US2734838A - Wrapped pencil-shaped articles and method of making same - Google Patents
Wrapped pencil-shaped articles and method of making same Download PDFInfo
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- US2734838A US2734838A US2734838DA US2734838A US 2734838 A US2734838 A US 2734838A US 2734838D A US2734838D A US 2734838DA US 2734838 A US2734838 A US 2734838A
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- Prior art keywords
- sheath
- core
- pencil
- starch
- paper
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- QUBQYFYWUJJAAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)urea Chemical compound OCNC(=O)NCO QUBQYFYWUJJAAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 52
- 229950005308 oxymethurea Drugs 0.000 claims description 52
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 claims description 30
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-MRCIVHHJSA-N Dextrin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)OC1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)OC(O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-MRCIVHHJSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 108010009736 Protein Hydrolysates Proteins 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- -1 GUM ACACIA Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 58
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 32
- 230000001070 adhesive Effects 0.000 description 32
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 26
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 26
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 18
- 241000218645 Cedrus Species 0.000 description 12
- 229920000084 Gum arabic Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 12
- 244000215068 Acacia senegal Species 0.000 description 10
- 235000006491 Acacia senegal Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 8
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002195 soluble material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 4
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001938 Vegetable gum Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004709 Eyebrows Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005296 abrasive Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004059 degradation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent Effects 0.000 description 2
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001592 potato starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B43—WRITING OR DRAWING IMPLEMENTS; BUREAU ACCESSORIES
- B43K—IMPLEMENTS FOR WRITING OR DRAWING
- B43K19/00—Non-propelling pencils; Styles; Crayons; Chalks
- B43K19/14—Sheathings
- B43K19/145—Sheathings with paper sheaths
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
- Y10T428/2936—Wound or wrapped core or coating [i.e., spiral or helical]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31725—Of polyamide
- Y10T428/31768—Natural source-type polyamide [e.g., casein, gelatin, etc.]
- Y10T428/31772—Next to cellulosic
- Y10T428/31775—Paper
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
Definitions
- cedar wood suitable for pencil manufacturers is no longer obtainable in unlimited quantities, and is becoming increasingly expensive, attention has been directed to the manufacture of pencils by sheathing the pencil lead with alternative materials.
- cedar Wood other woods have been substituted but these are generally conceded to be inferior to cedar.
- the pencils made from sodium silicate have proved unsatisfactory when kept for long storage periods because they are sensitive to climatic changes, particularly humidity, and are difiicult to sharpen under high humidity conditions.
- An object of this invention is to make composition pencils and pencil-like articles which will have the characteristic qualities generally associated with high-grade wood pencils such as strength, good sharpening, both by knife and by conventional pencil Sharpeners, and high resistance to humidity.
- Another object of this invention is to produce pencils from inexpensive and readily available materials.
- Still another object is to produce pencils by a simple mechanical operation.
- the process of making our pencils and pencil-like articles comprises enveloping a core with paper which has been coated or impregnated with a binder, shaping the resulting sheath if desired, and curing the binder.
- the articles may then be finished in the conventional manner by lacquering, stamping, applying fermles, etc.
- the binder consists of the reaction product of an ad hesive and an embrittling agent and, if desired, a lubricant, a perfume. and coloring material. It must be stable toward humidity changes so that the resulting impregnated or coated sheath retains its physical properties over extensive temperature and humidity ranges.
- the preferred adhesive is starch, or a product resulting from the degradation of starch, such as dextrine.
- Other water colloidally soluble relatively high molecular weight polyhydroxy compounds including vegetable gums, such as gum acacia, and pectin, also are satisfactory adhesives.
- Polyvinyl alcohol may also be employed.
- Some polyhydroxy compounds, such as starches and starch derivatives, are better suited than others because of their solubility characteristics, their initial tack and adhesive qualities, but any water colloidally soluble starch, or starch hydrolysates, may be employed if desired.
- the embrittling agent serves to lessen the toughness of the adhesive and that section of paper coming in contact with the embrittling agent. This makes the formed sheath cut more readily and cleanly by the shearing forces of a pencil sharpener or knife.
- water colloidally soluble materials which upon heating react with the adhesive and become converted into an insoluble form, are generally satisfactory, and the low molecular weight formaldehyde condensates, such as those with phenol, furfury-l alcohol, urea, and melamine, and combinations of these, are typical examples of useful and preferred thermosetting resins or embrittling agents, dimethylolurea has been found to be a most desirable thermosetting or embrittling agent.
- These water colloidally soluble materials also serve to render the composition less sensitive to humidity after reaction.
- thermosetting resin is intended to embrace materials such as dimethylolurea which upon heating alone polymerizes to form a resin. In the present invention they also react with the adhesive to form the binder for the pencil sheath.
- the adhesive must be tacky enough to hold the paper or pulp including the final lap, in the case of a paper sheet, during and after the Wrapping operation.
- the lubricant may advantageously be calcium stearate or similar soap-like material.
- Waxes preferably in the form of emulsions, may also be employed, as well as unctuous minerals such as talc.
- paper is suitable for this invention, but it is preferable to use a paper similar to newsprint. It is desirable to incorporate some kraft, or sulfite fiber, in the paper when it is being made to give it additional strength.
- the binder comprised of a dextrine, such as tapioca dextrine as the adhesive, and dimethylolurea as the embrittling and stabilizing agent, is made up as a watersolution in equal parts and contains a small amount of dispersed calcium stearate as a lubricant.
- concentration of materials in solution is not critical but should be as high as possible so that less water need be removed from the wrapped pencil.
- the concentration should ,be such as to give adequate tack to .the surface of the treated paper to preclude unwinding or delaminating after forming and before drying.
- the binder solution is impregnated or coated on the paper.
- the adhesive and the embrittling agent "to the paper in one solution it is possible first to treat the paper with the embrittling agent .and then to Wrap the paper with adhesive into the desired pencil.
- the quantity of binder required for this operation may vary from 10 to 50% by weight of the paper and preferably 20-35% by weight.
- Forming the pencil may be accomplished by rolling the pencil lead up in treated paper until the desired size .is reached, shaping the pencil as by putting it through a die to give it a hexagonal shape, drying the pencil either by heat or otherwise and with or without a catalyst for the reaction, and finishing, if desired, in the conventional manner. Economic advantages may be obtained by coating the tab end of the wrapping paper with a plastic or other finishing material so that the finished article. will have the tab on its outer surface, thus eliminating the necessity for lacquering.
- the application of the binding material and the rolling of the pencil may be done over a wide temperature range. It is preferable, however, to carry out the wrapping operation at from -160 F. These temperatures allow the use of higher concentration binders and the pencil results in being introduced into the drying chamber already preheated.
- the drying temperature is also not criticalthe maximum temperature allowable being dependent upon the paper used and the temperature at which it deteriorates, but the preferred temperature range is from 180 to 275 F.
- the length of the drying cycle depends upon the paper and temperature used and is usually about 4 hours at 212 F., if no catalysts are used. The time may be shortened by use of catalysts, for instance diammonium hydrogen phosphate.
- the ratio of dextrine to dimethylolurea is preferably kept at approximately one to one by weight. However, it has been found satisfactory to use up to '7 parts by weight of dextrine to 3 parts by weight of dimethylolurea. A larger proportion of dextrine tends to make the resulting pencil sensitive to high humidity. On the other hand, it is possible to increase the proportion of dimethylolurea to a ratio of 1 part by weight of dextrine to 9 parts by weight of dimethylolurea. Larger proportions of dimethylolurea do not permit proper adhesion particularly with respect to the final lap. As a matter of fact, substantially higher proportions of dimethylolurea may make the present simple wrapping process impractical, since the individual pencils would have to be held mechanically until the dimethylolurea was set to eliminate unwrapping.
- Fig. l is a coated paper, a pencil lead and a ferrule.
- Fig. 2 is a partially rolled-up pencil.
- Fig. 3 is a rolled-up pencil.
- Fig. 4 is the pencil of Fig. 3 after passing through a die to form it into a hexagonal shape.
- Fig. 5 is the pencil of Fig. 4 complete with ferrule and sharpened.
- Fig. 6 is an eraser surrounded by a sheath similar to that of the pencil lead in Fig. 5.
- 11 is the base, such as paper, coated with a binder 12.
- Pencil lead is rolled up in the coated base to form a blank pencil having a nearly invisible lap 16.
- ferrule 13 having an eraser 14 is attached.
- a lacquer 17 is applied to pencil 15.
- Fig. 6 refers specifically to an eraser having a sheath 18 and an abrasive composition 19 located centrally within the sheath 18.
- Example I Tapioca dextrine 72.5 Dimethylolurea (60% solids) 121.0 Water 56.5 Calcium stearate 2.5
- Example II Kraft paper was impregnated with a solution of dimethylolurea to give a pickup of 10% solids on the weight of the paper.
- the treated sheet was dried and then wrapped in an adhesive bath having the following composition:
- Example III G Polyvinyl alcohol 10.0 Dimethylolurea solids) 66.7 Water 23.3
- the polyvinyl alcohol was dissolved in the water and the dimethylolurea added. Pencils were made in the manner described in Example'l using the same paper with the above binder composition at a temperature of F. The resulting pencils were resistant to high humidity and had good sharpening characteristics.
- Example IV G Gum acacia 10.0 Dimethylolurea (60% solids) 66.7 Water 23.3
- the acacia gum was dissolved in the water followed by addition of the dimethylolurea with stirring. Cores of rubber eraser material were wrapped with newsprint coated with the above binder composition and the article was dried at 212 F. The resulting assemblies are resistant to high humidity and the sheath sharpened easily and cleanly to expose a new surface.
- Example V Tapioca dextriue 5.0 Dimethylolurea (60% solids) 75.0 Water 20.0 Calcium stearate 1.0
- Example V1 G Apple pectin Q 10.0 Water 125.0 Dimethylolurea 16.7
- the pectin was first dissolved in water with heating after which the dimethylolurea was added with stirring. Pencils were made from the above composition by coating the modified newsprint paper, drying, remoistening and wrapping in the manner described in Example I. The resulting pencils were resistant to high humidity and had good sharpening characteristics.
- the binder comprising an adhesive and an embrittling agent.
- the heating of the embrittling agent causes a polymerization reaction to take place. It is believed that the adhesive enters into this polymerization reaction since a product is formed from which the water soluble adhesive may not be extracted.
- X-ray diffraction studies disclose that both the adhesive and embrittling agent when polymerized alone have a definite crystal structure. When heated together, the final prodnet is amorphous. It is known that by using an embrittling agent, the sheath may be readily sharpened, either by knife or by mechanical means, to form a smooth cut similar, or superior, to that obtained by the finest straight grained pencil wood.
- the paper used in wrapping the pencil may be dyed and perfumed a color and odor similar to that of cedar wood. When so treated, it is difiicult to distinguish a pencil made in accordance with this invention from that made from prime cedar wood.
- a core, and a rigid sheath surrounding said core comprising paper tightly wound upon said core, and bonded together and to said core by a binder and heat cured at a temperature between ambient and about 275 F., said binder preventing delamination and consisting essentially of dimethylol urea and a high molecular weight water colloidally soluble polyhydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of starch, hydrolysates of starch, dextrine, pectin, gum acacia, and polyvinyl alcohol, said polyhydroxy compound and said dimethylol urea being present in a weight ratio of between 7:3 and 1:9, said sheath being substantially unaifected by humidity.
- the process of forming a rigid sheath about a core which comprises applying to a paper sheet a binder consisting essentially of dimethylol urea and a water colloidally soluble, relatively high molecular weight, polyhydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of starch, hydrolysates of starch, dextrine, pectin, gum acacia, and polyvinyl alcohol, in a weight ratio of between 3 :7 and 9: 1, respectively, wrapping the thus-treated paper tightly around said core to form said sheath thereabout, and heating the resulting structure at a temperature between ambient and about 275 F.
- a binder consisting essentially of dimethylol urea and a water colloidally soluble, relatively high molecular weight, polyhydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of starch, hydrolysates of starch, dextrine, pectin, gum acacia, and polyvinyl alcohol, in a weight ratio of between 3 :7 and 9: 1, respectively, wrapping the thus-
Landscapes
- Paper (AREA)
Description
Feb. 14, 1956 J. J. CLANCY ET AL 2,734,838
WRAPPED PENCIL-SHAPED ARTICLES AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME Filed Oct. 19 1951 INVENTORS JOHN J. CZAA/cY DflV/D VI./ 401/ I United States Patent WRAPPED PENCIL-SHAPED ARTECLES AND METHOD 0F MAKING SAME John J. Clancy, Westwoed, and David W. Levering, eedham, Mass, assignors to Arthur D. Littie, Zine, Sambridge, Mass a corporation of Massachusetts Application October 19, 1951, Serial No. 252,171 7 Claims. (Cl. 154-453) This invention relates to the manufacture of wrapped pencils and pencil-like articles, and more particularly to the manufacture of pencils and pencil-like articles Whose sheaths are prepared from paper.
Because the supply of cedar wood suitable for pencil manufacturers is no longer obtainable in unlimited quantities, and is becoming increasingly expensive, attention has been directed to the manufacture of pencils by sheathing the pencil lead with alternative materials. In place of cedar Wood, other woods have been substituted but these are generally conceded to be inferior to cedar. Attempts have also been made to prepare wrapped paper sheaths by laminating paper with various adhesives such as sodium silicate and thermosetting resins alone. The pencils made from sodium silicate have proved unsatisfactory when kept for long storage periods because they are sensitive to climatic changes, particularly humidity, and are difiicult to sharpen under high humidity conditions.
An object of this invention is to make composition pencils and pencil-like articles which will have the characteristic qualities generally associated with high-grade wood pencils such as strength, good sharpening, both by knife and by conventional pencil Sharpeners, and high resistance to humidity.
Another object of this invention is to produce pencils from inexpensive and readily available materials.
Still another object is to produce pencils by a simple mechanical operation.
These and other objects which will become apparent may be accomplished by the procedure of the present 'invention, which is described 'below.
Briefly the process of making our pencils and pencil-like articles comprises enveloping a core with paper which has been coated or impregnated with a binder, shaping the resulting sheath if desired, and curing the binder. The articles may then be finished in the conventional manner by lacquering, stamping, applying fermles, etc.
The binder consists of the reaction product of an ad hesive and an embrittling agent and, if desired, a lubricant, a perfume. and coloring material. It must be stable toward humidity changes so that the resulting impregnated or coated sheath retains its physical properties over extensive temperature and humidity ranges.
The preferred adhesive is starch, or a product resulting from the degradation of starch, such as dextrine. Other water colloidally soluble relatively high molecular weight polyhydroxy compounds including vegetable gums, such as gum acacia, and pectin, also are satisfactory adhesives. Polyvinyl alcohol may also be employed. Some polyhydroxy compounds, such as starches and starch derivatives, are better suited than others because of their solubility characteristics, their initial tack and adhesive qualities, but any water colloidally soluble starch, or starch hydrolysates, may be employed if desired.
The embrittling agent serves to lessen the toughness of the adhesive and that section of paper coming in contact with the embrittling agent. This makes the formed sheath cut more readily and cleanly by the shearing forces of a pencil sharpener or knife. While water colloidally soluble materials, which upon heating react with the adhesive and become converted into an insoluble form, are generally satisfactory, and the low molecular weight formaldehyde condensates, such as those with phenol, furfury-l alcohol, urea, and melamine, and combinations of these, are typical examples of useful and preferred thermosetting resins or embrittling agents, dimethylolurea has been found to be a most desirable thermosetting or embrittling agent. These water colloidally soluble materials also serve to render the composition less sensitive to humidity after reaction.
The embrittling agent is referred to above as a thermosetting resin. The term thermosetting resin is intended to embrace materials such as dimethylolurea which upon heating alone polymerizes to form a resin. In the present invention they also react with the adhesive to form the binder for the pencil sheath.
The adhesive must be tacky enough to hold the paper or pulp including the final lap, in the case of a paper sheet, during and after the Wrapping operation.
The lubricant may advantageously be calcium stearate or similar soap-like material. Waxes, preferably in the form of emulsions, may also be employed, as well as unctuous minerals such as talc.
Many types of paper are suitable for this invention, but it is preferable to use a paper similar to newsprint. it is desirable to incorporate some kraft, or sulfite fiber, in the paper when it is being made to give it additional strength.
The following description of the process, using the preferred materials, is as follows:
The binder comprised of a dextrine, such as tapioca dextrine as the adhesive, and dimethylolurea as the embrittling and stabilizing agent, is made up as a watersolution in equal parts and contains a small amount of dispersed calcium stearate as a lubricant. The concentration of materials in solution is not critical but should be as high as possible so that less water need be removed from the wrapped pencil. The concentration should ,be such as to give suficient tack to .the surface of the treated paper to preclude unwinding or delaminating after forming and before drying.
The binder solution is impregnated or coated on the paper. Although it is usually preferable to add the adhesive and the embrittling agent "to the paper in one solution as a one-step process, it is possible first to treat the paper with the embrittling agent .and then to Wrap the paper with adhesive into the desired pencil. The quantity of binder required for this operation may vary from 10 to 50% by weight of the paper and preferably 20-35% by weight.
Forming the pencil may be accomplished by rolling the pencil lead up in treated paper until the desired size .is reached, shaping the pencil as by putting it through a die to give it a hexagonal shape, drying the pencil either by heat or otherwise and with or without a catalyst for the reaction, and finishing, if desired, in the conventional manner. Economic advantages may be obtained by coating the tab end of the wrapping paper with a plastic or other finishing material so that the finished article. will have the tab on its outer surface, thus eliminating the necessity for lacquering.
The application of the binding material and the rolling of the pencil may be done over a wide temperature range. It is preferable, however, to carry out the wrapping operation at from -160 F. These temperatures allow the use of higher concentration binders and the pencil results in being introduced into the drying chamber already preheated. The drying temperature is also not criticalthe maximum temperature allowable being dependent upon the paper used and the temperature at which it deteriorates, but the preferred temperature range is from 180 to 275 F. The length of the drying cycle depends upon the paper and temperature used and is usually about 4 hours at 212 F., if no catalysts are used. The time may be shortened by use of catalysts, for instance diammonium hydrogen phosphate.
In the above description it was stated that the ratio of dextrine to dimethylolurea is preferably kept at approximately one to one by weight. However, it has been found satisfactory to use up to '7 parts by weight of dextrine to 3 parts by weight of dimethylolurea. A larger proportion of dextrine tends to make the resulting pencil sensitive to high humidity. On the other hand, it is possible to increase the proportion of dimethylolurea to a ratio of 1 part by weight of dextrine to 9 parts by weight of dimethylolurea. Larger proportions of dimethylolurea do not permit proper adhesion particularly with respect to the final lap. As a matter of fact, substantially higher proportions of dimethylolurea may make the present simple wrapping process impractical, since the individual pencils would have to be held mechanically until the dimethylolurea was set to eliminate unwrapping.
The invention may be better understood by reference to the accompanying drawing wherein:
Fig. l is a coated paper, a pencil lead and a ferrule.
Fig. 2 is a partially rolled-up pencil.
Fig. 3 is a rolled-up pencil.
Fig. 4 is the pencil of Fig. 3 after passing through a die to form it into a hexagonal shape.
Fig. 5 is the pencil of Fig. 4 complete with ferrule and sharpened.
Fig. 6 is an eraser surrounded by a sheath similar to that of the pencil lead in Fig. 5.
Referring to the drawings more specifically, 11 is the base, such as paper, coated with a binder 12. Pencil lead is rolled up in the coated base to form a blank pencil having a nearly invisible lap 16. After passing pencil blank through a hexing die, ferrule 13 having an eraser 14 is attached. A lacquer 17 is applied to pencil 15. Fig. 6 refers specifically to an eraser having a sheath 18 and an abrasive composition 19 located centrally within the sheath 18.
In order to more fully understand the invention, the following examples, illustrative of successful methods of accomplishing the objects above stated, are given:
Example I Tapioca dextrine 72.5 Dimethylolurea (60% solids) 121.0 Water 56.5 Calcium stearate 2.5
Example II Kraft paper was impregnated with a solution of dimethylolurea to give a pickup of 10% solids on the weight of the paper. The treated sheet was dried and then wrapped in an adhesive bath having the following composition:
Parts Potato starch 50 Water 50 Microcrystalline wax 5 The starch and water were heated to 160 F. to produce a smooth dispersion. After cooling to 100 F., the wax was added with stirring as a water dispersion. The resulting pencil was heated at 212 F. until dry. Sharpening characteristics were similar to those of cedar pencils and showed good resistance to high humidity.
Example III G. Polyvinyl alcohol 10.0 Dimethylolurea solids) 66.7 Water 23.3
The polyvinyl alcohol was dissolved in the water and the dimethylolurea added. Pencils were made in the manner described in Example'l using the same paper with the above binder composition at a temperature of F. The resulting pencils were resistant to high humidity and had good sharpening characteristics.
Example IV G. Gum acacia 10.0 Dimethylolurea (60% solids) 66.7 Water 23.3
The acacia gum was dissolved in the water followed by addition of the dimethylolurea with stirring. Cores of rubber eraser material were wrapped with newsprint coated with the above binder composition and the article was dried at 212 F. The resulting assemblies are resistant to high humidity and the sheath sharpened easily and cleanly to expose a new surface.
Example V Tapioca dextriue 5.0 Dimethylolurea (60% solids) 75.0 Water 20.0 Calcium stearate 1.0
Example V1 G. Apple pectin Q 10.0 Water 125.0 Dimethylolurea 16.7
The pectin was first dissolved in water with heating after which the dimethylolurea was added with stirring. Pencils were made from the above composition by coating the modified newsprint paper, drying, remoistening and wrapping in the manner described in Example I. The resulting pencils were resistant to high humidity and had good sharpening characteristics. a
In the foregoing description, reference was made to the binder comprising an adhesive and an embrittling agent. The heating of the embrittling agent causes a polymerization reaction to take place. It is believed that the adhesive enters into this polymerization reaction since a product is formed from which the water soluble adhesive may not be extracted. In compatible systems such as the dimethylolurea-dextrine mixtures X-ray diffraction studies disclose that both the adhesive and embrittling agent when polymerized alone have a definite crystal structure. When heated together, the final prodnet is amorphous. It is known that by using an embrittling agent, the sheath may be readily sharpened, either by knife or by mechanical means, to form a smooth cut similar, or superior, to that obtained by the finest straight grained pencil wood.
Reference is made herein to vegetable gums. This is intended to include not only materials such as gum acacia, but also in its broader sense to include water colloidally soluble materials such as pectin, starch, and hydrolysates of starch such as dextrine.
Extensive laboratory tests have shown that pencils made in accordance with the process herein described are strong, and have superior sharpening qualifies as well as being relatively insensitive to humidity changes.
If it is desired, the paper used in wrapping the pencil may be dyed and perfumed a color and odor similar to that of cedar wood. When so treated, it is difiicult to distinguish a pencil made in accordance with this invention from that made from prime cedar wood.
Although the above examples and description have been directed primarily to pencils, it is apparent that this invention is equally applicable to pencil-like articles such as crayons, erasers, eyebrow pencils, and similar structures. The appended claims are therefore intended to cover broadly such articles.
Having now described our invention, we claim:
1. As an article of manufacture, a core, and a rigid sheath surrounding said core, said sheath comprising paper tightly wound upon said core, and bonded together and to said core by a binder and heat cured at a temperature between ambient and about 275 F., said binder preventing delamination and consisting essentially of dimethylol urea and a high molecular weight water colloidally soluble polyhydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of starch, hydrolysates of starch, dextrine, pectin, gum acacia, and polyvinyl alcohol, said polyhydroxy compound and said dimethylol urea being present in a weight ratio of between 7:3 and 1:9, said sheath being substantially unaifected by humidity.
2. An article of manufacture in accordance with claim 1, wherein said polyhydroxy compound is starch.
3. An article of manufacture in accordance with claim 1, wherein said polyhydroxy compound is dextrine.
4. An article of manufacture in accordance with claim 1, wherein said polyhydroxy compound is pectin.
5. An article of manufacture in accordance with claim 1, wherein said polyhydroxy compound is polyvinyl a1- cohol.
6. An article of manufacture in accordance with claim 1, wherein said binder contains a lubricant.
7. The process of forming a rigid sheath about a core, which comprises applying to a paper sheet a binder consisting essentially of dimethylol urea and a water colloidally soluble, relatively high molecular weight, polyhydroxy compound selected from the group consisting of starch, hydrolysates of starch, dextrine, pectin, gum acacia, and polyvinyl alcohol, in a weight ratio of between 3 :7 and 9: 1, respectively, wrapping the thus-treated paper tightly around said core to form said sheath thereabout, and heating the resulting structure at a temperature between ambient and about 275 F. sutficient to cause said polyhydroxy compound and said dimethylol urea to form a reaction product which is substantially unafiected by humidity and which bonds the convolutions of said sheath firmly together against delamination and which also bonds said sheath to said core.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 444,233 Denney Ian. 6, 1891 477,593 Greenfield June 21, 1892 600,745 Sands Mar. 15, 1898 679,264 Pedley July 23, 1901 1,222,152 Smith Apr. 10, 1917 2,121,076 Ellis June 21, 1938 2,302,309 Glarum et al Nov. 17, 1942 2,510,941 Ake et a1. June 13, 1950 FOREIGN PATENTS 16,194 Great Britain of 1898
Claims (2)
1. AS AN ARTICLE OF MANUFACTURE, CORE, AND A RIGID SHEATH SURROUNDING SAID CORE, SAID SHEATH COMPRISING PAPER TIGHTLY WOUND UPON SAID CORE, AND BONDED TOGETHER AND TO SAID CORE BY A BINDER AND HEAT CURED AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN AMBIENT AND ABOUT 275* F., SAID BINDER PREVENTING DELAMINATION AND COMSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF DIMETHYLOL UREA AND A HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT WATER COLLOIDALLY SOLUBLE POLYHYDROXY COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF STARCH, HYDROLYSATES OF STARCH, DEXTRINE, PECTIN, GUM ACACIA, AND POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, SAID POLYHYDROXY COMPOUND AND SAID DIMETHYLOL ALCOHOL, SAID PRESENT IN A WEIGHT RATIO OF BETWEEN 7:3 AND 1:9, SAID SHEATH BEING SUBSTANTIALLY UNAFFECTED BY HUMIDITY.
7. THE PROCESS OF FORMING A RIGID SHEATH ABOUT A CORE, WHICH COMPRISES APPLYING TO A PAPER SHEET A BINDER CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF DIMETHYLOL UREA AND A WATER COLLOIDALLY SOLUBLE, RELATIVELY HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT, POLYHYDROXY COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF STARCH, HYDROLYSATES OF STARCH, DEXTRINE, PECTIN, GUM ACACIA, AND POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, IN A WEIGHT RATIO OF BETWEEN 3:7 AND 9:1, RESPECTIVELY, WRAPPING THE THUS-TREATED PAPER TIGHTLY AROUND SAID CORE TO FORM SAID SHEATH THEREABOUT, AND HEATING THE RESULTING STRUCTURE AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN AMBIENT AND ABOUT 275* F. SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE SAID POLYHYDROXY COMPOUND AND SAID DIMETHYLOL UREA TO FORM A REACTION PRODUCT WHICH IS SUBSTANTIALLY UNAFFECTED BY HUMIDITY AND WHICH BONDS THE CONVOLUTIONS OF SAID SHEATH FIRMLY TOGETHER AGAINST DELAMINATION AND WHICH ALSO BONDS SAID SHEATH TO SAID CORE.
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US2734838D Expired - Lifetime US2734838A (en) | Wrapped pencil-shaped articles and method of making same |
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Cited By (7)
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US3055785A (en) * | 1959-11-24 | 1962-09-25 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Cushion material and method of making same |
US5399041A (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1995-03-21 | Bic Corporation | Writing instrument barrel and method of forming a writing instrument |
US5735622A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1998-04-07 | Pentech International Inc. | Writing instrument with a compressible friction coating and method of making |
US6062753A (en) * | 1998-08-17 | 2000-05-16 | Pentech International Inc. | Writing instrument with enhanced tactile control and gripping comfort and method of making same |
US20070243006A1 (en) * | 2005-04-16 | 2007-10-18 | Kathleen Torrell | Liquid graphite |
USD759756S1 (en) * | 2015-05-22 | 2016-06-21 | Staedtler Mars Gmbh & Co. Kg | Writing, drawing or painting instrument |
USD873346S1 (en) * | 2018-03-21 | 2020-01-21 | Staples Brands, Inc. | Writing instrument |
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US444233A (en) * | 1891-01-06 | Harmer denney | ||
US477593A (en) * | 1892-06-21 | Edwin t | ||
US600745A (en) * | 1898-03-15 | Manufacture of mailing tubes | ||
GB189816194A (en) * | 1898-07-25 | 1899-03-25 | Robert Ralston Rakestraw | Improvements in the Manufacture of Pencils. |
US679264A (en) * | 1899-12-26 | 1901-07-23 | William Everard Pedley | Paper tube. |
US1222152A (en) * | 1916-12-15 | 1917-04-10 | Blaisdell Paper Pencil Company | Pencil and process for making the same. |
US2121076A (en) * | 1936-04-01 | 1938-06-21 | Ellis Foster Co | Molding composition of urea resin and modifying agent and process of making same |
US2302309A (en) * | 1939-10-19 | 1942-11-17 | Rohm & Haas | Stabilization of wet processed starch pastes with urea-formaldehyde |
US2510941A (en) * | 1949-04-22 | 1950-06-13 | Joseph Dixon Crucible Co | Method of brittlizing pencil sheaths |
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US444233A (en) * | 1891-01-06 | Harmer denney | ||
US477593A (en) * | 1892-06-21 | Edwin t | ||
US600745A (en) * | 1898-03-15 | Manufacture of mailing tubes | ||
GB189816194A (en) * | 1898-07-25 | 1899-03-25 | Robert Ralston Rakestraw | Improvements in the Manufacture of Pencils. |
US679264A (en) * | 1899-12-26 | 1901-07-23 | William Everard Pedley | Paper tube. |
US1222152A (en) * | 1916-12-15 | 1917-04-10 | Blaisdell Paper Pencil Company | Pencil and process for making the same. |
US2121076A (en) * | 1936-04-01 | 1938-06-21 | Ellis Foster Co | Molding composition of urea resin and modifying agent and process of making same |
US2302309A (en) * | 1939-10-19 | 1942-11-17 | Rohm & Haas | Stabilization of wet processed starch pastes with urea-formaldehyde |
US2510941A (en) * | 1949-04-22 | 1950-06-13 | Joseph Dixon Crucible Co | Method of brittlizing pencil sheaths |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US3055785A (en) * | 1959-11-24 | 1962-09-25 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Cushion material and method of making same |
US5399041A (en) * | 1992-08-28 | 1995-03-21 | Bic Corporation | Writing instrument barrel and method of forming a writing instrument |
US5735622A (en) * | 1995-12-14 | 1998-04-07 | Pentech International Inc. | Writing instrument with a compressible friction coating and method of making |
US6062753A (en) * | 1998-08-17 | 2000-05-16 | Pentech International Inc. | Writing instrument with enhanced tactile control and gripping comfort and method of making same |
US20070243006A1 (en) * | 2005-04-16 | 2007-10-18 | Kathleen Torrell | Liquid graphite |
US7951236B2 (en) | 2005-04-16 | 2011-05-31 | Jakks Pacific, Inc. | Liquid graphite |
USD759756S1 (en) * | 2015-05-22 | 2016-06-21 | Staedtler Mars Gmbh & Co. Kg | Writing, drawing or painting instrument |
USD873346S1 (en) * | 2018-03-21 | 2020-01-21 | Staples Brands, Inc. | Writing instrument |
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