an X-ray beam that converges toward a scanning reception slit. Since the difiracted rays transmitted by the diffraction transmission specimen 2 described herein diverge, however, it is not possible to employ a scanning reception slit with a primary X-ray beam of divergence as great as from one to four degrees. It would be necessary to reduce the angle of divergence of the primary X-ray beam and, therefore, also that of the diffracted beam to a very much smaller value. This value would be so small as to be of the same order of magnitude as the angular resolution required in scanning the spectrum, which is usually a fraction of one degree of scattering angle. Such a reduction of primary beam divergence would result in so great a loss of total intensity of diliracted beam as to render it diflicult accurately to record the diffraction patterns of materials having low angle diffraction patterns. Many such materials, furthermore, are also weak scatterers of X-rays.

In another class of X-ray diffraction study, it is required to find the preferred orientation of crystallites within a polycrystalline fiber, sheet or foil. In such work, also, it is necessary to use a diffraction transmission specimen in order to determine the distribution of atomic plane normals in the general direction of the planes of the foil or the sheet or the plane containing the fibre axis. Here, too, a reduction of the angle of divergence of the primary beam will result in loss of intensity. There is the additional disadvantage, moreover, that the use of a primary beam of greatly reduced divergence results in a reduction of the number of crystallites contained in the irradiated volume of the specimen. This gives rise to statistical uncertainties in the determination of their orientation distributions.

The defects of the Bragg-Brentano focussing method in the study of beams diffracted at low angles are entirely overcome by the present invention, which provides an apparatus for use with a transmission specimen disposed in a primary X-ray beam of several degrees divergence in the scanning plane; This result is obtained though the diffraction pattern is recorded with a resolution of diffraction angle of a fraction of one degree.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, herein illustrated and described, an X-ray collimator 7 is interposed in the path of the diverging secondary X-ray Fatented Sept. 3, 1957 beamtransmitted by diffraction through the specimen 2 in the form of a diverging secondary X-ray beam. A detector 8 is disposed in the path of the X-ray beam transmitted through the collimator.

The collimator 7 is provided with a plurality of X-ray transmission channels 9 converging longitudinally toward the virtual focus 6, when the collimator occupies apredetermined position. r

The channels are conveniently constructed from sets of thin partitions with spacers between said partitions. The partitions are conveniently made of thin foil of metal which is strongly absorbing to the X-ray wavelengths used. It is desirable that the ratio'ofwidth of each channel to the thickness of each of such partitions be made as large as possible so that the greatest fraction of the. radiation in the diffracted beam' maybe transmitted, hence it is desirable that the partitions be thin. If each channel element is of the same widththen the axes of neighboring channels must be inclined to each other by the same small angle. This condition is conveniently satisfied by making either the partitions, or the spacers, or both,,in the form of wedges of small taper angle;

It has been found convenientto provide means for adjusting the distance of 7 from the diffractometer axis 3, and also for making a rotational adjustmentof the collimator 7 in the scanning plane so .that the point of convergence of the axes of the channels may be made accurately coincident with the focus 6.

The collimator 7 is adjustable about the axis of rotation 3. The straight-line source 1 and the virtual focus 6'form line elements of a circular cylinder of which the 7 axis of rotation is shown at 3.

Each channel. in the scanning plane is narrow enough and of suitable length to restrict the angular range of X-rays in the scanning plane transmitted by it to a desired small fraction of a degree, which is of the same order of magnitude as the required angular resolution of recording of the diffraction specimen...

The channels are so oriented with respectto one another that each channel transmits rays which 'have been separately diffracted by the specimen 2 but deviated through the same mean angle.

The number of the channels is sufiiciently great, fifty to one hundred, and the angle subtended thereby at the specimen 2 is sufficiently large, to receive diffracted rays coming from the entire illuminated area of the specimen 2 corresponding to the whole divergence of the incident primary X-ray beam.

At any given setting, however, the collimator. transmits a termediate portion of the shaft 15 ismounted in a bearing 16' provided upon a housing frame 30 secured to the base plate 31. The X-ray tube 11 is held in fixed position relative to the base plate 31; The shaft- 15 is' integral with a worm wheel 18 in thehousing frame '30. The worm wheel 18 is driven from a worm 19.

The collimator 7 and thedetector 8 are mounted upon a scanning arm2tl that is integral with a worm wheel 21 mounted coaxial with the shaft:15. The worm wheel 21 is driven from a worm 22'. r r

The worm wheels 18 and-2 1 are of the same diameter and have the same number of teeth. The worms 19'and 22, of identical construction, are journaled in'plates28 and 29, rising vertically from the base. plate 31.

A. gear 26 upon the shaft of a'motor 27, mounted'on the base plate 31-, meshes Witha' gear 23 upon the shaft oftthe1worm19; The gear 23,..in turn, through an idler 25; drives'a gear 24 on the shaft of the worm 22. The

diameter of the gear 23 is double that of the gear 24. The gear 23, therefore, has twice as many teeth as the gear 24. The worm wheel 21 and, therefore, the scanning arm 20 are thus rotated, in the same direction of rotation, at double the rate of rotation of the worm wheel 18 and the shaft 15 that is fixed thereto.

The

worm wheels

18 and 21 areinitially adjusted rotatably to a position such that the angle of incidence of the center or median ray 4' of the'primary diverging beam equals the angle of emergence of the center or median ray 5 of the secondary diverging beam transmitted through the specimen 2, as illustrated in Fig. 1. This will ensure that these angles shall be maintained equal in all positions of rotatable adjustment of the

worm wheels

18 and 21 effected by the motor 27.

During this rotation of the specimen 2 about the axis 3, the X-rays transmitted through the-collimator channels will diverge fromthe virtual straight-line focus 6. This virtual straight-line focus 6 will be disposed on a circular cylinder coaxial'with the axis of rotation 3. The straightline source 1 is disposed along a line element of this cylinder.

It is because of this construction, whereby the virtual 1. An X-ray diffractometer. comprisingmeans for supporting-in the path of a primary X-ray beam diverging from a source of X-rays an X-ray diifraction'transmission' specimen in order that the X rays may be transmitted therethrough by diffraction in the form of a diverging secondary X-ray beam having a virtual focus,.and a col- 7 limator disposed in the path of the diverging secondary" X ray beam' provided'with a plurality of I X-ray transmission channels converging longitudinally toward the said virtual focus when the collimator occupies apredetermined position, and a detector disposed'in the path ofthe X-rays transmitted through the transmission channels.

2. An X-ray diffractometer comprising means for supporting in the path of a-prim'ary X-ray beam. diverging from a source of X-rays an X-ray diffraction transmission specimen in order that the X-rays may be transmitted. therethrough by difiaction in the form of a diverging secondary X-ray'beamhavin'g a virtual focus, the supporting means beingrotatably"adjustable about an axis substantially perpendicular to the primary beam, and a collimator adjustableinthe path? of the diverging second ary X-ray beamalongthe surface of 'a' circular cylinder coaxial with the said, axis of rotation, thec'ollitnator be- 7 ing provided with a'plurality of X-ray transmission chanf nels converging longitudinally toward the said virtual focus when the collimator occupies a predetermined position of adjustment, and a detector disposed in the path of" the X-rays transmitted through the transmission channels;

3. An'X-ray diifractometer comprising means for sup-'- porting in the path of a'primary X-ray beam'diver'ging 7 from a source of X-rays anX-ray diffraction transmis sion specimen in orderthat the X-rays may be transa collimator adjustable 'in the path of i the diverging secondary X-ray beam alongthe surface of a circular cylinder coaxial with thesaid axis of rotation, the col;-

iirnator being provided with a plurality of X-ray transmission channels converging longitudinally toward the said virtual focus when the collimator occupies a predetermined position of adjustment, a detector disposed in the path of the X-rays transmitted through the transmission channels, and means for rotatably adjusting the collimator about the said axis of rotation at double the rate of rotatable adjustment of the specimen about the said axis of rotation.

4. An X-ray difiractometer comprising means for supporting in the path of a primary X-ray beam diverging from a source of X-rays an X-ray difiraction transmission specimen in order that the X-rays may be transmitted therethrough by diffraction in the form of a diverging secondary X-ray beam having a virtual focus, the supporting means being rotatably adjustable about an axis substantially perpendicular to the primary beam, and a collimator adjustable in the path of the diverging secondary X-ray beam along the surface of a circular cylinder coaxial with the said axis of rotation, the collimator being provided with a plurality of X-ray transmission channels converging longitudinally toward the said virtual focus when the collimator occupies a predetermined position of adjustment, and a detector disposed in the path of the X-rays transmitted through the transmission channels, the channels being of length and width to transmit X-rays of the diverging secondary X-ray beam over a narrow range of difi raction angles substantially determinative of the angular resolution of recording of the diffraction pattern.

5. An X-ray difiractometer comprising means for supporting in the path of a primary X-ray beam diverging from a source of X-rays an X-ray difiraction transmission specimen in order that the X-rays may be transmitted therethrough by diffraction in the form of a diverging secondary X-ray beam having a virtual focus, the supporting means being rotatably adjustable about an axis substantially perpendicular to the primary beam, and a collimator adjustable in the path of the diverging secondary X-ray beam along the surface of a circular cylinder coaxial with the said axis of rotation, the collimator being provided with a plurality of X-ray transmission channels converging longitudinally toward the said virtual focus when the collimator occupies a predetermined position of adjustment, the channels being disposed to transmit X-rays with the same mean diffraction angle, a detector disposed in the path of the X-rays transmitted through the transmission channels, the channels being of length and width to transmit X-rays of the diverging secondary X-ray beam over a narrow range of difiraction angles substantially determinative of the angular resolution of recording of the diffraction pattern, the number of the channels being sutficiently great to transmit all the X-rays within the entire range of divergence of the X-rays of the primary beam that are diffracted at the said mean difiraction angle, and means for rotatably adjusting the collimator about the said axis of rotation at double the rate of rotatable adjustment of the specimen about said axis of rotation, the initial angular position of the specimen being so adjusted about the said axis of rotation that, during the rotation of the specimen, the median ray in the primary X-ray beam and the median ray in the secondary X-ray beam shall be equally inclined thereto.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Harker Feb. 6, 1951 Parrish Apr. 24, 1951 OTHER REFERENCES