US2773225A - Semiconductor device - Google Patents

Semiconductor device Download PDF

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US2773225A
US2773225A US347061A US34706153A US2773225A US 2773225 A US2773225 A US 2773225A US 347061 A US347061 A US 347061A US 34706153 A US34706153 A US 34706153A US 2773225 A US2773225 A US 2773225A
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leads
whiskers
housing
shaped member
open end
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US347061A
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Robert L Jones
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CBS Broadcasting Inc
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Columbia Broadcasting System Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/12—Mountings, e.g. non-detachable insulating substrates
    • H01L23/14—Mountings, e.g. non-detachable insulating substrates characterised by the material or its electrical properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/02—Containers; Seals
    • H01L23/10—Containers; Seals characterised by the material or arrangement of seals between parts, e.g. between cap and base of the container or between leads and walls of the container
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor

Definitions

  • Point-contact transistors are presently finding wide acceptance in various areas previously reserved to vacuum It is necessary, .however, that the characteristics of such transistors be substantial equivalents of the tubes which are to be replaced. Numerous factors determine the operating characteristics of point-contact transistors, but it has been shown in theory and by experimentation that the main determining factors are the resistivity of the germanium used as the crystal, the materials used for the point-contacts, the electrical forming process and, finally, the spacing of the point-contacts. Of these ,factors, perhaps the most difficult .to control has been the spacing of the point-contacts. Numerous difficulties are encountered in maintaining a desired spacing primarily because the spacing is normally required to be of an order of magnitude of thousandths or fractions of thousandths of an inch.
  • the invention consists in a body member which may be cylindrical in shape and from one end of which three leads extend.
  • One of these leads is welded within the body to an L-shaped member.
  • This L-shaped member is generally made of larger stock than the lead.
  • a germanium crystal On the portion of the L-shaped member facing the end from which the leads extend, there is mounted a germanium crystal. From the other two leads, there extend two cat whiskers which are designed to contact the crystal.
  • There is also provided a spacer of insulating material which is held in position within the body member by attachment to the L-shaped member. The attachment is made at one point adjacent the crystal and, at a second point, nearer the end of the cartridge through which the leads extend.
  • the spacer is designed to determine and retain a predetermined spacing of the whiskers on the surface of the crystal.
  • Fig. 1 is an elevation view, partly cut away, of a pointcontact transistor embodying the principles of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is an elevation view, partly in section, of the internal structure of the transistor of Fig. 1.
  • a molded, cylindrical plastic cartridge 12 having one open end.
  • 'A mount is made up for insertion in the open end of cartridge 12. It consists of a disk-shaped plastic plug 13 through which there are sealed three leads 14, 15, and 16. Lead 14 extends a substantial distance beyond plug 13 into the interior of cartridge 12.
  • Mounted on lead 14 is a tubular L-shaped member which may, as shown, be slipped over lead 14 at one end thereof, the other end beng flattened to provide a fiat surface for attachment of a crystal of germanium 18.
  • Crystal 18 is preferably soldered to member 17, but may be attached thereto by other means which permit electrical conduction.
  • Cat whiskers 19 and 20 may be made of tungsten, Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, or other metals having similar properties. However, Phosphor bronze is used for the collector and beryllium copper for the emitter electrode
  • Each of these whiskers has an S bend formed in a portion of its length. The S bend is made near the point of attachment to the lead because locating the S bend at that point, a stronger weld may be achieved than would be the case if the ends of the whiskers were to be butt welded against the ends of the leads.
  • the purpose of the S bend in each of the leads is to add to the resilience of the whiskers in order that a constant pressure may be maintained. by the whiskers against crystal 18.
  • Whiskers 19 and 20 are arranged, byproper shaping and mounting thereof, to have a tendency-to spring apart.
  • a locating disk 22 is attached to the L-shaped member 1'7 at two points, one on the flat surface adjacent the crystal, and the other near the bend in member 17.
  • the locating disk 22 has an opening therethroug'h which is chamfered at the surface facing the open end of cartridge 12.
  • Whiskers 19 and 20 have chisel points formed at the ends which bear upon crystal 18. As may be seen from the drawing, the furthest extensions of the points are at the edges of the whiskers which are most closely adjacent. This permits closer whisker spacing than could otherwise be achieved.
  • Whiskers 19 and 20 are mounted, as noted above, in such a fashion as to cause them to spring apart and bear against the periphery of the opening in disk 22.
  • the spacing between point contacts on crystal 18 may be determined with a fine degree of accuracy by maintaining close tolerances on the opening and on whiskers 19 and 20.
  • Fig. 2 the internal structure of the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 1 may be more clearly seen.
  • the S bend of whisker 19, which is identical to whisker 20 and its attachment to lead 16, is clearly visible.
  • the upwardly extending protrusion on disk 22 is also clearly visible.
  • Disk 22 is maintained in position by means of a plastic cement at the point where the protrusion contacts the flattened portion of member 17 and, also, at the point of contact with the tubular section of member 17. At this latter point, disk 22 has a matching semi-circular opening cut to provide a greater amount of surface contacting the tubular section of member 17.
  • the device lends itself to convenient assembly techniques.
  • One process used is begun by assembling plug 13 with leads 14, 15, and 16 tightly sealed therethrough.
  • L-shaped member 17 is then formed and crystal 18 is soldered in position adjacent the end of the flattened portion.
  • Locating disk 22 is then cemented to member 17 at the two points mentioned above, that is, to the flat portion and to the tubular portion of member 17.
  • protrusion on disk 22 is of a height sufficient that the disk surface nearer crystal 18 will clear crystal 18 by a relatively small amount, of the order of ten thousandths of an inch.
  • Whiskers 19 and 20 are formed and are welded to leads 1 6 and 15 respectively.
  • the assembly on plug 13 is then joined to that on member 17, lead 14 being inserted in the tubular portion of member 17.
  • the two assemblies are brought together with a predetermined amount of force being exerted on plug 13 to bring whiskers 19 and 20 into firm contact with crystal 18.
  • the opening in disk 22 guides the two whiskers into a closely spaced disposition as explained hereinabove.
  • the tubular portion of member 17 is then welded to lead 14 at several points to give a rigid union of the two assemblies. After the joining of the two assemblies, plug 13 is fitted into cartridge 12 and securely cemented thereto.
  • opening 21 is provided in the closed end of cartridge 12 for the introduction of an impregnating solution which fills the entire enclosure. Finally, opening 21 is cemented closed and the unit is physically complete.
  • a transistor comprising, a semiconducting body, a a base connection to said semiconducting body, a pair of leads having pointed ends, said pointed ends bearing against said semiconducting body, means for mounting said leads in normally diverging relationship, and a collar surrounding said leads adjacent the pointed ends thereof to restrain divergence therebetween and maintain close spacing between said points in the area of contact with said semiconducting body.
  • a transistor comprising, a semiconducting body, a base member connected to a surface of said body, a pair of leads each having a pointed end, a locating disk attached to said base member, said disk having an aperture formed therein, said leads being fixedly mounted at separate points remote from said body and being resiliently urged apart, said leads passing through said aperture at a point adjacent said body and being restrained from divergence thereby, and means for causing the pointed end of said leads to exert a predetermined force against said body.
  • a transistor comprising, a cylindrical plastic housing having one'open end and an opening formed in the other end thereof, a plug inserted and sealed into said open end, three conducting leads sealed through said plug and insulated from one another, a whisker of beryllium copper mounted on one of said leads within said housing, a whisker of Phosphor bronze mounted on a second of said leads within said housing, said whiskers being mounted-on said leads in normally diverging relationship, an L-shaped member mounted on the third of said leads within said housing, one leg of said L-shaped member being parallel to the axis of said cylindrical housing, the other leg being perpendicular thereto, a cube of germanium being mounted on said other leg and facing said open end, and a disk-shaped locating member having an aperture formed therein attached to said L-shaped member and being disposed adjacent said cube, said aperture being larger than the total diameters of said whiskers by a predetermined amount, said whiskers passing through said aperture and being restrained from divergence beyond said predetermined amount, said whiskers each having an S-shaped
  • a semiconductor device comprising, a semiconducting body, atleast a pair of leads having ends thereof in contact with said semiconducting body, common support apparatus for saidleads and said semiconducting body, said apparatus including a plug, three conductor pins sealed through said plug in fixed relationship to each other, said semiconducting body being supported by one of said conductor pins, each of said leads being supported by another of said conductor pins, the spacing between said conductor pins being such that said leads trace converging paths to said semiconducting body, and means adjacent said semiconducting body for maintaining said leads in said converging paths.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Lead Frames For Integrated Circuits (AREA)

Description

Doc. 4, 1956 R. L. JONES SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE Filed April 6, 1953 FIG. 2
INVENTOR Robert L.Jones ATTORNEY tubes.
United States Patent SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE Robert L. Jones, Danvers,,Mass., assignor to Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., a corporation of New York, doing business under the .name of Hytron Radio & Electronics Co., a division of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc., Danvers, Mass.
Application April 6, 1953, Serial No.347,061
4 Claims. (Cl. 317-435 This invention relates in general to semiconductors and in particular to point-contact semiconductor devices.
Point-contact transistors are presently finding wide acceptance in various areas previously reserved to vacuum It is necessary, .however, that the characteristics of such transistors be substantial equivalents of the tubes which are to be replaced. Numerous factors determine the operating characteristics of point-contact transistors, but it has been shown in theory and by experimentation that the main determining factors are the resistivity of the germanium used as the crystal, the materials used for the point-contacts, the electrical forming process and, finally, the spacing of the point-contacts. Of these ,factors, perhaps the most difficult .to control has been the spacing of the point-contacts. Numerous difficulties are encountered in maintaining a desired spacing primarily because the spacing is normally required to be of an order of magnitude of thousandths or fractions of thousandths of an inch. This difficulty in maintaining spacing is emphasized by the fact that it-is the one main factor which must be contended with during the actual assembly of the transistor. Obviously, the materials for the pointcontacts and the resistivity of the germanium may be predetermined before assembly. Electrical forming, on the other hand, is usually accomplished after assembly.
Proper point spacing, however, can only be accomplished during assembly.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a transistor of a structure which determines and maintains a desiredspacingof point-contacts.
It is a further object to provide a transistor of a rugged and shock resistant design.
It is a still further object to facilitate the assembly of point-contact transistors.
In general, the invention consists in a body member which may be cylindrical in shape and from one end of which three leads extend. One of these leads is welded within the body to an L-shaped member. This L-shaped member is generally made of larger stock than the lead. On the portion of the L-shaped member facing the end from which the leads extend, there is mounted a germanium crystal. From the other two leads, there extend two cat whiskers which are designed to contact the crystal. There is also provided a spacer of insulating material which is held in position within the body member by attachment to the L-shaped member. The attachment is made at one point adjacent the crystal and, at a second point, nearer the end of the cartridge through which the leads extend. The spacer is designed to determine and retain a predetermined spacing of the whiskers on the surface of the crystal. For a better understanding of the invention, together with other and further objects, features, and advantages, reference should be made to the following description which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawing in which:
Fig. 1 is an elevation view, partly cut away, of a pointcontact transistor embodying the principles of the invention; and
in the present embodiment.
Fig. 2 is an elevation view, partly in section, of the internal structure of the transistor of Fig. 1.
Referring now to Fig. 1 of the drawing, there is shown a molded, cylindrical plastic cartridge 12 having one open end. 'A mount is made up for insertion in the open end of cartridge 12. It consists of a disk-shaped plastic plug 13 through which there are sealed three leads 14, 15, and 16. Lead 14 extends a substantial distance beyond plug 13 into the interior of cartridge 12. Mounted on lead 14 is a tubular L-shaped member which may, as shown, be slipped over lead 14 at one end thereof, the other end beng flattened to provide a fiat surface for attachment of a crystal of germanium 18. Crystal 18 is preferably soldered to member 17, but may be attached thereto by other means which permit electrical conduction. On lead 15, there is welded a cat whisker 20. A similar cat whisker 19 is welded on lead 16. Cat whiskers 19 and 20 may be made of tungsten, Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, or other metals having similar properties. However, Phosphor bronze is used for the collector and beryllium copper for the emitter electrode Each of these whiskers has an S bend formed in a portion of its length. The S bend is made near the point of attachment to the lead because locating the S bend at that point, a stronger weld may be achieved than would be the case if the ends of the whiskers were to be butt welded against the ends of the leads. The purpose of the S bend in each of the leads is to add to the resilience of the whiskers in order that a constant pressure may be maintained. by the whiskers against crystal 18. Whiskers 19 and 20 are arranged, byproper shaping and mounting thereof, to have a tendency-to spring apart. A locating disk 22 is attached to the L-shaped member 1'7 at two points, one on the flat surface adjacent the crystal, and the other near the bend in member 17. The locating disk 22 has an opening therethroug'h which is chamfered at the surface facing the open end of cartridge 12. At the surface adjacent its length. Whiskers 19 and 20 have chisel points formed at the ends which bear upon crystal 18. As may be seen from the drawing, the furthest extensions of the points are at the edges of the whiskers which are most closely adjacent. This permits closer whisker spacing than could otherwise be achieved. Whiskers 19 and 20 are mounted, as noted above, in such a fashion as to cause them to spring apart and bear against the periphery of the opening in disk 22. As a result, the spacing between point contacts on crystal 18 may be determined with a fine degree of accuracy by maintaining close tolerances on the opening and on whiskers 19 and 20.
Referring now to Fig. 2, the internal structure of the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 1 may be more clearly seen. In this plane, the S bend of whisker 19, which is identical to whisker 20 and its attachment to lead 16, is clearly visible. The upwardly extending protrusion on disk 22 is also clearly visible. Disk 22 is maintained in position by means of a plastic cement at the point where the protrusion contacts the flattened portion of member 17 and, also, at the point of contact with the tubular section of member 17. At this latter point, disk 22 has a matching semi-circular opening cut to provide a greater amount of surface contacting the tubular section of member 17.
The device lends itself to convenient assembly techniques. One process used is begun by assembling plug 13 with leads 14, 15, and 16 tightly sealed therethrough. L-shaped member 17 is then formed and crystal 18 is soldered in position adjacent the end of the flattened portion. Locating disk 22 is then cemented to member 17 at the two points mentioned above, that is, to the flat portion and to the tubular portion of member 17. The
protrusion on disk 22 is of a height sufficient that the disk surface nearer crystal 18 will clear crystal 18 by a relatively small amount, of the order of ten thousandths of an inch. Whiskers 19 and 20 are formed and are welded to leads 1 6 and 15 respectively. The assembly on plug 13 is then joined to that on member 17, lead 14 being inserted in the tubular portion of member 17. The two assemblies are brought together with a predetermined amount of force being exerted on plug 13 to bring whiskers 19 and 20 into firm contact with crystal 18. The opening in disk 22 guides the two whiskers into a closely spaced disposition as explained hereinabove. The tubular portion of member 17 is then welded to lead 14 at several points to give a rigid union of the two assemblies. After the joining of the two assemblies, plug 13 is fitted into cartridge 12 and securely cemented thereto. An
opening 21 is provided in the closed end of cartridge 12 for the introduction of an impregnating solution which fills the entire enclosure. Finally, opening 21 is cemented closed and the unit is physically complete.
While what has been disclosed is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, numerous modifications thereof will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. Such modifications, however, are believed to be within the present invention which should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A transistor comprising, a semiconducting body, a a base connection to said semiconducting body, a pair of leads having pointed ends, said pointed ends bearing against said semiconducting body, means for mounting said leads in normally diverging relationship, and a collar surrounding said leads adjacent the pointed ends thereof to restrain divergence therebetween and maintain close spacing between said points in the area of contact with said semiconducting body.
2. A transistor comprising, a semiconducting body, a base member connected to a surface of said body, a pair of leads each having a pointed end, a locating disk attached to said base member, said disk having an aperture formed therein, said leads being fixedly mounted at separate points remote from said body and being resiliently urged apart, said leads passing through said aperture at a point adjacent said body and being restrained from divergence thereby, and means for causing the pointed end of said leads to exert a predetermined force against said body.
3. A transistor comprising, a cylindrical plastic housing having one'open end and an opening formed in the other end thereof, a plug inserted and sealed into said open end, three conducting leads sealed through said plug and insulated from one another, a whisker of beryllium copper mounted on one of said leads within said housing, a whisker of Phosphor bronze mounted on a second of said leads within said housing, said whiskers being mounted-on said leads in normally diverging relationship, an L-shaped member mounted on the third of said leads within said housing, one leg of said L-shaped member being parallel to the axis of said cylindrical housing, the other leg being perpendicular thereto, a cube of germanium being mounted on said other leg and facing said open end, and a disk-shaped locating member having an aperture formed therein attached to said L-shaped member and being disposed adjacent said cube, said aperture being larger than the total diameters of said whiskers by a predetermined amount, said whiskers passing through said aperture and being restrained from divergence beyond said predetermined amount, said whiskers each having an S-shaped bend formed therein to cause them to bear upon said cube of germanium with a predetermined pressure, and said opening in said housing permitting the introduction of an impregnating compound.
4. A semiconductor device comprising, a semiconducting body, atleast a pair of leads having ends thereof in contact with said semiconducting body, common support apparatus for saidleads and said semiconducting body, said apparatus including a plug, three conductor pins sealed through said plug in fixed relationship to each other, said semiconducting body being supported by one of said conductor pins, each of said leads being supported by another of said conductor pins, the spacing between said conductor pins being such that said leads trace converging paths to said semiconducting body, and means adjacent said semiconducting body for maintaining said leads in said converging paths.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,606,960 Little Aug. 12, 1952 2,609,429 Law Sept. 2, 1952 2,634,323 Pantchechnikoff Apr. 7, 1953 I FOREIGN PATENTS 514,627 Belgium Apr. 4, 1953

Claims (1)

  1. 3. A TRANSISTOR COMPRISING, A CYLINDRICAL PLASTIC HOUSING HAVING ONE OPEN END AND AN OPENING FORMED IN THE OTHER END THEREOF, A PLUG INSERTED AND SEALED INTO SAID OPEN END, THREE CONDUCTING LEADS SEALED THROUGH SAID PLUG AND INSULATED FROM ONE ANOTHER, A WHISKER OF BERYLLIUM COPPER MOUNTED ON ONE OF SAID LEADS WITHIN SAID HOUSING, A WHISKER OF PHOSPHOR BRONZE MOUNTED ON A SECOND OF SAID LEADS WITHIN SAID HOUSING, SAID WHISKERS BEING MOUNTED ON SAID LEADS IN NORMALLY DIVERGING RELATIONSHIP, AN L-SHAPED MEMBER MOUNTED ON THE THIRD OF SAID LEADS WITHIN SAID HOUSING, ONE LEG OF SAID L-SHAPED MEMBER BEING PARALLEL TO THE AXIS OF SAID CYLINDRICAL HOUSING, THE OTHER LEG BEING PERPENDICULAR THERETO, A CUBE OF GERMANIUM BEING MOUNTED ON SAID OTHER LEG AND FACING SAID OPEN END, AND A DISK-SHAPED LOCATING MEMBER HAVING AN APERTURE FORMED THEREIN ATTACHED TO SAID L-SHAPED MEMBER AND BEING DISPOSED ADJACENT SAID CUBE, SAID APERTURE BEING LARGER THAN THE TOTAL DIAMETERS OF SAID WHISKERS BY A PREDETERMINED AMOUNT, SAID WHISKERS PASSING THROUGH SAID APERTURE AND BEING RESTRAINED FROM DIVERGENCE BEYOND SAID PREDETERMINED AMOUNT, SAID WHISKERS EACH HAVING AN S-SHAPED BEND FORMED THEREIN TO CAUSE THEM TO BEAR UPON SAID CUBE OF GERMANIUM WITH A PREDETERMINED PRESSURE, AND SAID OPENING IN SAID HOUSING PERMITTING THE INTRODUCTION OF AN IMPREGNATING COMPOUND.
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825015A (en) * 1954-04-12 1958-02-25 Philco Corp Contacting arrangement for semiconductor device and method for the fabrication thereo

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE514627A (en) *
US2606960A (en) * 1949-06-01 1952-08-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Semiconductor translating device
US2609429A (en) * 1950-07-29 1952-09-02 Rca Corp Semiconduction electrode construction
US2634323A (en) * 1949-12-28 1953-04-07 Rca Corp High gain semiconductor amplifier

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE514627A (en) *
US2606960A (en) * 1949-06-01 1952-08-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Semiconductor translating device
US2634323A (en) * 1949-12-28 1953-04-07 Rca Corp High gain semiconductor amplifier
US2609429A (en) * 1950-07-29 1952-09-02 Rca Corp Semiconduction electrode construction

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825015A (en) * 1954-04-12 1958-02-25 Philco Corp Contacting arrangement for semiconductor device and method for the fabrication thereo

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