US2781907A - Apparatus and process for the vortical separation of liquid suspensions - Google Patents

Apparatus and process for the vortical separation of liquid suspensions Download PDF

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Publication number
US2781907A
US2781907A US451654A US45165454A US2781907A US 2781907 A US2781907 A US 2781907A US 451654 A US451654 A US 451654A US 45165454 A US45165454 A US 45165454A US 2781907 A US2781907 A US 2781907A
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United States
Prior art keywords
apex
hydrocyclone
overflow
liquid
concentration
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US451654A
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English (en)
Inventor
Freerk J Fontein
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Stamicarbon BV
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Stamicarbon BV
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B29/00—Apparatus or tools for mounting or dismounting wheels
    • B60B29/001—Apparatus or tools for mounting or dismounting wheels comprising lifting or aligning means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B49/00—Combined machines
    • A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03B—SEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
    • B03B5/00—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating
    • B03B5/28—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating by sink-float separation
    • B03B5/30—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating by sink-float separation using heavy liquids or suspensions
    • B03B5/32—Washing granular, powdered or lumpy materials; Wet separating by sink-float separation using heavy liquids or suspensions using centrifugal force
    • B03B5/34—Applications of hydrocyclones
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04C—APPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C5/00—Apparatus in which the axial direction of the vortex is reversed
    • B04C5/12—Construction of the overflow ducting, e.g. diffusing or spiral exits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04C—APPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C5/00—Apparatus in which the axial direction of the vortex is reversed
    • B04C5/14—Construction of the underflow ducting; Apex constructions; Discharge arrangements ; discharge through sidewall provided with a few slits or perforations
    • B04C5/15—Construction of the underflow ducting; Apex constructions; Discharge arrangements ; discharge through sidewall provided with a few slits or perforations with swinging flaps or revolving sluices; Sluices; Check-valves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04C—APPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C5/00—Apparatus in which the axial direction of the vortex is reversed
    • B04C5/14—Construction of the underflow ducting; Apex constructions; Discharge arrangements ; discharge through sidewall provided with a few slits or perforations
    • B04C5/185—Dust collectors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04C—APPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C5/00—Apparatus in which the axial direction of the vortex is reversed
    • B04C5/24—Multiple arrangement thereof
    • B04C5/28—Multiple arrangement thereof for parallel flow
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/2713—Siphons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the concentration and classification of particles suspended in a liquid, by means of a hydro-cyclone having two centrally arranged discharge apertures disposed on the axis of the hydrocyclone, and being furthermore provided with two reservoirs for collecting the separated fractions.
  • hydrocyclones are very well suited for concentrating solid or liquid particles suspended in a'liquid, and for classifying solid particles, see for example United States Patents 2,543,689, 2,550,341 and 2,654,479.
  • emulsions depend among other things on the size of the apertures in the hydrocyclone, the feed pressure, the pressures prevailing in thedischarge apertures, and the concentration of the initial product.
  • concentration of the feed frequently tends to fluctuate, so that also the concentration of the separated fractions will vary, unless special measures are taken to prevent this. For example, if a hydrocyclone is fed with water, both fractions will consist of water, and the collecting of the concentrated fraction will have to be entirely discontinned, at least if a fraction of some certain minimum concentration is required.
  • the concentrated fraction (herein after called apex fraction) may become almost solid. If such a ropy apex fraction is being discharged, the hydrocyclone is no longer operating properly, i. e. the concentration of the dilute fraction (hereinafter to be called overflow fraction) rises considerably.
  • problems of this kind may occur due to variation in feed concentration and also 'due to variationin the content of coarse components in fected by arranging that at an increase or decrease in the feed concentration, or at an increase or decrease in the content of coarse components in the feed, the quantity of the apex fraction will increase or decrease respectively.
  • theapparatus according to the present invention is so constructed as to comprise a hydrocyclone provided with two centrally arranged discharge apertures (termed apex aperture and overflow aperture) disposed on the axis of the hydrocyclone, and with reservoirs for collecting the separated fractions, said apparatus being characterized in that the liquid level of each reservoir is located below the corresponding discharge aperture, while each of said discharge apertures connects with a suction pipe which opensinto the corresponding reservoir below-the liquid level therein (by the term liquid level of a reservoir is to be understood hereinafter the height of an overflow edge, i. e. the highest possible level of the liquid contained in the reservoir).
  • the two suction pipes in cooperation withthe hydrocyclone, constitute a siphon between the two reservoirs, so that quite apart from thecurrent produced by supplying liquid or suspension to the hydrocyclone, an additional superimposed current force is produced on the material, as by the. tendency ofthe liquid to flow from a higher to a lower level.
  • the magnitude and direction of the siphonic current produced ultimately depend on the difference in height between the liquid levels in the two reservoirs, on the size of the discharge apertures of the hydrocyclone, and further, a point of utmost importance in the present invention, on the difference between the specific gravities of the liquids or suspensions in the two suction pipes.
  • the specific gravity of the overflow fraction changes only slightly at a change in the composition of the feed, but the specific gravity of the apex fraction on the other hand increases in accordance with increase in feed concentration or in the content of coarse particles in the feed. Accordingly, the weight of the liquid in the suction pipe for the overflow fraction changes but little, whereas the weight of the liquid in the suction pipe for the apex fraction is subject to great fluctuations. This has the result that at 1 a low feed concentration or at a low content of coarse all ofthe liquid is discharged through the overflow pipe,
  • the height of the liquid level in each reservoir is made adjustable, and the liquid levels are so regulated relatively to one another, that in case liquid alone, that is without particles suspended therein, is supplied to the hydrocyclone, material is sucked up from the apex reservoir. It will be understood that when the suspension or emulsion to be treated is being supplied, no material shold be sucked out of either of the two reservoirs, but in that case the feed must have agiven minimum concentration before an apex fraction can be obtained.
  • the minimum concentration of the apex fraction can be raised by lowering the liquid levels.
  • Suchlowering of the liquid levels also oifers the possibility of operating at a higher feed 0011- on the force of the currents produced; for, the level of the overflow reservoir has to be raised according as the apex aperture is narrower orthe overflow aperture is wider.
  • the reservoirs need not be of any one definite shape; for example, they may be constituted by turned up ends of the suction pipes.
  • the reservoirs serve only to prevent air from entering the suction pipes.
  • the siphon will start operating again as soon as the feed concentration starts rising. Therefore, it is essential that the level of the overflow reservoir be not too low.
  • the siphon can also be prevented from going dry by supplying water or previously thickened suspension to the apex reservoir.
  • the invention can also be utilized when hydrocyclones are connected in parallel. In this case said hydro cyclones are provided with a common overflow chamber and/or a common apex discharge chamber, each said chamber being provided with a suction pipe.
  • Figure 1 diagrammatically illustrates a test assembly of an apparatus constructed according to the invention, connected in parallel with a hydrocyclone of known type;
  • Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the test results
  • Figure 3 illustrates an apparatus according to the invention in which use is made of a multiple hydrocyclone.
  • FIG. 1 shows a feed pipe 1 for the material to be treated, which, without being segregated, is divided into two portions in a branch pipe 2.
  • One portion passes through the feed pipe 3 of the hydrocyclone 4, which comprises a cylindrical portion 5 and a conical portion 6.
  • the conical portion 6 is provided at its apex with a discharge aperture 7.
  • the cylindrical portion 5 comprises a centrally disposed vortex finder 8 which via the overflow aperture 9, opens into the overflow chamber 10, said chamber being provided with overflow pipe 11.
  • the other portion of the feed flows from the branch pipe 2 through the feed pipe 13 of the hydrocyclone 14, said hydrocyclone comprising a cylindrical portion 15 and a conical portion 16.
  • the conical portion 16 is provided at its apex with a discharge aperture 17.
  • the cylindrical portion 15 comprises a central vortex finder 18 which via the overflow aperture 19, opens into the overflow chamber 20, said chamber being provided with an overflow pipe 21.
  • the apex aperture 7 and the overflow pipe 11 of the hydrocyclone 4 discharge freely into the atmosphere, but with the hydrocyclone 14 the situation is quite ditferent.
  • the overflow pipe 21 discharges into the reservoir 22 below the liquid level 23 thereof, which is located below the overflow aperture 19. When the liquid has risen to level 23, the reservoir 22 runs over.
  • the discharge pipe 24 which discharges below liquid level 26 into the reservoir 25, said level being located below the apex aperture 17.
  • the reservoir runs over. small tanks which serve to prevent air from entering the suction pipes 21 and 24.
  • Naturally means may be provided in said reservoirs for carrying otf solid particles in case there should be danger of obstruction. 23 is so adjusted that when water alone is being supplied through the pipe 1, the liquid contained in reservoir will be sucked up. Accordingly, if the feed consists of water alone, hydrocyclone 14 does not yield an apex fraction in contrast to hydrocyclone 4, where water is discharged through the apex.
  • liquid or suspension may be supplied to reservoir 25 via the pipe 27 and valve 28.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the relative performance of the two hydrocyclones when treating a feed of loess, sand and water of different concentrations.
  • the concentration of the feed in grams per litre has been plotted on the abscissa a, while the concentration of the apex fraction in grams per litre is plotted on the upper part b of the ordinate, and the concentration of particles bigger than 50 microns in the overflow also in grams per litre on the lower part c ofsaid ordinate.
  • hydrocyclones used in this test were so positioned as to have their apices pointing downwards and had the following dimensions:
  • the reservoirs 22 and 25 may be The level Diameter overflow aperture mm 30 Length of vortex finder in cylindrical portion mm 30 Apex angle of conical portion 20
  • the apex aperture of the hydrocyclone 4 measured 11 mm. in diameter, the apex aperture of the hydrocyclone 14 being 18 mm. in diameter. This difference in the diameters of the apex apertures was desirable in order that the difference in behaviour between the two hydrocyclones could be brought out clearly in the graph.
  • Both the liquid level 26 in the reservoir 25 and the liquid level 23 in the reservoir 22 were located mm. below the apex aperture 17.
  • the feed pressure of the two hydrocyclones was 0.5 kg./cm.
  • the suction pipe 21 was 50 mm. in diameter and the suction pipe 24 35 mm., i. e. said pipes were so wide that no appreciable resistance was exerted on the liquid.
  • the dotted lines in Figure 2 show the results obtained with the hydrocyclone 4. An increase in the feed concentration causes an increase in the concentration of the apex fraction and in the content of components bigger than 50 microns in the overflow.
  • the increase of the concentration of the apex fraction proceeds rapidly, but afterwards it gradually slows down until at a feed concentration of g./litre the maximum concentration of 1330 g. per litre has been reached. At that moment the formation of a ropy discharge sets in and a further increase of the feed concentration does not have an effecton the concentration of the apex fraction.
  • the content of particles bigger than 50 microns in the overflow is nil at first, after which it gradually increases until, at feed concentrations of over 160 grams per litre, the content of coarse components rises rapidly.
  • hydrocyclone 14 and the liquid levels 23 and 26 are so adjusted, that in case the overflow fraction has a specific gravity of about 1, and the concentration of the apex fraction is lower than 950 grams per litre, liquid or suspension is sucked upwards through the apex suction pipe 24.
  • the infed particles with the exception of the finest particles which are not caught by the hydrocyclone, keep circulating in the hydrocyclone, so that the concentration steadily increases until the concentration near the apex has risen to over 950 grams per litre.
  • the suction pipe 24 fills with suspension of 950 grams per litre, and contains a suspension column which is in equilibrium. According as more particles are caught by the hydrocy clone, said particles can be discharged through the suction pipe 24. Consequently, the concentration of the apex fraction never falls below 950 grams per litre.
  • the concentration of the apex fraction rises to a maximum of 1300 grams per litre. So, if the apparatus according to the invention is used under the above circumstances, the concentration of the apex fraction will always vary between the limits of 950 and 1300 grams per litre, without any regulation being required.
  • the lowest value of the concentration of the apex fraction is dependent on the adjustment of the hydrocyclone and the liquid levels.
  • Both hydrocyclones were provided with suction pipes with an inner diameter of 80 mm. which, just like the suction pipes of the hydrocyclone 14 shown in Figure 1, opened into reservoirs, but whereas the liquid level of the two reservoirs pertaining to the one hydrocyclone was 990 mm. below the apex aperture, the corresponding distance for the other hydrocyclone was 240 mm.
  • the minimum concentration of the apex fraction from the hydrocyclone equipped with the longer suction pipes was about 850 grams per litre, while the corresponding figure for the hydrocyclone with the shorter suction pipes was about 480 grams per litre.
  • the hydrocyclone equipped with the long suction pipes yielded a ropy apex fraction at a feed concentration of 300 grams per litre; with the hydrocyclone provided with the short suction pipes this phenomenon was observed at a feed concentration of 150 grams per litre. In both cases the concentration of the apex fraction was about 1350 grams per litre.
  • a number of hydrocyclones 29, fed through the common feed pipe 30, are connected with a common overflow chamber 31 and with a common apex discharge chamber 32.
  • the overflow chamber 31 is provided with an overflow pipe 33, which is connected with a bent rubber hose 34.
  • the apex discharge chamber 32 is provided with a delivery pipe 35 which is connected with a bent rubber hose 36.
  • the turned up ends of the rubber hoses 34 and 36 have the same function as the reservoirs 22 and 25 in Figure 1, namely to prevent air from entering the suction pipes.
  • the liquid levels are formed by the outlets of the rubber hoses. The performance of the apparatus consequently depends on the height to which these outlets have been adjusted.
  • a process of treating liquid suspensions which comprises the steps of subjecting said suspension to vertical separation into two fractions in a hydrocyclone, and restricting variation in the composition of the discharged fractions due to variations in feed by conducting each fraction downwardly into a liquid body disposed below the level at which said fraction is discharged from the hydrocyclone, to eifect a siphonic action between said liquid bodies through said hydrocyclone.
  • Apparatus for the vertical separation of liquid suspensions into two fractions comprising a hydrocyclone having opposed axial discharge apertures, closed conduit means communicating with each of said discharge apertures and extending to a lower level, overflow means communicating with the lower end of each of said conduit means, each of said overflow means being positioned and adapted to maintain a liquid body having a liquid level above the lower end of the associated conduit means and below the level of the appertaining discharge aperture, whereby said liquid bodies may function through said conduit means and hydrocyclone as a siphon to restrict variations in the composition of the discharged fractions due to variations in feed to the hydrocyclone.
  • one of said overflow means comprises an overflow vessel, into which the associated conduit means discharges at a level below the overflow level thereof.
  • one of said overflow means comprises a turned up extension of the lower end of the associated conduit means.
  • Apparatus according to claim 4 including means fior supplying liquid to the overflow means communicating with the apex aperture of said hydrocyclone.
  • Apparatus for the vertical separation of liquid suspensions into two fractions comprising a plurality of hydrocyclones each having opposed axial discharge apertures, a common chamber enclosing the overflow apertures of said hydrocyclones, a common chamber enclosing the apex apertures of said hydrocyclones, closed conduit means communicating with each of said chamhers and extending to a lower level, overflow means communicating with the lower end of each of said conduit means, each of said overflow means being positioned and adapted to maintain a liquid body having a liquid level above the lower end of the associated conduit means and below the level of the appertaining discharge apertures, whereby said liquid bodies may function through said conduit means, chambers and hydrocyclones as a siphon to restrict variations in the composition of the discharged fractions due to variations in feed to the hydrocyclone.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)
US451654A 1953-08-26 1954-08-23 Apparatus and process for the vortical separation of liquid suspensions Expired - Lifetime US2781907A (en)

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NL751076X 1953-08-26

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US (1) US2781907A (en, 2012)
BE (1) BE531264A (en, 2012)
DE (1) DE933261C (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR1112090A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB751076A (en, 2012)
NL (2) NL78356C (en, 2012)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2913112A (en) * 1956-11-26 1959-11-17 Dorr Oliver Inc Hydrocyclone control
US3101313A (en) * 1959-04-01 1963-08-20 Bauer Bros Co Hydro cyclone
US3817388A (en) * 1971-07-24 1974-06-18 Amberger Kaolinwerke Gmbh Hydrocyclone arrangement
US20200305382A1 (en) * 2017-12-19 2020-10-01 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Separator and a method for separating milk

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3026838A (en) * 1958-02-11 1962-03-27 Robert A Sauder Tank supporting and turning apparatus
FR90904E (fr) * 1965-07-29 1968-03-08 Grenobloise Etude Appl Perfectionnements aux hydrocyclones
CN103240160B (zh) * 2013-04-18 2015-05-06 北矿机电科技有限责任公司 一种矿浆分级装置

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1890206A (en) * 1929-09-19 1932-12-06 Andrews Leonard Classification of materials by elutriation
US1948140A (en) * 1931-06-01 1934-02-20 Harrison A Strohl Siphon gravity separator
US2504944A (en) * 1947-03-10 1950-04-18 Buckeye Cotton Oil Company Apparatus for purifying raw cotton linters
US2648433A (en) * 1948-02-16 1953-08-11 Mij Voor Kolenberwerking Stami Process and apparatus for controlling the density of the apex discharge of a cyclone
US2671560A (en) * 1950-06-14 1954-03-09 Stamicarbon Multiple hydrocyclones

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1890206A (en) * 1929-09-19 1932-12-06 Andrews Leonard Classification of materials by elutriation
US1948140A (en) * 1931-06-01 1934-02-20 Harrison A Strohl Siphon gravity separator
US2504944A (en) * 1947-03-10 1950-04-18 Buckeye Cotton Oil Company Apparatus for purifying raw cotton linters
US2648433A (en) * 1948-02-16 1953-08-11 Mij Voor Kolenberwerking Stami Process and apparatus for controlling the density of the apex discharge of a cyclone
US2671560A (en) * 1950-06-14 1954-03-09 Stamicarbon Multiple hydrocyclones

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2913112A (en) * 1956-11-26 1959-11-17 Dorr Oliver Inc Hydrocyclone control
US3101313A (en) * 1959-04-01 1963-08-20 Bauer Bros Co Hydro cyclone
US3817388A (en) * 1971-07-24 1974-06-18 Amberger Kaolinwerke Gmbh Hydrocyclone arrangement
US20200305382A1 (en) * 2017-12-19 2020-10-01 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Separator and a method for separating milk
US12022795B2 (en) * 2017-12-19 2024-07-02 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Separator and a method for separating milk

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE531264A (en, 2012) 1900-01-01
NL78336C (en, 2012) 1900-01-01
DE933261C (de) 1955-09-22
NL78356C (en, 2012) 1900-01-01
FR1112090A (fr) 1956-03-08
GB751076A (en) 1956-06-27

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