US2637441A - Package - Google Patents
Package Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2637441A US2637441A US154742A US15474250A US2637441A US 2637441 A US2637441 A US 2637441A US 154742 A US154742 A US 154742A US 15474250 A US15474250 A US 15474250A US 2637441 A US2637441 A US 2637441A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- anhydrous
- drums
- drum
- caustic
- steel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 15
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012958 reprocessing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
- C01D1/00—Oxides or hydroxides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
- C01D1/04—Hydroxides
Definitions
- This invention relates to improvements in the packaging of anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide.
- the past and present practices of packaging anhydrous caustic soda, or like alkali metal hydroxide involve filling steel drums with molten anhydrous caustic soda at temperatures ranging from about 640 F. to about 700 F. and permitting the molten caustic soda to solidify. These drums arethen closed, welded, and shipped to the ultimateuser. Since the drums used for packaging anhydrous caustic soda cannot be re-used, they must be constructed at low cost.
- the drums are substantially filled with molten anhydrous caustic soda and the contents are allowed to cool and solidify over a period of approximately 24 hours.
- the lids are applied to the drums immediately after the drums have been filled, in order to prevent contamination of the caustic during solidification, and also in the interests of safety.
- the lids are crimped in place, the drums washed and painted, and finally the drum lid is anchored securely in place by spot-welding or by the use of metal screws.
- drum lids If the drum lids have been inserted before the molten anhydrous caustic has had an opportunity to solidify, they must be removed and the void space in the drum blown out with air in order to remove hydrogen gas which forms when molten anhydrous caustic comes in contact with the steel drum. If this step is not taken, there is danger to the workmen when the lids are spot-welded, because of the explosive mixture of hydrogen and air in the drum. Also, it is unsafe to ship drums which contain such an explosive mixture.
- drums of anhydrous caustic soda are ready for shipment and/or storage.
- Drums which have been held in storage for several weeks have been found to require re-painting before shipment, due to corrosion of the exposed surface. Especially is this true on the bottoms of the drums where it is diincult to apply a wellbonded impervious coating, and on the seams of the steel drum where the drum has been crimped. Because of this corrosion, many drums of anhydrous caustic soda must be rejected for shipment and these drums so rejected must be split open and the contents of the drum returned for reprocessing. This procedure is an added expense because of the re-processing cost and the cost of the wasted container.
- anhydrous caustic soda when packaged molten and allowed to solidify in steel drums constructed from hot or cold rolled strip steel ranging in thickness from 24 to 28 gauge and having a thin flash coating of nickel not in excess of 0.001 inch and preferably less than 0.0005 inch, very little iron or nickel contamination occurs as a consequence of the packaging operation.
- the anhydrous caustic can be packaged molten and the lids applied to the drums without establishment of dangerous concentrations of hydrogen in the drum durin solidification of the caustic.
- the hydrogen content of the gas in the nickel-plated drums herein contemplated is found to be substantially under 1 percent, usually of the order of 0.2 to 0.6 percent. Such a low concentration of hydrogen is not explosive and thus no precautions for elimination of hydrogen need be taken.
- This invention is particularly valuable in the packaging of anhydrous caustic soda and like alkali metal hydroxide wherein the iron content before packaging is low, preferably below 0.005 percent.
- the nickel flash coating must be quite thin since otherwise, the cost of coating the drum will be prohibitive. Normally, the thickness is maintained below 0.001 inch, preferably in the range of'0.000l to 0.0005 inch in thickness. Both the interior and exterior of the drum, including the lid,norm'ally are coated. The coating operation maybe 'efie'ctedin any convenient way, such as by'conventional electroplating methods.
- the nickel plate has been found to reduce iron pickup and hydrogen generation to a surprising degree without being itself seriously attacked.
- the following table tabulates average results which were obtained using drums coated with a nickel plate ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0005 inch in thickness.
- the drums After loading the drums with anhydrous molten caustic, permitting the caustic to solidify, and crimping and welding the lids, the drums normally are coated with a clear lacquer in order to increase their stability against corrosion. Conventional lacquers and clear unpigmented paints are normally used for this purpose.
- solid anhydrous sodium hydroxide or solid anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide is intended to include anhydrous and substantially anhydrous hydroxides which are solid at room temperature and contain not more than 15 percent by weight of water.
- a package comprising solid anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide in a steel drum the interior of which is lined with a nickel plate not in excess of 0.001 inch in thickness.
- a package comprising solid anhydrous so.- dium hydroxide in a steel drum the interior of which is lined with a nickel plate not in excesaof 0.001 inch in thickness.
- a package comprising solid anhydrous 30 dium hydroxide in a non-reusablev steel. drum the interior of which is lined with a. nickel plate having a thickness of 0.0001 to 0.0005. inch; in thickness.
Description
Patented May 5, 1953 PACKAGE Frank W. Woodman, Maplewood, La., assignor to Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation, a
corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application April 7, 1950,
Serial No. 154,742
This invention relates to improvements in the packaging of anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide. The past and present practices of packaging anhydrous caustic soda, or like alkali metal hydroxide, involve filling steel drums with molten anhydrous caustic soda at temperatures ranging from about 640 F. to about 700 F. and permitting the molten caustic soda to solidify. These drums arethen closed, welded, and shipped to the ultimateuser. Since the drums used for packaging anhydrous caustic soda cannot be re-used, they must be constructed at low cost.
In performance of the actual packing operation, the drums are substantially filled with molten anhydrous caustic soda and the contents are allowed to cool and solidify over a period of approximately 24 hours. Normally, the lids are applied to the drums immediately after the drums have been filled, in order to prevent contamination of the caustic during solidification, and also in the interests of safety. After the caustic has solidified, the lids are crimped in place, the drums washed and painted, and finally the drum lid is anchored securely in place by spot-welding or by the use of metal screws. If the drum lids have been inserted before the molten anhydrous caustic has had an opportunity to solidify, they must be removed and the void space in the drum blown out with air in order to remove hydrogen gas which forms when molten anhydrous caustic comes in contact with the steel drum. If this step is not taken, there is danger to the workmen when the lids are spot-welded, because of the explosive mixture of hydrogen and air in the drum. Also, it is unsafe to ship drums which contain such an explosive mixture.
After painting, the drums of anhydrous caustic soda are ready for shipment and/or storage. Drums which have been held in storage for several weeks have been found to require re-painting before shipment, due to corrosion of the exposed surface. Especially is this true on the bottoms of the drums where it is diincult to apply a wellbonded impervious coating, and on the seams of the steel drum where the drum has been crimped. Because of this corrosion, many drums of anhydrous caustic soda must be rejected for shipment and these drums so rejected must be split open and the contents of the drum returned for reprocessing. This procedure is an added expense because of the re-processing cost and the cost of the wasted container.
A more serious difilculty arises from the fact that molten anhydrous caustic soda, when packaged in the presently used steel containers, be-
3 Claims. (01. 20684) comes contaminated with iron. This iron con-Q tamination usually results from iron flaked front the drum steel because the high packaging tem-' peratures cause establishment of stresses in the steel, or from chemical reaction between the molten anhydrous caustic and the drum steel.
The following data show the contamination which occurs when anhydrous caustic of low iron content is packaged molten, in ordinary steel drums:
Table I Iron Content, Percent I based on Anhydrous Caustic Drum No.
Average of g ggf Drum after Packaging From the above table, it will be apparent that upon packaging. anhydrous caustic soda of-lo'w iron content in steel drums, the iron content increases as much as 50 to 300 percent. This increase is not serious in anhydrous caustic of hi iron content, such' as is normally produced- 113 evaporation of caustic to anhydrous state in open iron pots, since the iron content of such caustic already is so high that further increase durin the packaging operation is an immaterial factor. 0n the other hand, where caustic soda is concentrated to the anhydrous state under conditions such as to prevent establishment of any serious concentration of iron therein, this iron increase becomes quite serious.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that the above difiiculties may be minimized to a very substantial degree and without substantial increase in the cost of packaging anhydrous caustic soda. According to this invention, it has been found that when anhydrous caustic soda is packaged molten and allowed to solidify in steel drums constructed from hot or cold rolled strip steel ranging in thickness from 24 to 28 gauge and having a thin flash coating of nickel not in excess of 0.001 inch and preferably less than 0.0005 inch, very little iron or nickel contamination occurs as a consequence of the packaging operation. The anhydrous caustic can be packaged molten and the lids applied to the drums without establishment of dangerous concentrations of hydrogen in the drum durin solidification of the caustic. Thus, whereas in ordinary steel drums the gas in the drum is found to contain as much as percent of hydrogen, the hydrogen content of the gas in the nickel-plated drums herein contemplated is found to be substantially under 1 percent, usually of the order of 0.2 to 0.6 percent. Such a low concentration of hydrogen is not explosive and thus no precautions for elimination of hydrogen need be taken.
This invention is particularly valuable in the packaging of anhydrous caustic soda and like alkali metal hydroxide wherein the iron content before packaging is low, preferably below 0.005 percent.
The nickel flash coating must be quite thin since otherwise, the cost of coating the drum will be prohibitive. Normally, the thickness is maintained below 0.001 inch, preferably in the range of'0.000l to 0.0005 inch in thickness. Both the interior and exterior of the drum, including the lid,norm'ally are coated. The coating operation maybe 'efie'ctedin any convenient way, such as by'conventional electroplating methods.
Notwithstanding the unusual thinness of the nickel plate, and the corrosive character of anhydrous caustic, the nickel plate has been found to reduce iron pickup and hydrogen generation to a surprising degree without being itself seriously attacked. The following table tabulates average results which were obtained using drums coated with a nickel plate ranging from 0.0001 to 0.0005 inch in thickness.
It will be noted that no significant amount of iron contamination occurs. Further analysis has revealed the fact that notwithstanding the substantial solubility of nickel in caustic soda, no appreciable contamination of nickel occurs.
After loading the drums with anhydrous molten caustic, permitting the caustic to solidify, and crimping and welding the lids, the drums normally are coated with a clear lacquer in order to increase their stability against corrosion. Conventional lacquers and clear unpigmented paints are normally used for this purpose.
Although the present invention has been described with respect to the specific details of certain embodiments thereof, it is not intended that such details shall be regarded as limitations upon the scope of the invention except insofar as included in the accompanying claims.
The term solid anhydrous sodium hydroxide or solid anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide, as used herein, is intended to include anhydrous and substantially anhydrous hydroxides which are solid at room temperature and contain not more than 15 percent by weight of water.
I claim:
1. A package comprising solid anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide in a steel drum the interior of which is lined with a nickel plate not in excess of 0.001 inch in thickness.
2. A package comprising solid anhydrous so.- dium hydroxide in a steel drum the interior of which is lined with a nickel plate not in excesaof 0.001 inch in thickness.
3. A package comprising solid anhydrous 30 dium hydroxide in a non-reusablev steel. drum the interior of which is lined with a. nickel plate having a thickness of 0.0001 to 0.0005. inch; in thickness.
FRANK W. WOODMAN.
References Cited; in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,111,342 Waldeck 1 Mar. 15, 1 938 2,272,609 Kennedy et a1 Feb. 10,1942 2,348,549 Kraft May 9, 19, 44 2,354,824 Muskat Aug. 1,104} 2,384,111 Means Sept. 4,1945 FOREIGN PATENTS; Number Country Date 25,959 Great Britain 1910 436,229 Great Britain Oct. '7, 1935
Claims (1)
- 3. A PACKAGE COMPRISING SOLID ANHYDROUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE IN AN NON-REUSABLE STEEL DRUM THE INTERIOR OF WHICH IS LINED WITH A NICKEL PLATE HAVING A THICKNESS OF 0.0001 TO 0.0005 INCH IN THICKNESS.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US154742A US2637441A (en) | 1950-04-07 | 1950-04-07 | Package |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US154742A US2637441A (en) | 1950-04-07 | 1950-04-07 | Package |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2637441A true US2637441A (en) | 1953-05-05 |
Family
ID=22552584
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US154742A Expired - Lifetime US2637441A (en) | 1950-04-07 | 1950-04-07 | Package |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US2637441A (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2791074A (en) * | 1953-05-29 | 1957-05-07 | Columbia Southern Chem Corp | Packaging of anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide |
US3028955A (en) * | 1960-04-13 | 1962-04-10 | Dow Chemical Co | Packaging of anhydrous sodium hydroxide |
US3130034A (en) * | 1960-10-24 | 1964-04-21 | Collier Carbon & Chemical Co | Zinc containing liquid fertilizer |
US3557984A (en) * | 1967-08-11 | 1971-01-26 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Preparation of closures |
EP0827776A1 (en) * | 1996-07-18 | 1998-03-11 | SOLVAY (Société Anonyme) | Zinc plated steel container, use thereof in a process for the conditioning of caustic soda, and solid, conditioned caustic soda |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB191025959A (en) * | 1910-11-08 | 1911-10-12 | George William Johnson | Improvements in the Manufacture of Nickel Lined Articles, such for Example, as Vessels and Apparatus for use in Chemical Manufactures and the like. |
GB436229A (en) * | 1934-04-07 | 1935-10-07 | William Herbert Hatfield | Improvements in or relating to cooking or heating utensils made of stainless steel |
US2111342A (en) * | 1936-10-02 | 1938-03-15 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Caustic resistant material |
US2272609A (en) * | 1938-11-12 | 1942-02-10 | Revere Copper & Brass Inc | Copper coated cooking vessel |
US2348549A (en) * | 1940-12-12 | 1944-05-09 | Kraft George Konstantin Pontus | Electroplated receptacle |
US2354824A (en) * | 1941-01-15 | 1944-08-01 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Receptacle for caustic alkali |
US2384111A (en) * | 1939-11-04 | 1945-09-04 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transportation of caustic |
-
1950
- 1950-04-07 US US154742A patent/US2637441A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB191025959A (en) * | 1910-11-08 | 1911-10-12 | George William Johnson | Improvements in the Manufacture of Nickel Lined Articles, such for Example, as Vessels and Apparatus for use in Chemical Manufactures and the like. |
GB436229A (en) * | 1934-04-07 | 1935-10-07 | William Herbert Hatfield | Improvements in or relating to cooking or heating utensils made of stainless steel |
US2111342A (en) * | 1936-10-02 | 1938-03-15 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Caustic resistant material |
US2272609A (en) * | 1938-11-12 | 1942-02-10 | Revere Copper & Brass Inc | Copper coated cooking vessel |
US2384111A (en) * | 1939-11-04 | 1945-09-04 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Transportation of caustic |
US2348549A (en) * | 1940-12-12 | 1944-05-09 | Kraft George Konstantin Pontus | Electroplated receptacle |
US2354824A (en) * | 1941-01-15 | 1944-08-01 | Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co | Receptacle for caustic alkali |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2791074A (en) * | 1953-05-29 | 1957-05-07 | Columbia Southern Chem Corp | Packaging of anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide |
US3028955A (en) * | 1960-04-13 | 1962-04-10 | Dow Chemical Co | Packaging of anhydrous sodium hydroxide |
US3130034A (en) * | 1960-10-24 | 1964-04-21 | Collier Carbon & Chemical Co | Zinc containing liquid fertilizer |
US3557984A (en) * | 1967-08-11 | 1971-01-26 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Preparation of closures |
EP0827776A1 (en) * | 1996-07-18 | 1998-03-11 | SOLVAY (Société Anonyme) | Zinc plated steel container, use thereof in a process for the conditioning of caustic soda, and solid, conditioned caustic soda |
BE1010435A3 (en) * | 1996-07-18 | 1998-08-04 | Solvay | Container steel steel zinc, use of the container, method for packaging of caustic soda and caustic soda solid conditioned. |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US2637441A (en) | Package | |
US3433577A (en) | Vapor phase corrosion inhibition | |
US2811252A (en) | Methyl chloroform inhibited with dioxane | |
US3936583A (en) | Prevention of corrosion in metals | |
US2205708A (en) | Pressure vessel for compressed oxygen or oxygen-containing gases | |
US3028955A (en) | Packaging of anhydrous sodium hydroxide | |
US4193530A (en) | Method of soldering tinplate can bodies with a sulfur resistant tin-alloy solder | |
US2138419A (en) | Container closure and facing material therefor | |
US2111342A (en) | Caustic resistant material | |
US3326035A (en) | Method for detecting leaks in process equipment | |
US2056894A (en) | Container for hydrogen peroxide | |
US2671995A (en) | Packaging of materials | |
US2371725A (en) | Lead-coated steel | |
US2671996A (en) | Packaging of materials | |
US3077389A (en) | Preparation of aqueous potassium silicate solutions | |
US2354824A (en) | Receptacle for caustic alkali | |
US3762885A (en) | Diffusion coating of metals | |
US2097847A (en) | Method of preventing erosions and perforations in metal containers | |
US3212923A (en) | Process for aluminizing ferrous metals | |
SU1294475A1 (en) | Method of preventing self-ignition of unoxidized metal powders | |
DE932840C (en) | Packaging for solid, anhydrous alkali metal hydroxide | |
CN110257659A (en) | The method for improving Al-Zn-Mg-Cu system alloy melt degree of purity | |
US2321948A (en) | Protective coating on magnesium | |
US2079147A (en) | Method of treating pellicles | |
US1584854A (en) | Liquid container |