US2687777A - Thermionic tube for ultrashort waves - Google Patents

Thermionic tube for ultrashort waves Download PDF

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Publication number
US2687777A
US2687777A US102896A US10289649A US2687777A US 2687777 A US2687777 A US 2687777A US 102896 A US102896 A US 102896A US 10289649 A US10289649 A US 10289649A US 2687777 A US2687777 A US 2687777A
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United States
Prior art keywords
tube
wave
conductors
delay line
cathodes
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Expired - Lifetime
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US102896A
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English (en)
Inventor
Warnecke Robert
Bernier Jean
Guenard Pierre
Kleen Werner
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Thales SA
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CSF Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie sans Fil SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps
    • H01J25/42—Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field
    • H01J25/44—Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field the forward travelling wave being utilised

Definitions

  • Our invention relates to a thermionic tube intended for the amplification of electromagnetic waves, in particular of very high frequency electromagnetic waves.
  • the amplification is obtained by interaction between an electron beam and a traveling wave guided by a retardation line.
  • This interaction between the electromagf netic wave and the electron beam takes place inside a time-constant transverse electric eld having its lines of force at right angles to the direction of propagation of the beam and of the wave, and a time-constant magnetic field also having its lines of force at right angles to the direction of the beam and ⁇ also to those of said time-constant electric field.
  • the above mentioned patent describes a tub comprising a delay line between the preferably concentric conductors of which there exists a time-constant electric eld.
  • An electron beam is adapted to move inside said line in the direction of the periphery, this movement of the electrons being produced by a time-constant magnetic eldfhaving its lines of force in the direction of the axis of the system.
  • a signal applied to the input of the tube produces a travelling wave which is propagated along the line and, owing to the interaction between said line and the electron beam, an amplified signal can .be collected at the output end. But as experience has shown, this shape of tube creates a difficulty for decoupling the output and the input ends. owing ⁇ to the mutual proximity of the output and input elements.
  • the delay is produced by means of fins provided either on one of the conductors of the line or, according to a further feature, on both conductors.
  • a plurality of electron beams are made to interact successively with the same delay line, one of said beams beginning to act when the amplification of the wave produced by the previous beam ceases to increase sufciently.
  • Matching means are provided for preventing the amplified wave from being reflected at each discontinuity of the circuit caused by the means for introducing the various beams.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective View illustrating the operating principle of the inven tion
  • FIG 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the forces at work ⁇ in the tubes according to the invention.
  • Fig. 3 shows a longitudinal section of a tube in a glass container and wherein, as ⁇ a modification, a plurality of cathodes are provided instead of one cathode, Fig. 3a being a cross-section on line 3ft-3a;
  • Figs. lla to 4d show diagrammatically the shape which may be given to one of the conductors of the delay line of the tube, those illustrated in Figs. 4b to 4d being intended to provide a matching of the delay line at the input and output ends of the tube;
  • Fig. 5 shows the principle of a tube in which the cathode is not located in the plane of one of the conductors of the delay line but in the space between the two conductors, a construction which has a number of advantages which are described hereinafter;
  • Figs. 6 and 7 show a tube, respectively in transverse section and in longitudinal section, in which the delay line does not contain a conductor provided with fins, but wherein the wave is delayed by means of la wire bent into a sinuous shape which constrains the wave to follow a roundabout path and therefore decreases the axial component of the velocity of the wave;
  • Fig. 8 shows diagrammatically a tube in which the cathode is not located inside the delay line and the electron beam is injected from outside into the amplifying system;
  • Fig. 9 shows a modification of the tube shown in Fig. 3, which illustrates in particular the construction of reflection correctors
  • Fig. 10 shows an embodiment in which the delay line comprises two symmetrical portions; and v Fig. 11 shows an embodiment of a delay line with an adjustable phase velocity of the guided wave.
  • Fig. 1 The principle of a tube according to the invention is shown in Fig. 1.
  • the conductors I and 2 of a line which renables a wave to be delayed and in which the electric vector of the guided Wave has both a longitudinal component in the direction Z and a transverse component in the direction X.
  • the line is linear and in the interaction duct between its two conductors there is a substantially time-constant transverse electric eld E produced by applying different potentials to the conductors l and 2, the potential of conductor I being positive with respect to that of conductor 2.
  • An induced magnetic eld B is applied to the tube with its lines of force in the direction y, i. e.
  • the wave may be delayed by various means; in Fig. l, for example, it is delayed by means of a number of fins 3; other means will be mentioned hereinis equal to the velocity of propagation of the wave.
  • An electron located at the point B is in a total transverse electric field which is smaller than the mean Value.
  • V0 becomes smaller, the electron is delayed and also moves towards the point C in the delaying field.
  • the magnetic field the effect of which is combined with that of the transverse electric component of the wave, therefore produces a focusing of the electrons in a delaying field, which is necessary for the transfer of energy from the electron beam.
  • the magnetic field is of great importance for the mechanism of the tube, since it enables the electrons to be focused and grouped in a eld of favorable phase for the amplication.
  • the electrons which are focused at the point C are subjected to two forces: that of the electric field eE directed towards the conductor I and that of the magnetic field (Lorentz force) ezzB directed towards the conductor 2, i: being the velocity of the electron in the direction Z. If, owing to the braking action exerted by the delaying eld, c is decreased, the force ecB decreases and the electron moves closer to the anode along the path 9a in Fig. 1, whereas an electron located at the point D in an accelerating field moves t0- wards the cathode.
  • the cathode 8 is located near the conductor I or in a slot Vprovided therein, the electron stream leaving the cathode owing to the presence of the D. C. electric field. If suitable values are chosen for E and B, electron paths are obtained which, when there is no wave to be amplified, are of the shape 9 shown diagrammatically in Fig. 1.
  • the electrons of unfavorable phase have no important effect on the mechanism of the transfer of energy and are even absorbed by the conductor 2.
  • the electrons of favorable phase move towards the anode and transfer energy to the wave and are absorbed by the anode when they have only a very small amount of energy, the greater part of the energy being converted into electromagnetic energy of the wave.
  • the magnetic field combined with the transverse electric field of the wave therefore causes the electrons of unfavorable phase to move away from the A. C. eld, whereas the electrons of favorable phase reach the anode at a very low velocity despite the high positive potential of said anode. It is obvious that such a fact means a high efficiency of the tube.
  • the system of the tube is located inside a glass container.
  • the conductors l and 2 of the delay line are again those between which the transverse electric field is applied.
  • Conductor is raised to a positive potential with respect to that of conductor 2, the voltages ⁇ being applied to the leads-in lll and Il.
  • the conductor i is provided with a number of fins 3 that produce the delay of the Wave.
  • the delay line has constricted portions 5 and l' for the purpose of matching the generator and the load.
  • the tube contains one or more cathodes ⁇ 8, the provision of a4 plurality of cathodes having the. advantage of increasing the useful power.
  • the cathodes may advantageously be spaced apart at decreasing distances from the input to the output since the high frequency eld increases in an approximately exponential manner, and the electrons therefore reach the anode quicker ⁇ and quicker. It is also possible to replace the discontinuous system of cathodes by a single cathode extending along the delay line.
  • Fig. 3a shows a section through the plane 3er- 3a. of one of the cathodes 8 and of its leading-ln wires which, by way of example, are embedded in a flat pinch.
  • the cathodes may be raised to the potential of the conductor il,I or the potential of said conductor may even be negative with respect, to the cathode which, as shown by tests, may have an advantage which will be discussed hereinafter.
  • the coupling of' the tube both to the generator and to the load is obtained by means of the capacitances between the ends 4 and t of the inner line andthe conductors I2 of two Lecher lines.
  • the invention is ⁇ obviously not restricted to such a form of coupling, it would ⁇ also be possible to maire the inner line pass across the container and thereby obtain any desired couplings both at the input and at the output of the tube.
  • a suitable matching is not only necessary for transferring all the useful power produced in the tube to the utilization load, but it must exist so as to prevent self-oscillation of the tube.
  • a had matching produces standing waves inside the tube and consequently oscillation.
  • the constrictions at the ends of the delay line already provide an improvement in the matching. But it is preferable to vary the contours and the heights of the fins at the end of the line.
  • Figs. 4a. to 4d show diagrammatically such constructions of the delay line by' meansV of which an essential improvement in the matching is obtained.
  • Fig. 4a repeats the regular arrangement of fins 3 of Fig. 3, Figs. 4b, 4c., ed enable a better understanding of the novel arrangement according to the invention, in particular the variable height in Fig. 4b, the variable distance in Fig. 4c and the variable contour in Fig. ed..
  • the invention is not ⁇ restricted to the shapes. illustrated and as a general provision, the height, the distance and the contours of the fins may be varied at both ends. of the delay line in. order to provide a better matching.
  • the cathode or cathodes are placed in the plane of one of the conductors of the delay line.
  • the principle of a modification is shown in Fig. 5.
  • the cathode B is located inside the space between the conductors of the delay line. It may, for example, be of the shape of a at strip. This construction has the following advantage:
  • 'Ihe electrode 2 acts as a control electrode on said stream which is decreased or even eliminated by a negative voltage on said electrode.
  • This unfavorable efiect is much smaller if the cathode 8 is located inside the two conductors of the delay line and a variation of the voltage of the conductor only has a slight eiect on the cathode stream.
  • This principle is not restricted to a single cathode: ii the tube is provided with a plurality of cathodes, they may all be located inside the delay line.
  • Fig. 6 shows a transverse section and Fig. '7 a longitudinal section of a tube in which this principle is embodied.
  • I" and 2 are the conductors of the delay line. ⁇ Contrary to the shapes given to this line in the previous figures, the delay is not obtained by means of a conductor l provided with multiple fins, but by means o a helically wound conducting wire l' as shown in Fig. 6'.
  • the Wave is ⁇ propagated along the helical wire I' at substantially the velocity of light and it has transverse and longitudinal electric vectors which arev propagated in the direction Z with a velocity component which is essentially lower than that. of light.
  • the whole system is enclosed in a metal case t3 which, for example, is made of copper and is vacuum-tight.
  • the helix l is xed by means of two ceramic members- I4, preferably of aluminum or beryllium oxide owing to the high temperature of the helix. At ⁇ its two ends. the helix is connected to ⁇ two leading-in wires l5 which, as the inner conductors ⁇ of small coaxial lines, serve. for coupling the generator and the load respectively.
  • the conductor 2 is also xed in the ceramic members and is connected to a leading-in wire IS which enables the D. C. voltage to be applied which, as stated, should preferably be negative with respect to that of the cathodes 8.
  • I'! are the leading-in wires of.
  • the cathodes This construction is in particular suitable for an amplifier of very high useful power.
  • le are the pole-pieces of a permanent magnet or of an electro-magnet that erves ⁇ for producing ⁇ the magnetic field inside the ube.
  • Fig. 8 the electron beam is produced by means of an electron gun which comprises the cathode 8, a focusing (Wehnelt) electrode or buncher 29 and an anode 2l.
  • the tube again shows the modification in which the delay line has two conductors i and 2" provided with elements that act to delay the wave.
  • the conductors I and 2 consist of two wires bent into a ysinuous shape. Owing to this shape of the conductors, the line has the necessary longitudinal inductance for delaying the wave and the guided wave has longitudinal and transverse electric vectors.
  • I 9 is one pole of a permanent magnet or an electro-magnet, the other pole being located outside the plane of the drawing.
  • the catcher I8 for collecting the electrons of the electron beam after it has passed through the delay line.
  • a D. C. voltage is applied either across the input terminals i or across the output terminals 6.
  • the signal is applied at 4, the amplified power is transferred at 6, i. e. between the ends of the conductors I", 2" which pass through passages in the collector I 8.
  • the principle of injecting the electron beam from outside into the delay line is not restricted to the construction of the tube according to Fig. 8. It is also possible to use delay lines of the shapes shown inthe other figures, or one in which a single conductor contains elements that serve for decreasing the speed of propagation of the wave.
  • the successive introduction of a plurality of beams by means of a plurality of cathodes forms obstacles on which the slowly propagated electromagnetic wave may be partly reiiected and thereby cause a faulty operation of the tube. It is recommended, according to another object of the invention, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 9, to arrange along the delay line I, 2, obstacles which are preferably formed by flat ns 22, the sizes and position of which are suitable for correcting the reflections produced by the beams and the other obstacles formed by the assemblies comprising the cathode 8 and the focusing electrode 23 which may be used if desired.
  • Fig. 5 the delay line of which comprises two portions l and 2, each of which is provided with elements 3 adapted to delay the electromagnetic wave and which are arranged in a substantially symmetrical manner.
  • Fig. 10 in which these elements are at fins, some of said fins have been shown of different sizes from the others so as to enable the wave reflections that might be produced by the cathodes (8a), (8b) to be compensated.
  • Said cathodes have been shown in the shape of a cylinder of small diameter and the fins on either side of each of said cathodes form a focusing electrode.
  • the upper part I of the delay line is formed by a metal sheet which is so bent that the medial portion thereof supports the transverse fins 3, while the spaces between these various fins 3 are coupled to one another by the capacitors 24 and 25 formed by the ends of the ns and a fold of the metal sheet.
  • the phase velocity of the wave can be varied.
  • Another fo-ld 26 of said metal sheet forms with the lower part 2 of the delay line, a capacitor which acts as a short-circuit for the high-frequency eld but which enables conductors I and 2 to be raised to diierent electrostatic potentials.
  • An electronic amplifier comprising means for establishing a substantially time-constant magnetic eld, a delay line includingtwo spaced parallel conductors of linear shape having their surfaces parallel to the lines of force of the magnetic field and defining therebetween an electron and wave interaction duct located within said field and extending in a plane substantially perpendicular to the lines of force thereof, a plurality of distinct emissive cathodes spaced apart from each other along a conductor of the delay line and having their surfaces substantially parallel to the lines oi' force of the magnetic eld and position to emit a flow of electrons into said duct and within said eld, fins on said conductor adjacent said cathodes and extending into said duct to prevent wave reflections in said line due to the presence of said cathodes, terminal connections for applying a potential to said conductors giving rise to a substantially time-constant electrical field therebetween in a direction substantially perpendicular tothe lines of force of said magnetic eld and to the plane of said duct, at least one of said conductors including delaying
  • An amplifier according to claim l wherein the distance between said conductors varies at the portions thereof adjacent said extremities to provide correct matching of said input extremity to a wave source and of said output extermity to a load.
  • An amplifier according to claim l wherein said elements comprise fins arranged as baffles, at least one of the height, distance and contour of said fins varying at the portions of said line adjacent said extremities to provide correct matching of said input extremity to a wave source and of said output extremity to a load.
  • An amplifier according to claim l wherein at least one of said emissive cathodes is located in the space between said conductors, said one cathode being adapted to be at an intermediate potential between the potentials of said twov conductors.
  • At least one of said conductors comprises iins arranged as baffles and a metal sheet having a central strip supporting said ns and a fold along each longitudinal edge, means being provided for varying the shape of said folds to vary the phase velocity of wave propagation in said line.
  • said delay line has a single continuous conducting structure defining an uninterrupted waye path rbetween two extremities thereof, said cathodes being positioned between said extremities.

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US102896A 1948-07-20 1949-07-02 Thermionic tube for ultrashort waves Expired - Lifetime US2687777A (en)

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US (1) US2687777A (fr)
CH (1) CH280658A (fr)
DE (1) DE878986C (fr)
FR (2) FR969653A (fr)
GB (1) GB677536A (fr)
IT (1) IT454375A (fr)
NL (1) NL147550B (fr)

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US2776389A (en) * 1950-11-01 1957-01-01 Rca Corp Electron beam tubes
US2791717A (en) * 1950-03-13 1957-05-07 Csf Travelling wave tube with crossed electric and magnetic fields and transversely directed beam
US2808532A (en) * 1951-10-26 1957-10-01 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Space harmonic amplifiers
US2810855A (en) * 1953-04-14 1957-10-22 Vickers Electrical Co Ltd Linear accelerators for charged particles
US2823332A (en) * 1951-06-08 1958-02-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave amplifier device
US2825841A (en) * 1953-02-26 1958-03-04 Csf Travelling wave tubes
US2857548A (en) * 1955-06-10 1958-10-21 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron beam system
US2861212A (en) * 1951-07-30 1958-11-18 Cie Generale De Elegraphie San Travelling wave magnetron tube
US2880353A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Particle accelerator
US2880356A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Linear accelerator for charged particles
US2882438A (en) * 1954-04-12 1959-04-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Traveling wave tube
US2887609A (en) * 1954-10-08 1959-05-19 Rca Corp Traveling wave tube
US2888595A (en) * 1951-03-15 1959-05-26 Csf Travelling wave delay tubes of the magnetron type
US2889488A (en) * 1954-05-13 1959-06-02 Csf Delay lines for crossed field tubes
US2896117A (en) * 1955-02-28 1959-07-21 Hughes Aircraft Co Linear magnetron traveling wave tube
US2905859A (en) * 1953-10-27 1959-09-22 Raytheon Co Traveling wave electron discharge devices
US2916707A (en) * 1955-09-23 1959-12-08 British Thomson Houston Co Ltd Ultra high frequency waveguide systems
US2925521A (en) * 1957-04-05 1960-02-16 Raytheon Co Traveling wave tubes
US2926280A (en) * 1956-04-23 1960-02-23 Raytheon Co Traveling wave structures
US2939997A (en) * 1956-02-20 1960-06-07 Csf Electronic tube of the travelling wave type
US2942142A (en) * 1957-08-30 1960-06-21 Raytheon Co Traveling wave oscillator tubes
US2956247A (en) * 1956-01-26 1960-10-11 Sperry Rand Corp Broad band microwave phase shifter
US2962620A (en) * 1958-05-06 1960-11-29 Gen Electric High frequency energy interchange apparatus
US2965797A (en) * 1959-06-22 1960-12-20 Gen Electric Crossed-field device
US2976454A (en) * 1958-04-08 1961-03-21 Gen Electric High frequency energy interchange device
US2976456A (en) * 1958-11-14 1961-03-21 Gen Electric High frequency energy interchange device
US2982879A (en) * 1956-04-25 1961-05-02 Csf Travelling wave tube
US2992356A (en) * 1956-07-31 1961-07-11 Rca Corp Traveling wave amplifier tube
US2992360A (en) * 1953-05-13 1961-07-11 Csf Suppressor device for the secondary emission current in magnetic field electronic tubes
US3046443A (en) * 1958-09-30 1962-07-24 Raytheon Co Traveling wave tubes
US3069587A (en) * 1953-09-24 1962-12-18 Raytheon Co Travelling wave device
US3073991A (en) * 1958-09-29 1963-01-15 Raytheon Co Electron sorting devices
US3082351A (en) * 1960-01-06 1963-03-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Crossed-field amplifier
US3123735A (en) * 1964-03-03 Broadband crossed-field amplifier with slow wave structure
US3153742A (en) * 1962-09-19 1964-10-20 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron tube delay device
US3244932A (en) * 1960-06-03 1966-04-05 Int Standard Electric Corp Slow wave structure having a plurality of curved conductors disposed about the beam and mounted transversely between opposite walls
US3273011A (en) * 1962-10-29 1966-09-13 Raytheon Co Traveling fast-wave device
US3302126A (en) * 1963-11-08 1967-01-31 Litton Prec Products Inc Collector arrangement for collecting unfavorably phase focused electrons
US3305751A (en) * 1962-10-26 1967-02-21 Raytheon Co Traveling wave device
US3308331A (en) * 1963-05-27 1967-03-07 Raytheon Co Electron discharge device wherein electromagnetic waves along the slow wave structure have components transverse to the electron beam and deflect out-of-phase electrons from the beam
US3324341A (en) * 1960-11-23 1967-06-06 Csf High power electron tube with multiple locked-in magnetron oscillators
US3345586A (en) * 1962-09-10 1967-10-03 Sylvania Electric Prod Delay structure for traveling wave device
US3353057A (en) * 1963-07-12 1967-11-14 Matsushita Electronics Corp Traveling-wave tube having a comb delay line formed on a ridge in a first waveguideand a plurality of connecting ridge waveguides
US3576460A (en) * 1968-08-08 1971-04-27 Varian Associates Impedance match for periodic microwave circuits and tubes using same
US4087718A (en) * 1976-05-06 1978-05-02 Varian Associates, Inc. High gain crossed field amplifier
US8179045B2 (en) * 2008-04-22 2012-05-15 Teledyne Wireless, Llc Slow wave structure having offset projections comprised of a metal-dielectric composite stack
US9202660B2 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-12-01 Teledyne Wireless, Llc Asymmetrical slow wave structures to eliminate backward wave oscillations in wideband traveling wave tubes

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US2745983A (en) * 1949-06-10 1956-05-15 Csf Traveling wave tube
US3027487A (en) * 1953-09-24 1962-03-27 Raytheon Co Electron discharge devices of the traveling wave type
US2844797A (en) * 1953-10-23 1958-07-22 Raytheon Mfg Co Traveling wave electron discharge devices

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Cited By (48)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3123735A (en) * 1964-03-03 Broadband crossed-field amplifier with slow wave structure
US2791717A (en) * 1950-03-13 1957-05-07 Csf Travelling wave tube with crossed electric and magnetic fields and transversely directed beam
US2776389A (en) * 1950-11-01 1957-01-01 Rca Corp Electron beam tubes
US2888595A (en) * 1951-03-15 1959-05-26 Csf Travelling wave delay tubes of the magnetron type
US2823332A (en) * 1951-06-08 1958-02-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Microwave amplifier device
US2861212A (en) * 1951-07-30 1958-11-18 Cie Generale De Elegraphie San Travelling wave magnetron tube
US2808532A (en) * 1951-10-26 1957-10-01 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Space harmonic amplifiers
US2880356A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Linear accelerator for charged particles
US2880353A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Particle accelerator
US2825841A (en) * 1953-02-26 1958-03-04 Csf Travelling wave tubes
US2810855A (en) * 1953-04-14 1957-10-22 Vickers Electrical Co Ltd Linear accelerators for charged particles
US2992360A (en) * 1953-05-13 1961-07-11 Csf Suppressor device for the secondary emission current in magnetic field electronic tubes
US3069587A (en) * 1953-09-24 1962-12-18 Raytheon Co Travelling wave device
US2905859A (en) * 1953-10-27 1959-09-22 Raytheon Co Traveling wave electron discharge devices
US2882438A (en) * 1954-04-12 1959-04-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Traveling wave tube
US2889488A (en) * 1954-05-13 1959-06-02 Csf Delay lines for crossed field tubes
US2887609A (en) * 1954-10-08 1959-05-19 Rca Corp Traveling wave tube
US2896117A (en) * 1955-02-28 1959-07-21 Hughes Aircraft Co Linear magnetron traveling wave tube
US2857548A (en) * 1955-06-10 1958-10-21 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron beam system
US2916707A (en) * 1955-09-23 1959-12-08 British Thomson Houston Co Ltd Ultra high frequency waveguide systems
US2956247A (en) * 1956-01-26 1960-10-11 Sperry Rand Corp Broad band microwave phase shifter
DE1099090B (de) * 1956-02-20 1961-02-09 Csf Wanderfeldroehre mit gekreuzten statischen elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern
US2939997A (en) * 1956-02-20 1960-06-07 Csf Electronic tube of the travelling wave type
US2926280A (en) * 1956-04-23 1960-02-23 Raytheon Co Traveling wave structures
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US3576460A (en) * 1968-08-08 1971-04-27 Varian Associates Impedance match for periodic microwave circuits and tubes using same
US4087718A (en) * 1976-05-06 1978-05-02 Varian Associates, Inc. High gain crossed field amplifier
US8179045B2 (en) * 2008-04-22 2012-05-15 Teledyne Wireless, Llc Slow wave structure having offset projections comprised of a metal-dielectric composite stack
US9202660B2 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-12-01 Teledyne Wireless, Llc Asymmetrical slow wave structures to eliminate backward wave oscillations in wideband traveling wave tubes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE878986C (de) 1953-06-08
GB677536A (en) 1952-08-20
FR58786E (fr) 1954-04-05
NL147550B (nl)
FR969653A (fr) 1950-12-22
CH280658A (fr) 1952-01-31
IT454375A (fr)

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