US2627591A - Means and method of antistroboscopic arc operation - Google Patents
Means and method of antistroboscopic arc operation Download PDFInfo
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- US2627591A US2627591A US542368A US54236844A US2627591A US 2627591 A US2627591 A US 2627591A US 542368 A US542368 A US 542368A US 54236844 A US54236844 A US 54236844A US 2627591 A US2627591 A US 2627591A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/16—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by dc or by low-frequency ac, e.g. by 50 cycles/sec ac, or with network frequencies
- H05B41/20—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by dc or by low-frequency ac, e.g. by 50 cycles/sec ac, or with network frequencies having no starting switch
- H05B41/23—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by dc or by low-frequency ac, e.g. by 50 cycles/sec ac, or with network frequencies having no starting switch for lamps not having an auxiliary starting electrode
- H05B41/232—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by dc or by low-frequency ac, e.g. by 50 cycles/sec ac, or with network frequencies having no starting switch for lamps not having an auxiliary starting electrode for low-pressure lamps
- H05B41/234—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by dc or by low-frequency ac, e.g. by 50 cycles/sec ac, or with network frequencies having no starting switch for lamps not having an auxiliary starting electrode for low-pressure lamps to eliminate stroboscopic effects, e.g. feeding two lamps with different phases
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- An object of this invention is the provision" of means and a method of operation in which the stroboscopic effect is greatly cut down or substantially eliminated. 1 a 1 Another object of the invention is the operation of such devices at very much greater eniciencies than have hitherto been attainable.
- Yet another object of the invention is the attainment of these advantages in the operation of light sources which,where desired, either may be of standard construction or if modified need be modified only in minor particulars, and, indeed, in the direction of simplification of construction.
- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a light source and circuits for high-voltage operation.
- Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a light source and circuits for three-phase operation.
- Figure 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a light source and circuits for low voltage operation.
- Figured is a partial circuit diagram showin another mode of securing a shift in phase.
- the envelope may also ifdesired, contain a quantity of noble gas.-' While the utility structures.
- Fluorescent coatings are not particularly efiicient in giving ofi-visible light when activated by ultra violet radiations, and their efficiency is diminished when the. activation laintermittent. When the activation becomes more nearly continuous, their eiiiciency is very greatly increased.
- my invention with the; form of fluorescent light mentioned above I amable to secure much more'than twice the illumination from a single light source without theexpenditure of proportionate'energy.
- the electrodes become heated during the operation of the light surface and an electron emissivecoating assists in the maintenance of the arc discharges leads l2 and 3.
- the electrodes 4 and fi are connec'ted by leads lt and to a secondary It of a transformer of which the primary H is connected across power leads i8 and I9. These power leads may, of course, be the same as the power leads l2 and I3; and the transformers, instead of being separate entities, may be combined in a Single struc re Means. areg however, provided for applying. to one electrode of each pair an energizing voltage which is out of phase with the energizing voltage applied to the other electrodes of each pair.
- Electrodes- 23 and 28 are sl iown connected by'l'eads 2'9a'nd'30, to one of *the se conda ries 3 I "of afthree phas e transformer.
- The'electrodes-M and -21 areshown connected by leads 32 ⁇ ;'a'nd 5!;3, to-another secondary 34 of the ;-transformer.
- I'h'e"electrodes 23 and 26 are con-- -'-nected by leads 3513 1 ⁇ 36 to a third secondary 3'I,"-of"the transformer;- 'Thethree'primaries 38,
- the two transformers may he builttogether as a, single unit andeither secondary may be, out-phased ,as respects the other.
- Other modes of operation including the use of chokes and out-phasing] means; rotary converters and the like, may ,be' employed and ,willzbe within the skill of theworker in the art to apply in thelight of the teachings herein.
- the switch Bllflrnay be arrangedfor automatic operation, as by thermostatic means or otherwise, as will be readily understood.
- circuit means forapplying an arcdischarge violtageito two of said electrodes, circuit Imeans independentxof, the first mentioned circuit mea'nsfor applying .an are discharge voltage to the fother. two of said.
- electrodes, .saidcircuit means each being vconnectedlto an electrode of each pair so that separate'arcfdischarges .occur inthe direction of, the length of said elongated envelope, and means for ca'using said two are discharge voltages to .be out of phase :with each other by substantially 60 tolsubstantially whereby to minimize strobos'copic effects.
- an arc dischargedevlce comprising a single elongated envelope haying a pair of "electrodes adjacent each'end thereof,
- an arc discharge device comprising a single elongated envelope having a pair of electrodes adjacent each end thereof, means for applying an arc discharge voltage to an electrode of each pair, means independent of said first mentioned means for applying an arc discharge voltage to the other electrode of each pair, and means for causing said discharge voltages to be out of phase with each other, said last mentioned means comprising a means including inductance and capacity for modifying the volt age phase of one of said voltage application means.
- an arc discharge device comprising an envelope with a path of arc discharge therein, sets of electrodes at each end oi said path, each such set comprising three electrodes, a three-phase transformer having primaries connected bridgewise to the power leads of a three-phase power system, said transformer having separate secondaries, each such secondary connected respectively to an electrode of each set, so that each set of electrodes comprises respective electrodes powered for are discharge by are discharge voltages substantially 60 out of phase with each other.
- a light source comprising an elongated envelope, a pair of electrodes at each end of an arc discharge path within said envelope, a filament associated with electron emlssive substance connecting the electrodes of each pair, means for applying power for are discharge to one electrode of each pair, means for connecting together the other electrodes of each pair, whereby to energize said filaments, and means for connecting said last mentioned electrodes to a source of arc discharge power, said sources of arc discharge power arranged independently of each other to apply voltages to said electrodes which are out of phase with each a other.
- a method of operating arc discharge devices to diminish stroboscopic effect comprises providing an arc discharge device with an arc discharge path and a set of electrodes at each end of said path, and independently power ing respective electrodes of each set so as to produce along said path at least two are discharges which are out of phase with each other.
- a method of operating arc discharge devices to diminish stroboscopic eifect comprises providing an arc discharge device with an arc discharge path and a set of electrodes at each end of said path, and independently powering respective electrodes of each set so as to produce along said path at least two are discharges which are out of phase with each other, and locating a fluorescent coating so as to be activated by all such are discharges.
- a method of operating fluorescent light sources having a plurality of electrodes at each end which comprises powering the electrodes of such a fluorescent light source so as to produce therein separate arc discharges following substantially the same path and which are between substantially 60 and substantially 90 out oi phase with each other, whereby to diminish the stroboscopic effect and to increase the eficiency of visual light emission by more nearly continuously activating the fluorescent means in said fluorescent light source.
- a method of operating fluorescent light sources having an arc discharge path and a pair of electrodes connected by filaments at each end which comprises first connecting together one electrode of each pair and powering the other electrode of each pair, whereby to energize said filaments, thereafter breaking the connection between said first mentioned electrodes and powering said first mentioned electrodes independently with a Voltage which is out of phase with the voltage of the first mentioned powering step.
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Description
Feb. 3, 1953 G. s. SPERTI v 2,627,591 MEANS AND METHOD OF ANTISTROBOSCQPIC ARC OPERATION Filed June 2'7, 1944 i an 1 38 587 6o 59 r4 44 4-11 H 50s.
h 57 5! I l E r53 I E55 56 e 'vnvmh' v zwu FIG. 5
G4 6; I4 1s 2: :5 uuumsmzmsnmH INVENTOR. m g-mus (1502c; 5. 5m: [2T] 18 011m I FIG. 4.
Patented Feb. 3, 1953 MEANS AND METHOD OF ANTISTROBO- SCOPIC ARC OPERATION George .S. Sperti, Burlington, Ky., assignor to Institutum Divi Thomae Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, acorporation of Ohio Application June 2'1, 1944, Serial No. 542,368
12 Claims. (01. 315-99) My invention relates to the operation of enclosed are devices, and in particular fluorescent lights. As is well known, in the operation of these lights a distinct stroboscopic effect is observed.
An object of this invention is the provision" of means and a method of operation in which the stroboscopic effect is greatly cut down or substantially eliminated. 1 a 1 Another object of the invention is the operation of such devices at very much greater eniciencies than have hitherto been attainable.
Yet another object of the invention is the attainment of these advantages in the operation of light sources which,where desired, either may be of standard construction or if modified need be modified only in minor particulars, and, indeed, in the direction of simplification of construction. These principal objects of the invention and others which will be set forth hereinafter, or will be apparent to one skilled inthe art upon reading these specifications, I attain by those construe tions and arrangements of parts and in those modes of operation of which I shall now describe .certain exemplary embodiments- Reference is made to the drawings which form a part hereof and in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation ofa light source and circuits for high-voltage operation.
Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a light source and circuits for three-phase operation.
Figure 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a light source and circuits for low voltage operation.
Figured is a partial circuit diagram showin another mode of securing a shift in phase.
Briefly, in the practice of my invention, I have found that it is possible to provide an enclosed arc device havingtwo pairs of electrodes and to maintain arc discharges between the pairs of electrodes, 1. e., an arc discharge between an e1ectrode of one pair and an electrode of the other,
. and another arc discharge between the other elec=- 'my enclosed arc structure is similar to that of the familiar fluorescent tube and comprises an elongatedenvelope having a pair of electrodes at each end, the envelope being evacuated and containing a small quantity of such a substance as mercury. The envelope may also ifdesired, contain a quantity of noble gas.-' While the utility structures.
of my invention is not confined to fluorescent lights, such lights are a particular field of utility for it, in which another advantage of my invention is obtained. Whena structure such as that mentioned above is energized inthe way hereinafter set forth, two arc-discharges are maintained therein; but the illumination given on" by the fluorescent. coatingonthe envelope is much more thantwice the illumination" obtainable with a single are discharge. a
- While I do not wish to-be bound by theory, I explain this surprising effect as due to the very much more continuous activation of the fluorescent coating. Fluorescent coatings are not particularly efiicient in giving ofi-visible light when activated by ultra violet radiations, and their efficiency is diminished when the. activation laintermittent. When the activation becomes more nearly continuous, their eiiiciency is very greatly increased. Hence, by my invention with the; form of fluorescent light mentioned above, I amable to secure much more'than twice the illumination from a single light source without theexpenditure of proportionate'energy.
Moreover, I have found that with thegtype of light sourceto :whichLhave referred,- havinga pair of electrodes at each end, I can maintain the two are discharges between respective electrodes of each pair'without interference ,and withoutsuch, cross fire between electrodes of each pair, aswill give rise to any appreciable energy loss. v
In Figure l, I have shown at l, the envelope of a fluorescent tube which envelope-will be coated within with a suitable, fluorescent coating; At each end there is a press "2 or 3 through which pass leads terminating in electrodes 4* andb for thepress 2, andt and 'i' f0l. the press lhe form of these electrodes is not a limitation on my invention: and they may take any convenient form, from bare wireszto more. elaborate The arrangement shown in Figure 1 is intended for high-voltage operation; and while this is not in 'all:instances necessary, I prefer to have the electrodesor portions thereof-{coated with an electronemissive substance. The electrodes become heated during the operation of the light surface and an electron emissivecoating assists in the maintenance of the arc discharges leads l2 and 3. The electrodes 4 and fi are connec'ted by leads lt and to a secondary It of a transformer of which the primary H is connected across power leads i8 and I9. These power leads may, of course, be the same as the power leads l2 and I3; and the transformers, instead of being separate entities, may be combined in a Single struc re Means. areg however, provided for applying. to one electrode of each pair an energizing voltage which is out of phase with the energizing voltage applied to the other electrodes of each pair. -I have shown in Figure 1 a capacity g l eonnected in parallel with the secondary I6 for this purpose. There are other ways of securing a shift in voltage phase. In Figure-4 Iihavefshown afcapacity 2|, connected in series "with'the sectindary l6. Rotary converters may also be employed for this purpose if desired. In the operation of the arrangement of Figure 1 an arc is struck between electrodes 5 and "l,
and another are is struck between electrodes '1 and 6; "but the latterarc' 'is oiit {of phase with the former. The "sail-eats outphasin may be consider'ably varied. The preferred c'ondition: is att'ai'ned when the two arc'sare 90} 'oiit offphase with each other, but lesser degrees of ou't phasin'g a operativeand will greatly :cut down 'the stroboscopic eiT-e'ct s weu as? greatly increase the efil'oi ejricy fin-'{geriera-lfthe ent-phasing 'will be between say 60"and the idal of;90'.
is There is substantially no 'crdss fire -between elect'rodesl and 5 or between electrodes G and I. In Figure 2, Iihav'e shown a'fi'uorescent light "soiirce 22, arranged forY' three -phase operation.
This light source lias atone and three electrodes,
23, 24 and -2-5,- an at theother end another three "electrodes '26, 2T and' 28. fElectrodes- 25 and 28 are sl iown connected by'l'eads 2'9a'nd'30, to one of *the se conda ries 3 I "of afthree phas e transformer.
The'electrodes-M and -21 areshown connected by leads 32 {;'a'nd 5!;3, to-another secondary 34 of the ;-transformer. I'h'e"electrodes 23 and 26 are con-- -'-nected by leads 3513 1 {36 to a third secondary 3'I,"-of"the transformer;- 'Thethree'primaries 38,
39 and 4!) are connected.t6gether, -'and" to"power leads '4 i ,42 and in thef'ordinary"three-phase bridge construction It will be noted that the 3 three secondaries 31, 34 'and"'37 are not connected together as is [usual in three-phase transformers, but are'opierate'd as separate secondaries. Three arcs-are thus maintainedfone between electrodes 23 a'nd'26, and another between electrodes 24 and 21, and the third between electrodes 25 -and 28. These are discharges" are substantially '60" out of 'phasew-ith each-other. r
1 In. Figure 3 -I-have .indicated diagrammatically Zth standard-fluorescent light source 34 having at one end electrodes and 46} and atthe other electrodes Hand '48. The' electrodes of each pair .however, are connected. together within themvelope :by. filaments indicatedat 49 and 5B. These .filaments are coatediwithelectron emissivesubstance; andlthestructuresisone intended for low voltagepperation, The filaments are initially heatedanri the main'arc is struck when the atmosphere within the light source has become .sufiiciently ionized, whereupon the filaments are usuall;y, tie-energized aspnderstood in this art.,, I
zhav sh wn lele tmdes stan .48 connected; b
leads 5!: andiz toa, se condary 53of a transformer of which the primary $415; conneotedsacross APQW L %?15 ;-5 .r? fi 5 Th e n 53 may {have thephase of deliyered voltage controlled 1-Wae'i ee ya T s ec m nd. a
.sll n-sqnneeted e. .si and 59 t a d ubl pore, double-throw switch'lil). When this switch is in the position shown in solid lines, the short circuitin element GI connects leads 58 and 59. This throws the filaments 49 and 56 in series into the circuit of the secondary 53. The filaments are energized and operate to ionize the atmosphere within the envelope, ultimately permitting an arc discharge'between electrodes 46 and 48. When this occurs "the switch 60 may be thrown to the position shown in dotted lines, in .which position leads 59a and 59a act along with lea ds 58 .and .59 to connect electrodes and 4'! f-a'c' ro'ss,' the"secondary B2 of a transformer, the rimary E3 of which is connected across power leads fidandfii, A second are therefore, is struck between electrodes and 41; and since the voltagents-verse by secondaries E2 and 53 are out of ,phase, this second arc discharge will be out of phase with the first mentioned are discharge within the envelope, and the objects of my invention are thus attained.
Again, the two transformers. may he builttogether as a, single unit andeither secondary may be, out-phased ,as respects the other. Other modes of operation including the use of chokes and out-phasing] means; rotary converters and the like, may ,be' employed and ,willzbe within the skill of theworker in the art to apply in thelight of the teachings herein. The switch Bllflrnay be arrangedfor automatic operation, as by thermostatic means or otherwise, as will be readily understood.
Modifications may be, made in my invention without departing from the spirit of it.
Having thus describedmyinvention in. certain exemplary embodiments, what I ,claimas new and desire to secureby Letters Patent is:
1. In, astructure for,theipurposedescribed,Ha ingle, elongated'envelo'pe, fourelect'rodesin said envelope located in pairs adjacent, the; ends, of said elongated envelope, circuit means forapplying an arcdischarge violtageito two of said electrodes, circuit Imeans independentxof, the first mentioned circuit mea'nsfor applying .an are discharge voltage to the fother. two of said. electrodes, .saidcircuit means each being vconnectedlto an electrode of each pair so that separate'arcfdischarges .occur inthe direction of, the length of said elongated envelope, and means for ca'using said two are discharge voltages to .be out of phase :with each other by substantially 60 tolsubstantially whereby to minimize strobos'copic effects.
2. In a structure, for the purpose described, a single, elongated envel0p'e,,four electrodes 'inxsaid envelope located in pairs adjacent the ends. of said elongated,enyelope,.,circ11it means for, ."applying' an arcjdischarge voltage to twodofiisaid elect'rodescircuit means independent? of the. first mentioned, circuit means for applyinglan arc discharge voltage to the other two of said'elect'rodes, said circuit means each being, connected to an electrode of each pair, 50,- that separatel arc. discharges occur ,in the direction of the length. of said elongated envelope, and means for:.causing said two arc. discharge'lvoltages to be outiof phase with eachother'by substantially 6i)? tov substantially 90,whereby to minimize stroboscopic ,effects, said envelope haying acoating. offluorescent substance energized by irradiation from each arc discharge whereby theefiiciencyof light emission from said fluorescent coating is greatly improved.
3. In combination, an arc dischargedevlce comprising a single elongated envelope haying a pair of "electrodes adjacent each'end thereof,
5 means for applying an arc discharge voltage to an electrode of each pair, means independent of said first mentioned means for applying an arc discharge voltage to the other electrode of each pair, and means for causing said discharge voltages to be out of phase with each other.
4. In combination, an arc discharge device comprising a single elongated envelope having a pair of electrodes adjacent each end thereof, means for applying an arc discharge voltage to an electrode of each pair, means independent of said first mentioned means for applying an arc discharge voltage to the other electrode of each pair, and means for causing said discharge voltages to be out of phase with each other, said last mentioned means comprising a means including inductance and capacity for modifying the volt age phase of one of said voltage application means.
5. In combination, an arc discharge device comprising an envelope with a path of arc discharge therein, sets of electrodes at each end oi said path, each such set comprising three electrodes, a three-phase transformer having primaries connected bridgewise to the power leads of a three-phase power system, said transformer having separate secondaries, each such secondary connected respectively to an electrode of each set, so that each set of electrodes comprises respective electrodes powered for are discharge by are discharge voltages substantially 60 out of phase with each other.
6. The structure claimed in claim 5 including a fluorescent coating on said envelope.
7. In combination, a light source comprising an elongated envelope, a pair of electrodes at each end of an arc discharge path within said envelope, a filament associated with electron emlssive substance connecting the electrodes of each pair, means for applying power for are discharge to one electrode of each pair, means for connecting together the other electrodes of each pair, whereby to energize said filaments, and means for connecting said last mentioned electrodes to a source of arc discharge power, said sources of arc discharge power arranged independently of each other to apply voltages to said electrodes which are out of phase with each a other.
8. A method of operating arc discharge devices to diminish stroboscopic effect, which method comprises providing an arc discharge device with an arc discharge path and a set of electrodes at each end of said path, and independently power ing respective electrodes of each set so as to produce along said path at least two are discharges which are out of phase with each other.
9. A method of operating arc discharge devices to diminish stroboscopic eifect, which method comprises providing an arc discharge device with an arc discharge path and a set of electrodes at each end of said path, and independently powering respective electrodes of each set so as to produce along said path at least two are discharges which are out of phase with each other, and locating a fluorescent coating so as to be activated by all such are discharges.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein three elec trodes are provided in each set, and the electrodes of each set are respectively powered by voltages from a three-phase power supply, which voltages are substantially 60 out of phase with each other.
11. A method of operating fluorescent light sources having a plurality of electrodes at each end, which comprises powering the electrodes of such a fluorescent light source so as to produce therein separate arc discharges following substantially the same path and which are between substantially 60 and substantially 90 out oi phase with each other, whereby to diminish the stroboscopic effect and to increase the eficiency of visual light emission by more nearly continuously activating the fluorescent means in said fluorescent light source.
12. A method of operating fluorescent light sources having an arc discharge path and a pair of electrodes connected by filaments at each end, which comprises first connecting together one electrode of each pair and powering the other electrode of each pair, whereby to energize said filaments, thereafter breaking the connection between said first mentioned electrodes and powering said first mentioned electrodes independently with a Voltage which is out of phase with the voltage of the first mentioned powering step.
GEORGE S. SPERTI.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,974,284 Lilienfeld Sept. 18, 1934 2,206,701 Klemperer July 2, 1940 2,232,780 Foulke Feb. 25, 1941 2,264,055 Stocker Nov. 25, 1941 2,265,323 Spanner Dec. 9, 1941 2,301,671 Abadie Nov. 10, 1942 2,354,654 Abbott Aug. 1, 1944 2,364,889 Blair Dec. 12, 1944 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 861,198 France Oct. 22, 1940
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US542368A US2627591A (en) | 1944-06-27 | 1944-06-27 | Means and method of antistroboscopic arc operation |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US542368A US2627591A (en) | 1944-06-27 | 1944-06-27 | Means and method of antistroboscopic arc operation |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2627591A true US2627591A (en) | 1953-02-03 |
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| US542368A Expired - Lifetime US2627591A (en) | 1944-06-27 | 1944-06-27 | Means and method of antistroboscopic arc operation |
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| US (1) | US2627591A (en) |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1974284A (en) * | 1931-08-04 | 1934-09-18 | Ergon Res Lab Inc | Power factor corrected gas discharge tube |
| US2206701A (en) * | 1938-08-01 | 1940-07-02 | Gen Electric | Rectifier circuits |
| FR861198A (en) * | 1939-07-21 | 1941-02-03 | Improvements to systems for excitation and raising the light output of luminescent tubes and lighting device comprising these improved systems | |
| US2232780A (en) * | 1937-06-22 | 1941-02-25 | Gen Electric | Light source and method of producing the same |
| US2264055A (en) * | 1939-04-03 | 1941-11-25 | Gen Electric | Starting circuit for electric discharge devices |
| US2265323A (en) * | 1932-07-13 | 1941-12-09 | Gen Electric | Gas and metal vapor discharge tube and means for preventing flicker therein |
| US2301671A (en) * | 1940-01-22 | 1942-11-10 | Abadie Jean Baptiste Jo Marcel | Auxiliary equipment for luminescent tubes |
| US2354654A (en) * | 1942-02-06 | 1944-08-01 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Electric discharge device circuit |
| US2364889A (en) * | 1940-12-10 | 1944-12-12 | Lyman C Blair | Luminous discharge lamp especially for photographic enlargers and projectors |
-
1944
- 1944-06-27 US US542368A patent/US2627591A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1974284A (en) * | 1931-08-04 | 1934-09-18 | Ergon Res Lab Inc | Power factor corrected gas discharge tube |
| US2265323A (en) * | 1932-07-13 | 1941-12-09 | Gen Electric | Gas and metal vapor discharge tube and means for preventing flicker therein |
| US2232780A (en) * | 1937-06-22 | 1941-02-25 | Gen Electric | Light source and method of producing the same |
| US2206701A (en) * | 1938-08-01 | 1940-07-02 | Gen Electric | Rectifier circuits |
| US2264055A (en) * | 1939-04-03 | 1941-11-25 | Gen Electric | Starting circuit for electric discharge devices |
| FR861198A (en) * | 1939-07-21 | 1941-02-03 | Improvements to systems for excitation and raising the light output of luminescent tubes and lighting device comprising these improved systems | |
| US2301671A (en) * | 1940-01-22 | 1942-11-10 | Abadie Jean Baptiste Jo Marcel | Auxiliary equipment for luminescent tubes |
| US2364889A (en) * | 1940-12-10 | 1944-12-12 | Lyman C Blair | Luminous discharge lamp especially for photographic enlargers and projectors |
| US2354654A (en) * | 1942-02-06 | 1944-08-01 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Electric discharge device circuit |
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