US2723921A - Electrostatic coating - Google Patents

Electrostatic coating Download PDF

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US2723921A
US2723921A US167361A US16736150A US2723921A US 2723921 A US2723921 A US 2723921A US 167361 A US167361 A US 167361A US 16736150 A US16736150 A US 16736150A US 2723921 A US2723921 A US 2723921A
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coating
article
coated
liquid
conveyor
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US167361A
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William A Starkey
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Ransburg Corp
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Ransburg Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
    • B05D1/04—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying involving the use of an electrostatic field
    • B05D1/045—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying involving the use of an electrostatic field on non-conductive substrates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B14/00—Arrangements for collecting, re-using or eliminating excess spraying material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B5/00—Electrostatic spraying apparatus; Spraying apparatus with means for charging the spray electrically; Apparatus for spraying liquids or other fluent materials by other electric means
    • B05B5/08—Plant for applying liquids or other fluent materials to objects
    • B05B5/087—Arrangements of electrodes, e.g. of charging, shielding, collecting electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/10—Greenhouse gas [GHG] capture, material saving, heat recovery or other energy efficient measures, e.g. motor control, characterised by manufacturing processes, e.g. for rolling metal or metal working

Definitions

  • One object of the present invention is to provide a simple and inexpensive method and apparatus for coating, with improved results, material that normally possesses electrical insulating properties.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus whereby coating material Whether miscible or immiscible with water can be applied more effectively to porous, electrically insulating materials.
  • an article to be coated possessing electrical insulating properties is treated with conducting liquid to temporarily reduce its capability of accumulating a surface charge and thereafter is coated with electrically charged coating particles.
  • An article to be coated which is receptive to impregnation by liquids, may be treated by spraying with, or dipping in, conducting liquids, one of the most common of which is water.
  • the coating material being used has hydrophobic characteristics, it is desirable not to have it come in contact with water.
  • either Water should not be used as the treating liquid, or, if it is used, the impregnation of the article to be coated should be partial so that the surface to which the coating material is applied is not Wetted by the water.
  • the coating material may be atomized, charged and deposited on the article to be coated by means such as that described in U. S. Patent No. 2,247,963 of Harold P. Ransburg et al., entitled Apparatus for Spray Coating Articles, or in the application of Edwin M. Ransburg and myself for Method and Apparatus for Electrostatically Coating Articles, Serial No. 556,390, filed September 29, 1944, now Patent No. 2,685,536, or any other suitable charging apparatus.
  • electrical insulating materials capable of accumulating a surface charge in an electrostatic field
  • acoustic tile wood or compressed wood fibers, fiber board such as Celotex, compressed asbestos fibers, papier-mach, plaster of Paris, cardboard and fabrics.
  • aqueous coating materials which may be used with this invention are solutions or emulsions of casein paint such as those known in the trade as calcimine, Kemtone and Texolite.
  • calcimine calcimine
  • Kemtone calcimine
  • Texolite calcimine
  • other coating materials of nonsetting or setting character or materials adhesive in character such as lacquers, paints or varnishes maybe used.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic side view of one embodiment of the invention
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged diagrammatic side view of a portion of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3 is a transverse sectional elevation on an enlarged scale of a portion of the conveying mechanism shown'in Fig. 2;
  • Fig. 4 illustrates an article that may be coated.
  • a liquid treating apparatus which includes an overhead housing 10 and a drain basin 11.
  • a nozzle 12 is inserted in the top of the housing 10 as shown and is connected to the basin 11 by piping 13.
  • a pump 14 In the piping 13 is inserted a pump 14 to move the liquid from the basin 11 to the nozzle 12 so that the drained liquid may be re-used.
  • the conducting liquid used in the liquid treating apparatus is introduced to itpreferably by a connection, not shown,
  • An article to be treated for example, article 16, which is a piece of acoustic tile, may be introduced to the liquid treating apparatus by a suitable conveyor 17 having a grooved supporting bed 18 over which ride a number of cables 10 as more clearly shown in Fig. 3.
  • a turn-over mechanism may be pro vided at the exit end of the conveyor 17.
  • This mechanism includes a supporting member 21 which is driven by the conveyor 17 through a gear ratio device 22 and a drive shaft 23 as shown in Fig. l.
  • Adjacent the turn-over mechanism is another conveyor 25 which, as shown, may be of the same construction as conveyor 17 (see Fig. 3).
  • the conveyors 17 and 25 and the turn-over mechanism are so arranged that the treated articles are taken from the conveyor 17 by the turn-over mechanism, turned over and placed on the conveyor 25 with the untreated side of the article exposed.
  • the conveyor 25 moves the treated articles into a spray booth which preferably is ventilated by drawing a current of air in the general direction of the spray by means of the ventilatlng system which includes an exhaust chamber 27.
  • An electrode frame structure 28 is supported from the top of the spray booth 26 by insulators 29.
  • the frame '28 supports a plurality of suitable ionizing or discharge electrodes 30, which in this embodiment are shown as fine wires and extending transversely to the path of the conveyor 25.
  • the frame 28 is connected to one terminal of the highvoltage source by conductor 31.
  • the other terminal of the high-voltage source may be grounded, in which case the conveyor 25 is also grounded; or it may be connected directly to the conveyor 25.
  • the high-voltage source is of a type to supply a sufficiently high voltage to produce an electrostatic ionizing field between the frame 28 and the bed of the conveyor 25.
  • At the exit end of the booth 26 are positioned one or more spray guns 33 preferably of the type which project into the electrostatic field finely divided liquid coating particles in the form of a spray.
  • the spray guns 33 are positioned preferably 50 that the streams therefrom are directed into the electrostatic field, the axis of such streams being more nearly parallel than normal to the plane of the surface of the material being coated as shown in Fig. 2.
  • the velocity of the streams from the guns 33 is adjusted so that when the particles from the streams reach the electrostatic field they are deposited on the top and sides of the articles. In some cases it is desirable to direct each gun so that its stream travels substantially parallel to the scurface being coated and in still other cases it can be directed away from parallel to the material surface. In these latter cases it is found that with these gun positions the action of gravity combined with the distributing ionizing action of an extended field reduces the velocity of the particles and increases the uniformity of the coating obtained.
  • the character and quality of the coverage of a particular article is determined by the number of guns employed, their positioning, the'velocity of the stream from the guns, and the size and shape of the article being coated.
  • a hollow manikin head 41 is supported on a grounding support comprising a disc or spider 42 and a rod 43.
  • the head 41 is composed of plaster of Paris, papier mach or similar porous material. Water or other electrically conducting liquid maybe sprayed or poured into the interior of the head and thus the material of the head may be wetted to any desired degree. The penetration of the liquid in the material depends on the character of the liquids, length of time the liquid remains in contact with the material and the character of the material of which the head is composed. When the desired degree of penetration is obtained, the head is removed from contact with the liquid source, and the head 41 may be coated by a suitable electrostatic coating apparatus. During electrostatic coating the head is grounded and made one terminal of the field by the internal contact as shown.
  • hydrophobic material when used herein I mean a material which is immiscible with water.
  • hydrophylic material when used herein I mean a material which is miscible with water.
  • the method of electrostatically applying a coating to one side of an article having two generally parallel sides of substantial planar extent and made of electrically insulating material which comprises treating the side of said article opposite to said one side with a volatile conducting liquid over an area of said opposite side corresponding generally to the area of said one side to be coated, to effect only partial penetration of said liquid to temporarily reduce the capability of the article to accumulate a charge on said one side, maintaining the treated opposite side of the article at a particle attracting electrical potential, introducing such treated article into a coating zone with said one side exposed to said zone, and introducing finely divided, charged coating material particles into said coating zone adjacent said one side of the article for electrostatic deposition on the last mentioned side of the article.

Description

Nov. 15, 1955 w. A. STARKEY 2,723,921
ELECTROSTATIC COATING- Original Filed Aug. 8, 1946 F i g 3 IN V EN TOR.
WIN/am A. Starkey ATTORNEY United States Patent Ofilice 2,723,921 Patented Nov. 15, 19 55 ELECTROSTATIC COATING,
William A. Starkey, Plymouth, Ind., assignor to Ransburg Electra-Coating Corp., Indianapolis, Ind., a corporation of Indiana Original application August 8, 1946, Serial No. 659,116. Divided and this application June 10, 1950, Serial No.
1 Claim. (Cl. 117-47) The present invention relates to electrostatic coating of articles and material and is a division of my application Serial No. 689,116, filed August 8, 1946, and now abandoned.
In the electrostatic coating of articles it is often desirable to coat articles made of materials that possess electrical insulating properties. Heretofore, it has been found diflicult to coat some types of such articles by electrostatic coating means.
One object of the present invention is to provide a simple and inexpensive method and apparatus for coating, with improved results, material that normally possesses electrical insulating properties.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved method and apparatus whereby coating material Whether miscible or immiscible with water can be applied more effectively to porous, electrically insulating materials.
In accordance with the present invention an article to be coated possessing electrical insulating properties is treated with conducting liquid to temporarily reduce its capability of accumulating a surface charge and thereafter is coated with electrically charged coating particles.
The fact that the reduction in the electrical insulating properties of the article to be coated is only temporary can be very desirable Where the restored electrical insullating properties of the coated article are of importance in its ultimate use.
An article to be coated, which is receptive to impregnation by liquids, may be treated by spraying with, or dipping in, conducting liquids, one of the most common of which is water.
If the coating material being used has hydrophobic characteristics, it is desirable not to have it come in contact with water. In such case, either Water should not be used as the treating liquid, or, if it is used, the impregnation of the article to be coated should be partial so that the surface to which the coating material is applied is not Wetted by the water.
The coating material may be atomized, charged and deposited on the article to be coated by means such as that described in U. S. Patent No. 2,247,963 of Harold P. Ransburg et al., entitled Apparatus for Spray Coating Articles, or in the application of Edwin M. Ransburg and myself for Method and Apparatus for Electrostatically Coating Articles, Serial No. 556,390, filed September 29, 1944, now Patent No. 2,685,536, or any other suitable charging apparatus.
As examples of electrical insulating materials capable of accumulating a surface charge in an electrostatic field, I may mention acoustic tile, wood or compressed wood fibers, fiber board such as Celotex, compressed asbestos fibers, papier-mach, plaster of Paris, cardboard and fabrics.
Examples of aqueous coating materials which may be used with this invention are solutions or emulsions of casein paint such as those known in the trade as calcimine, Kemtone and Texolite. However, other coating materials of nonsetting or setting character or materials adhesive in character, such as lacquers, paints or varnishes maybe used.
For a better understanding of the invention, together with other and further objects thereof, reference is had to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, while its scope will be pointed out in the appended claim.
Referring now to the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic side view of one embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged diagrammatic side view of a portion of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a transverse sectional elevation on an enlarged scale of a portion of the conveying mechanism shown'in Fig. 2; and
Fig. 4 illustrates an article that may be coated.
Referring now to Fig. l at one end thereof is shown a liquid treating apparatus which includes an overhead housing 10 and a drain basin 11. A nozzle 12 is inserted in the top of the housing 10 as shown and is connected to the basin 11 by piping 13. In the piping 13 is inserted a pump 14 to move the liquid from the basin 11 to the nozzle 12 so that the drained liquid may be re-used. The conducting liquid used in the liquid treating apparatus is introduced to itpreferably by a connection, not shown,
leading to the basin 11.
While a liquid treating apparatus adaptable to fully automatic operation is desirable my invention is not limited to such apparatus. Articles may also be treated by hand dipping or any other suitable means or method.
An article to be treated, for example, article 16, which is a piece of acoustic tile, may be introduced to the liquid treating apparatus by a suitable conveyor 17 having a grooved supporting bed 18 over which ride a number of cables 10 as more clearly shown in Fig. 3.
When it is desired a turn-over mechanism may be pro vided at the exit end of the conveyor 17. This mechanism includes a supporting member 21 which is driven by the conveyor 17 through a gear ratio device 22 and a drive shaft 23 as shown in Fig. l.
Adjacent the turn-over mechanism is another conveyor 25 which, as shown, may be of the same construction as conveyor 17 (see Fig. 3). The conveyors 17 and 25 and the turn-over mechanism are so arranged that the treated articles are taken from the conveyor 17 by the turn-over mechanism, turned over and placed on the conveyor 25 with the untreated side of the article exposed. The conveyor 25 moves the treated articles into a spray booth which preferably is ventilated by drawing a current of air in the general direction of the spray by means of the ventilatlng system which includes an exhaust chamber 27. An electrode frame structure 28 is supported from the top of the spray booth 26 by insulators 29. The frame '28 supports a plurality of suitable ionizing or discharge electrodes 30, which in this embodiment are shown as fine wires and extending transversely to the path of the conveyor 25.
The frame 28 is connected to one terminal of the highvoltage source by conductor 31. The other terminal of the high-voltage source may be grounded, in which case the conveyor 25 is also grounded; or it may be connected directly to the conveyor 25. The high-voltage source is of a type to supply a sufficiently high voltage to produce an electrostatic ionizing field between the frame 28 and the bed of the conveyor 25. At the exit end of the booth 26 are positioned one or more spray guns 33 preferably of the type which project into the electrostatic field finely divided liquid coating particles in the form of a spray. The spray guns 33 are positioned preferably 50 that the streams therefrom are directed into the electrostatic field, the axis of such streams being more nearly parallel than normal to the plane of the surface of the material being coated as shown in Fig. 2. The velocity of the streams from the guns 33 is adjusted so that when the particles from the streams reach the electrostatic field they are deposited on the top and sides of the articles. In some cases it is desirable to direct each gun so that its stream travels substantially parallel to the scurface being coated and in still other cases it can be directed away from parallel to the material surface. In these latter cases it is found that with these gun positions the action of gravity combined with the distributing ionizing action of an extended field reduces the velocity of the particles and increases the uniformity of the coating obtained.
The character and quality of the coverage of a particular article is determined by the number of guns employed, their positioning, the'velocity of the stream from the guns, and the size and shape of the article being coated.
While two conveyors are shown in Fig. 1, this is not a limitation to the invention here disclosed. Any suitable apparatus for presenting the materials or articles to be coated to their various treatments may be used.
In the modification shown in Fig. 4, a hollow manikin head 41 is supported on a grounding support comprising a disc or spider 42 and a rod 43. The head 41 is composed of plaster of Paris, papier mach or similar porous material. Water or other electrically conducting liquid maybe sprayed or poured into the interior of the head and thus the material of the head may be wetted to any desired degree. The penetration of the liquid in the material depends on the character of the liquids, length of time the liquid remains in contact with the material and the character of the material of which the head is composed. When the desired degree of penetration is obtained, the head is removed from contact with the liquid source, and the head 41 may be coated by a suitable electrostatic coating apparatus. During electrostatic coating the head is grounded and made one terminal of the field by the internal contact as shown.
- When water is used to treat such article as head 41 or article 16 as shown in Fig. 1, it is not necessary to prevent full penetration if a coating material readily miscible with water is used. But care should be exercised to avoid excessive penetration, if a coating material immiscible with water is used. Complete penetration in the latter case may result in blisters or poor adhesion of the coating material.
By hydrophobic material when used herein I mean a material which is immiscible with water. By hydrophylic material when used herein I mean a material which is miscible with water.
The invention claimed is:
The method of electrostatically applying a coating to one side of an article having two generally parallel sides of substantial planar extent and made of electrically insulating material, which comprises treating the side of said article opposite to said one side with a volatile conducting liquid over an area of said opposite side corresponding generally to the area of said one side to be coated, to effect only partial penetration of said liquid to temporarily reduce the capability of the article to accumulate a charge on said one side, maintaining the treated opposite side of the article at a particle attracting electrical potential, introducing such treated article into a coating zone with said one side exposed to said zone, and introducing finely divided, charged coating material particles into said coating zone adjacent said one side of the article for electrostatic deposition on the last mentioned side of the article.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,087,260 Miller July 20, 1937 2,097,233 Weston Oct. 26, 1937 2,187,306 Formhals Jan. 16, 1940 2,221,338 Wintermute Nov. 12, 1940 2,231,324 Crompton Feb. 11, 1941 2,247,063 Ransburg July 1, 1941 2,334,648 Ransburg Nov. 16, 1943 2,431,629 Wind Nov. 25, 1947 2,438,561 Kearsley Mar. 30, 1948 2,486,877 Ransburg Nov. 1, 1949 2,551,035 Miller May 1, 1951
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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2992139A (en) * 1958-05-02 1961-07-11 Desoto Chemical Coatings Inc Method for electrostatic spraying of non-conductors
US3090353A (en) * 1960-06-10 1963-05-21 Brown Bridge Mills Electrostatic production of gummed web
US3236679A (en) * 1961-03-06 1966-02-22 Ransburg Electro Coating Corp Electrostatic spraying
US3247148A (en) * 1963-09-23 1966-04-19 Chevron Res Electrostatic compositions comprising sodium salt of mahogany sulfonic acid, polar solvents and water
US3342621A (en) * 1962-08-03 1967-09-19 Sames Sa De Machines Electrost Electrostatic precipitation process
US3438803A (en) * 1965-05-18 1969-04-15 Anchor Hocking Glass Corp Method and means for vapor coating
US3473946A (en) * 1967-05-01 1969-10-21 Bee Chem Co Method of electrostatically coating an insulating surface
US4344380A (en) * 1979-12-17 1982-08-17 M. Setek Company Limited Apparatus for applying photo resist on both surfaces of semiconductor wafer
US4534311A (en) * 1982-12-16 1985-08-13 Fulgurit GmbH & Co. K.G. Apparatus for electrostatic spray-enameling
US4901666A (en) * 1987-06-24 1990-02-20 Onoda Cement Company, Ltd. Electrostatic powder coating device
US5192369A (en) * 1986-11-20 1993-03-09 British Technology Group Ltd. Apparatus for spraying harvested crops
US5221347A (en) * 1989-11-07 1993-06-22 Bollhoff Verfahrenstechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Apparatus for coating both sides of plate-like substrates
EP0573534A1 (en) * 1991-03-01 1993-12-15 Electrostatic Technology, Inc. Powder coating method for producing circuit board laminae and the like
US5688563A (en) * 1994-09-22 1997-11-18 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Electrostatic system for controlling the flow of a fluid after being coated onto a substrate

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2087260A (en) * 1935-04-18 1937-07-20 Research Corp Homogeneous piled surface
US2097233A (en) * 1934-03-31 1937-10-26 Research Corp Electrical deposition in pattern form
US2187306A (en) * 1937-07-28 1940-01-16 Richard Schreiber Gastell Artificial thread and method of producing same
US2221338A (en) * 1936-10-21 1940-11-12 Research Corp Deposition of material
US2231324A (en) * 1938-05-04 1941-02-11 Behr Manning Corp Apparatus for and method of making hat bats
US2247063A (en) * 1940-04-24 1941-06-24 Gen Electric Refrigerator
US2334648A (en) * 1939-06-29 1943-11-16 Harper J Ransburg Method of spray-coating articles
US2431629A (en) * 1944-02-28 1947-11-25 Pacific Clay Products Method of producing ceramic articles
US2438561A (en) * 1942-04-30 1948-03-30 Gen Electric Electrothermal deposition apparatus
US2486877A (en) * 1943-12-30 1949-11-01 Ransburg Electro Coating Corp Overspray recovery for spray booths
US2551035A (en) * 1946-01-30 1951-05-01 Ransburg Electro Coating Corp Electrostatic deposition of elastomer material

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2097233A (en) * 1934-03-31 1937-10-26 Research Corp Electrical deposition in pattern form
US2087260A (en) * 1935-04-18 1937-07-20 Research Corp Homogeneous piled surface
US2221338A (en) * 1936-10-21 1940-11-12 Research Corp Deposition of material
US2187306A (en) * 1937-07-28 1940-01-16 Richard Schreiber Gastell Artificial thread and method of producing same
US2231324A (en) * 1938-05-04 1941-02-11 Behr Manning Corp Apparatus for and method of making hat bats
US2334648A (en) * 1939-06-29 1943-11-16 Harper J Ransburg Method of spray-coating articles
US2247063A (en) * 1940-04-24 1941-06-24 Gen Electric Refrigerator
US2438561A (en) * 1942-04-30 1948-03-30 Gen Electric Electrothermal deposition apparatus
US2486877A (en) * 1943-12-30 1949-11-01 Ransburg Electro Coating Corp Overspray recovery for spray booths
US2431629A (en) * 1944-02-28 1947-11-25 Pacific Clay Products Method of producing ceramic articles
US2551035A (en) * 1946-01-30 1951-05-01 Ransburg Electro Coating Corp Electrostatic deposition of elastomer material

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2992139A (en) * 1958-05-02 1961-07-11 Desoto Chemical Coatings Inc Method for electrostatic spraying of non-conductors
US3090353A (en) * 1960-06-10 1963-05-21 Brown Bridge Mills Electrostatic production of gummed web
US3236679A (en) * 1961-03-06 1966-02-22 Ransburg Electro Coating Corp Electrostatic spraying
US3342621A (en) * 1962-08-03 1967-09-19 Sames Sa De Machines Electrost Electrostatic precipitation process
US3247148A (en) * 1963-09-23 1966-04-19 Chevron Res Electrostatic compositions comprising sodium salt of mahogany sulfonic acid, polar solvents and water
US3438803A (en) * 1965-05-18 1969-04-15 Anchor Hocking Glass Corp Method and means for vapor coating
US3473946A (en) * 1967-05-01 1969-10-21 Bee Chem Co Method of electrostatically coating an insulating surface
US4344380A (en) * 1979-12-17 1982-08-17 M. Setek Company Limited Apparatus for applying photo resist on both surfaces of semiconductor wafer
US4534311A (en) * 1982-12-16 1985-08-13 Fulgurit GmbH & Co. K.G. Apparatus for electrostatic spray-enameling
US4587924A (en) * 1982-12-16 1986-05-13 Fulgurit Gmbh & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft Apparatus for electrostatic spray-enameling
US5192369A (en) * 1986-11-20 1993-03-09 British Technology Group Ltd. Apparatus for spraying harvested crops
US4901666A (en) * 1987-06-24 1990-02-20 Onoda Cement Company, Ltd. Electrostatic powder coating device
US5221347A (en) * 1989-11-07 1993-06-22 Bollhoff Verfahrenstechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Apparatus for coating both sides of plate-like substrates
EP0573534A1 (en) * 1991-03-01 1993-12-15 Electrostatic Technology, Inc. Powder coating method for producing circuit board laminae and the like
EP0573534A4 (en) * 1991-03-01 1995-07-26 Electrostatic Technology Inc Powder coating method for producing circuit board laminae and the like.
US5688563A (en) * 1994-09-22 1997-11-18 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Electrostatic system for controlling the flow of a fluid after being coated onto a substrate

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