US2773198A - Trigger circuit of the magnetic or dielectric type - Google Patents

Trigger circuit of the magnetic or dielectric type Download PDF

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Publication number
US2773198A
US2773198A US369793A US36979353A US2773198A US 2773198 A US2773198 A US 2773198A US 369793 A US369793 A US 369793A US 36979353 A US36979353 A US 36979353A US 2773198 A US2773198 A US 2773198A
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circuit
oscillations
reactance
value
polarization
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Duinker Simon
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Hartford National Bank and Trust Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
    • H03K3/45—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use, as active elements, of non-linear magnetic or dielectric devices
    • H03K3/49—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use, as active elements, of non-linear magnetic or dielectric devices the devices being ferro-resonant

Definitions

  • a known trigger circuit of the magnetic type in which the variable reactance is constituted by a coil the core of which is made of non-linear ferromagnetic material the output current is rectified and then fed back to the input circuit.
  • the feed-back is properly adjusted two discrete stable conditions separated by a region of unstable conditions are found in the relationship between output alternating current voltage and input direct current. Pulses of suitable value and direction in the input circuit cause the circuit arrangement to pass from one stable condition to the other and vice versa, a large eifective value of the output oscillation being set up in one stable condition, a small one in the other stable condition.
  • the ohmic resistance of the Graetz arrangement is connected in series with the supply generator and the coil operating as a variable reactance, resulting in an undue linearizing effect on the required non-linear properties of the circuit.
  • the output power is largely dissipated in the rectifier resistor which acts as the only load, so that little power is left for the control of any subsequent trigger circuit connected in cascade with the first one.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic embodiment of a circuit according to the invention of the magnetic type
  • Fig. 2 shows a series of curves associated with such a circuit
  • Fig. 3 is a curve illustrating the operation of a device according to the invention.
  • Figs. 4, 5 and 6 show diagrammatically embodiments ice of circuits according to the invention of the magnetic yp
  • Figs. 7 and 8 show diagrammatically embodiments of circuits according to the invention of the dielectric type
  • Fig. 9 is a curve illustrating one aspect of the operation of a device according to the invention.
  • Fig. 10 shows a circuit according to the invention of the magnetic type in which feed-back is provided
  • Fig. 11 is a curve illustrating the operation of the circuit shown in Fig. 10;
  • Fig. 12 is a curve as obtained completely in such an arrangement
  • Fig. i3 is a curve illustrating one aspect of the operation of device according to the invention.
  • Fig. 14 shows a circuit according to the invention of the dielectric type in which feedback is provided
  • Fig. 16 shows by way of example a similar circuit of the dielectric type
  • l7 is a characteristic curve as may be obtained in a specific use of circuits according to the invention.
  • K designates a ferromagnetic core the polarization curve of which, that is to say the curve showing the relationship between the magnetic induction B and the magnetic field strength H, has a nonlinear variation.
  • L and W are windings arranged on said core, C is a capacitor which may be linear, G is a supply generator and R a resistor which is assumed to include the losses of the circuit such as the resistance of the supply generator G and of the coil L.
  • the curve is symmetrical with respect to the Veft axis.
  • the broken lines indicate unstable con ditions the variation of which may be ascertained theoretically.
  • the stable region in the proximity of the point 1:0, VefI VI is only re-accessible by switching off and subsequent switching on of the supply voltage E.
  • VeI'f-I curves across one of the other elements that is to say C, R or W are considered, these curves are found to exhibit a similar form, the numerical values of Veff, however, being different with each element.
  • Lmln designates the minimum value of the inductance of L, which occurs at a very high value of adjustment polarization
  • Lmax the maximum value of the inductance of L, which occurs at a very low value of adjustment polarization
  • the value of the supply voltage E is also influential. Reduction of E causes thecurve 1 to change to curves such as 2, 3 and 4.
  • the polarization is adjusted to 1:10, as shown in Fig. 3, the value of Veff is either V2 or Vs. Assuming this value to be V2, a current pulse applied to the winding W equal to or exceeding Ali and having the same polarity as Io will cause Veff to pass from the value V2 to V3.
  • any subsequent similar pulse will not have the effect of changing the condition so that Veff will retain its value V3 at least approximately.
  • an impulse exceeding or equalling Alg and having a polarity opposite to Io follows, it will cause Veff to change from V3 to V2. Also in this case another similar pulse will not cause Veff to change from V2 to V3.
  • a train of pulses having alternately opposite polarity and the absolute value of. which is at least equal to Ali or A12 respectively (it being naturally possible for In to be such that AI1ZAI2) will cause Veff to pass from the value V2 to the value V3 and vice versa in the same rhythm, so long as the period of time between the successive pulses is sufficiently large to prevent any effect of the inertia attendant on the changes from one stable condition to the other.
  • this inertia may be used with advantage.
  • the pulses should not be large enough to cover both regions.
  • the output signal of the trigger circuit shown in Fig. 1, that is an alternating current voltage having a large or small amplitude according to whether the circuit is in miu one stable condition or in the other, may in principle be taken not only from any of the elements L, W, C and R but also from windings which magnetically are connected in parallel with L or W, that is to say, from wind ings supported from the core in a manner such that their turns embrace the same flux as the turns of L or W. Since the non-linearity of the circuit decreases with increase of R, resulting in less favourable characteristic curves such as curves 3 and 4 shown in Fig. 2, R will generally be kept to a minimum.
  • the output signal taken from R becomes comparatively small so that instead of being taken from R this signal is preferably taken from L or C.
  • the ratio is materially higher and hence is more favourable for many purposes than when the output voltage is taken from the capacitor C or from a resistor included in the circuit.
  • With tap on L and W or with windings connected magnetically in parallel with L and W proper proportioning of the number of turns permits stepping up or down the output voltage.
  • the output voltage of the circuit may be detected by means of an amplitude detector and, if required, subsequently'ditferentiated and so forth, according to the use to which it is to be put.
  • premagnetization may be produced by means of a direct current passing through a winding connected magnetically in parallel with W or by means of a permanent magnet.
  • signal pulses have been continually referred to. It will be understood that any oscillation which is positive in relation to In and the amplitude of which exceeds All for a period of time is capable, when superposed on Io, of bringing about a change from V2 to V3 and that any oscillation which is negative in relation to lo and the amplitude of which exceeds Ala for a period of time is capable, when superposed on Io, of bringing about a change from V3 to V2.
  • Pulses which term is to be understood to mean oscillations having steep flanks, have the advantage that curvatures in the Veff-I0 curve, for example adjacent the points B and C of the curve 1 shown in Fig. 2, are traversed more rapidly, and hence that the transitions in the output voltage from V2 to V3 and vice versa are faster.
  • the supply oscillation produces fluxes in the ferromagnetic core which not only feed the required voltages into the coil L but also feed undesired voltages into the winding W and any windings connected magnetically in parallel there- I with.
  • These voltages become unduly high in the case of high internal impedance of the direct current supply and the signal supply, and in the case of low internal impedance may produce in the said windings appreciable short-circuit currents which have an undue retarding effeet on the required sudden changes.
  • the said shortcircuit currents may be balanced out by connecting chokes in series with the windings, but in this case the signal oscillations, particularly at a high repetition frequency thereof, are appreciably attenuated and also slightly retarded, while at the same time excessive voltages are apt to be set up.
  • These high voltages or powerful currents may be largely balanced out by preventing at least components at the frequency f and odd multiples thereof from being set up at the input end of the circuit arrangement. This may be ensured in a number of ways known per se with magnetic modulators, for example by the use of two push-pull connected devices in accordance with the invention one set of windings of which is connected in series and the other set in series opposition, as shown in Fig. 4, or by using a three-legged core having supply windings wound on its outer legs so as to produce an annular magnetic field for these legs (see Fig. 5), the centre leg having produced in it only fluxes the frequencies of which are even multiples of the supply frequency.
  • a supply generator having an impedance comprising a preferably minimum ohmic component being connected in series with a non-linear inductance and a capacity it may be connected in parallel with a nonlinear inductance and a capacity, as shown in Fig. 6, which results in a curve family similar to the one produced by the series connection except that now linearization is increased as the parallel impedance is decreased.
  • a supply generator having a very high internal impedance instead of a supply generator having a very high internal impedance.
  • M designates a dielectric material the polarization characteristic curve of which, that is the curve showing the relationship between the dielectric displacement D and the electric field strength F, is non-linear
  • C designates a capacitor containing this material
  • L an inductance which may be linear
  • G a supply generator and R a resistor which is considered to include the resistance of the supply generator G, the coil L, and so forth.
  • the effective value Veft of the alternating current voltage set up across one of the elements L, C or R under the action of the supply voltage E at a frequency f is considered as a function of the polarization which is set up by means of a direct current voltage V applied across C, a relationship is found to exist between Veff and V which is similar to the relationship between Vetf and I in the circuit arrangement shown in.
  • a proper choice of the adjustment alternating current voltage V0 enables the effective value of the alternating current voltage across the said elements to be changed, in a similar manner as described above for the magnetic circuits, by means of voltage pulses of suitable value and direction, to assume a high or a low value.
  • the output voltage from L or a winding coupled magnetically thereto is more advantageous for the ratio It V3 than when the output alternating current voltage is taken from one of the elements C and R.
  • Fig. 8 shows an embodiment of such a push-pull dielectric trigger circuit, G designating a supply generator, V0 a direct current voltage source, T a signal oscillation voltage source, C and C2 similar non-linear capacitors, Li and L2 similar inductance coils and S1, S2 and S3 blocking transformers.
  • the supply generator oscillations are connected to the non-linear elements in push-pull, and the signal oscillation is connected to these elements in co-phase.
  • he required output voltages may be taken across the pairs of terminals a-b, cd and e-g, the Voltages across the pairs of terminals a--b and cd comprising only components the frequencies of which are odd multiples of the supply frequency and the voltages across the pair of terminals e-g comprising only components the frequencies of which are even multiples of the supply frequency.
  • Trigger circuits of the magnetic or dielectric type as hereinbefore described are capable of replacing other known trigger circuits in many cases.
  • the pulse train to which the trigger is required to respond is such that all the pulses are of the same polarity.
  • the trigger circuit arrangement according to the invention is adapted to this last-named kind of pulse trains by converting such a pulse train in a manner known per se into a pulse train which in its action is equivalent to a pulse train the pulses of which are alternately positive and negative, the conversion being effected by extending the input circuit to become an aperiodically damped resonant circuit the resonant frequency of which should materially exceed the impulse repetition frequency.
  • Such a circuit converts each impulse into an oscillation which at the end of a period is damped and hence consists of two closely adjacent pulses of opposite polarity.
  • Fig. 9 such pairs of pulses, viz. l-Z and 34 are shown superposed on the adjusting polarization 10 or V0.
  • impulse 1 does not act upon Verr, but impulse 2 causes Veff to pass the condition B.
  • Impulse 3 causes a change of Vaff from the condition B to the condition A.
  • impulse 4 which closely follows impulse 3
  • the inertia of the circuit should not be such as to prevent impulse 3 from effecting a change after the action of impulse 2.
  • the inertia of the circuit arrangement is thus efficiently used.
  • AI1+AI2 which value is a measure of the minimumsignal amplitude required to cause a change from one stable condition to the other, may be adjusted by means of an impedance included in the circuit connecting the supply generator to the said reactances, as is shown for example in Fig. 6.
  • the ratio is found to increase. This is due to the fact that at 1:10 in one condition Veft' has not yet quite reached the value V2 due to the curvature in the unstable region, and likewise in the other condition the value V3 is not yet quite reached. If comparatively V3 is much smaller than V2 the said ratio may be materially increased under the influence of a comparatively low decrease in V3.
  • a subsequent impulse of opposite direction designated 2 in the figure causes Veff to pass from C to D by way of the characteristic curve; thence a discontinuous transition is effected to point E.
  • This transition is retarded, since the negative feed-back current which increases with Van counteracts the impulse 2; hence the final condition is characterized by the point F and not by the point I which would be reached through G and H, unless the impulse 2 is made sufliciently high and wide for the impulse to remain active after the transition has occurred even in spite of the retardation.
  • the point I the starting point in this discussion is not reached until after the application of a third pulse designated 3 in the figure. In this case the transition from G to H is accelerated.
  • An impulse 4 initiates a new cycle.
  • the resultant higher value of Aha-A12 may be decreased by means of an impedance included in the circuit connecting the supply generator to the two reactances, such as the .impedance Z shown in broken lines in Fig. 10.
  • an impedance included in the circuit connecting the supply generator to the two reactances, such as the .impedance Z shown in broken lines in Fig. 10.
  • Fig. 14- M designates a dielectric material the polarization characteristic curve of which, that is the characteristic curve showing the relationship between the dielectric displacement D and the electric field strength F, has a nonlinear variation, C a capacitor comprising this material, G a supply generator which for example is caused tobccome operative through a separating transformer S which is included in the circuit comprising C, S2 a second separating transformer the inductance of the primary winding of which together with the inductance of the winding of S1 included in the circuit consttiutes the reactance of the opposite polarity and one of the secondary windings of which together with a rectifier RF, a capacitor C1 and a resistor R constitutes the negative feedback circuit, V is a unidirectional voltage source, and T is an impulse voltage source.
  • the required output voltages which are still alternating current voltages may be taken from a further secondary winding of S2.
  • the capacitor C1 through which the negative feed-back voltage is introduced into the circuit also acts as a smoothing capacitor and is preferably arranged to have a large value.
  • the detected voltages may be taken from across R.
  • Fig. shows by way of example such a magnetic trigger circuit and Fig. 16 a dielectric one.
  • the even harmonic oscillations are utilized for the feed-back.
  • the odd harmonics may also be used for this purpose, but this is not advisable, since in some cases the push-pull may be upset.
  • Trigger circuits in accordance with the invention may be used advantageously as impulse renovators and amplifiers for pulsatory signals, the impulse shape, which in most cases has been materially affected during the transmission from transmitter to receiver, which usually shows itself as a decrease in steepness of the pulse flanks, being thus recovered.
  • Detection of the output signal of a trigger circuit used in this manner thus produces a signal which is amplified and restored in shape but which is retarded relatively to the initial signal by a period of time ti'-tr.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a non-linear variable first reactance, a second reactance of opposite polarity coupled to said first reactance, a source of local oscillations, means connected to supply said local oscillations to said reactances, said first reactance being polarizable in stable and unstable regions, means connected to polarize said first reactance into an unstable region wherein the oscillation in said reactances may assume any one of a plurality of difierent magnitudes, a source of signal oscillations having a frequency which is low as compared with the frequency of said local oscillations, and means connecting said signal oscillations to said first reactance, said signal oscillations having a magnitude sufficiently great to shift said polarization momentarily into a stable region of said first reactance whereby the oscillation in said reactances is shifted from one to another of said different magnitudes.
  • a trigger circuit as set forth in claim 1, wherein said first reactance comprises magnetic material.
  • a trigger circuit as set forth in claim 1, wherein said first reactance comprises dielectric material.
  • a trigger circuit as set forth in claim 1, further including an impedance connecting said local oscillation source to said reactances, means for adjusting the value of said impedance to cause adjustment of the minimum signal oscillation amplitude at which said shifting of the oscillation occurs.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a non-linear variable first reactance, a second reactance of opposite polarity coupled to said first reactance, a source of local oscillations, means connected to supply said local oscillations to said reactances, said first reactance being polarizable in stable and unstable regions, polarization means connected to polarize said first reactance into an unstable region wherein the oscillation in said reactances may assume any one of a plurality of different magnitudes, a source of pulsatory signal oscillations having a pulse repetition rate which is low as compared with the frequency of said local oscillations, means connecting said signal oscillations to said first reactance, said signal oscillations having a magnitude sufficiently great to shift said polarization momentarily into a stable region of said first reactance whereby the oscillation in said reactance is shifted from one to another of said different magnitudes, rectifying means connected to rectify the oscillations across one of said reactances and produce rectified oscillations therefrom, and means connected to supply said rectified oscillations to said
  • a trigger circuit as claimed in claim 5, in which said first reactance comprises two sections connected in push-pull with respect to said local oscillations and connected in co-phase with respect to said signal oscillations.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a variable reactance having a medium which is operable in a non-linear part of its polarization characteristic curve, means connected to polarize said medium in said non-linear part, said reactance being constituted by an inductor having a ferromagnetic core, a source of pulsatory oscillations, a coil magnetically coupled to said ferromagnetic core and connected to said source for supplying pulsatory oscillations to said reactance, a source of local oscillation, said local oscillation having a frequency which is high as compared with the rate of said pulsatory oscillations, a capacitor and a load resistor, said source, said capacitor and said resistor being serially connected across said reactance.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a variable reactance having a medium which is operable in a non-linear part of its polarization characteristic curve, said reactance being constituted by an inductor including a first coil, 21 second coil serially connected to said first coil and a three-legged ferromagnetic core having two outer legs and a central leg, said first coil being wound around one of said outer legs and said second coil being wound around the other of said two outer legs, a third coil wound around said central leg, a source of pulsatory oscillations connected to said third coil for supplying pulsatory oscillations to said reactance, a source of local oscillation, said local oscillation having a frequency which is high as compared with the rate of said pulsatory oscillations, a capacitor and a load resistor, said local oscillation source, said capacitor and said resistor being serially connected across said first and second coils.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a variable reactance having a medium which is operable in a non-linear part of its polarization characteristic curve, said reactance being constituted by an inductor having a ferromagnetic core, a coil magnetically coupled to said ferromagnetic core, a source of pulsatory oscillations connected to said coil for supplying pulsatory oscillations to said reactance, a capacitor connected across said inductor, a source of local oscillation, said local oscillation having a frequency which is high as compared with the rate of said pulsatory oscillations, and an impedance connected in series with said local oscillation source, said impedance and said local oscillation source being connected across said capacitor.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a variable reactance having a medium which is operable in a non-linear part of its polarization characteristic curve, said reactance being constituted by a capacitor containing a dielectric material, means for supplying pulsatory oscillations to said reactance, a source of local oscillations, said local oscillations having a frequency which is high as compared with the rate of said pulsatory oscillations, an inductance and a load resistor, said source, said inductance and said resistor being serially connected across said reactance.
  • a trig er circuit comprising a pair of variable reactances each having a medium which is operable in a non-Ir car part of its polarization characteristic curve, each of said reactances being constituted by a capacitor containing a dielectric material, a first transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding having a tap thereon, a second transformer having a primary winding having a tap thereon and a secondary winding, one end of the secondary winding of said first transformer being connected to one end of the primary winding of said second transformer through one of said reactances, the other end of the secondary winding of said first transformer being connected to the other end of the primary winding of said second transformer through th other of said pair of reactances, a direct current source, a signal oscillation source, a third transformer 1 ing a primary winding and a secondary winding, said sources and the primary winding of said third transformer being serially connected between said taps, and a source of local oscillation connected across the primary winding of said first transformer, said
  • a trigger circuit comprising a variable reactance having a medium which is operable in a non-linear part of its polarization characteristic curve, said reactance being constituted by an inductor having a ferromagnetic core, a first coil magnetically coupled to said ferromagetic core, a source of pulsatory oscillations connected to said first coil for supplying pulsatory oscillations to said reactance, a second coil magnetically coupled to said ferromagnetic core, a rectifier and a variable resistor connected in series across said second coil, an impedance connected across said inductor, a source of local oscillation, said local oscillation having a frequency which is high as compared with the rate of the pulsatory oscillations, a capacitor and a load resistor, said local oscillation source, said capacitor and said load resistor being serially connected across said inductor.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a variable reactance having a medium which is operable in a non-linear part of its polarization characteristic curve, said reactance being constituted by a capacitor containing a dielectric material, a first transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding, a second transformer having a first winding, a second winding and a third winding for providing an output voltage, a coupling capacitor, a signal oscillation source, a direct current source, said variable reactance, said coupling capacitor, said first winding and said sources being serially connected across the secondary winding of said first transformer, a source of local oscillation connected across the primary winding of said first transformer, said local oscillation having a frequency which is high as compared with the frequency of said signal oscillations, a resistor connected across said coupling capacitor, and a rectifier connected in series with said second winding across said resistor.
  • a trigger circuit comprising a pair of variable reactances each having a medium which is operable in a non-linear part of its polarization characteristic curve, each of said reactances being constituted by a capacitor containing a dielectric material, a first transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding having a tap thereon, a second transformer having a primary winding having a tap thereon and a secondary winding, one end of the secondary winding of said first transformer being connected to one end of the primary winding of said second transformer through one of said reactances, the other end of the secondary winding of said first transformer being connected to the other end of the primary winding of said second transformer through the other of said pair of reactances, a direct current source, a pulsatory oscillation source, a coupling capacitor, a third transformer having a first Winding, a second winding and a third winding, said sources, said coupling capacitor and said first winding being serially connected between said taps, a source of local oscillation connected across the primary wind

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Inductance-Capacitance Distribution Constants And Capacitance-Resistance Oscillators (AREA)
US369793A 1952-08-07 1953-07-23 Trigger circuit of the magnetic or dielectric type Expired - Lifetime US2773198A (en)

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NL321300X 1952-08-07
NL121152X 1952-11-12

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US (1) US2773198A (nl)
BE (1) BE521972A (nl)
CH (1) CH321300A (nl)
DE (1) DE1003795B (nl)
FR (1) FR1086546A (nl)
GB (1) GB740284A (nl)
NL (5) NL173754B (nl)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2922143A (en) * 1953-07-16 1960-01-19 Burroughs Corp Binary storage means
US2960613A (en) * 1955-05-12 1960-11-15 Gen Electric Non-linear resonance devices
US3088039A (en) * 1958-12-19 1963-04-30 Ford Motor Co Impedance gate
US3246219A (en) * 1957-05-03 1966-04-12 Devol Ferroresonant devices

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE563873A (nl) * 1957-11-05

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2653254A (en) * 1952-04-23 1953-09-22 Gen Electric Nonlinear resonant flip-flop circuit

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2653254A (en) * 1952-04-23 1953-09-22 Gen Electric Nonlinear resonant flip-flop circuit

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2922143A (en) * 1953-07-16 1960-01-19 Burroughs Corp Binary storage means
US2960613A (en) * 1955-05-12 1960-11-15 Gen Electric Non-linear resonance devices
US3246219A (en) * 1957-05-03 1966-04-12 Devol Ferroresonant devices
US3088039A (en) * 1958-12-19 1963-04-30 Ford Motor Co Impedance gate

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DE1003795B (de) 1957-03-07
GB740284A (en) 1955-11-09
NL99523C (nl)
NL173754B (nl)
NL171686B (nl)
NL171086B (nl)
CH321300A (de) 1957-04-30
NL93261C (nl)
BE521972A (nl)
FR1086546A (fr) 1955-02-14

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