US2606809A

US2606809A - Daylight-fluorescent textiles

Info

Publication number: US2606809A
Application number: US430792A
Authority: US
Inventors: Joseph L Switzer; Richard A Ward
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1942-02-13
Filing date: 1942-02-13
Publication date: 1952-08-12
Anticipated expiration: 1969-08-12

Description

Aug. 12, 1952 J. SWITZER EIAL DAYLIGHT-FLUORESCENT TEXTILES Filed Feb. 13, 1942 INVENTORS JOSEPH L. SWITZER Mom/w A. WARD ATTORNEYS Patented Aug. 12, 1952 DAYLIGHT-FIUORESCENT TEXTILES 1 OFFICE 7 Joseph L. Switzer, Cleveland Heights, and

Richard A. Ward, Cleveland, Ohio Application February 13, 1942. Serial No. 430,192 14 Claims. (01. 8 59) This invention relates to an improvement in fluorescent textiles and a method of dyeing textiles with fluorescent dyestuffs.

Brilliantly fluorescent fabrics have long been sought for theatrical costumes and display purposes. Heretofore. even though the dyes employed were brilliantly fluorescent, fluorescent dyed fabrics have been only weakly or faintly fluorescent and have been more or less characterized by a certain muddiness or dullness of color, both under visible light and invisible fiuorescigenous radiations, such as ultra-violet light. Consequently, when brilliantly fluorescent fabrics were required heretofore, suitable fabrics were varnished or coated with a coating containing a dispersion of fluorescent dyes or pigments. Such coated fabrics lost flexibility, porosity, and softness; garments made of such coated fabrics were uncomfortable and the coating tended to crack and break during use; such coated fabrics did not have a. satisfactory hand and were difilcult to drape.

It is an object of this invention to provide a brilliantly fluorescent dyed fabric and. a process which will permit textiles, such as cellulose acetate, silk, wool, and the like, to be dyed with most known fluorescent dyes to produce brilliantly fluorescent fabrics. Fluorescent fabrics dyed according to our method are particularly clean and pure in color, both under visible light and invisible ultra-violet light and are not appreciably affected by our dyeing process in respect to flexibility, porosity, softness, hand or drape. A further advantage of our fluorescent dyed fabrics is that the natural shimmer and sheen of textiles, such as satins, for example, is accentuated when dyed with fluorescent dyes by our method.

" A still further advantage of our invention is that fluorescent fabrics dyed by our method are not restricted to use in the somewhat narrow field of theatrical costumes and displays. By

ourprocess it is possible to dye textileswith dyes claims and drawings in which:

Fig. 1 is a greatly magnified diagrammatic cross-section of a textile'filament dyed according to the prior art methods; and

Fig. 2 is a greatly magnified diagrammatic cross-section of a textile filament dyed according to our method.

As pointed out above, attempts to dye fabrics of the class described with a dyestuff which exhibited brilliant fluorescence in suitable solutions heretofore generally produced a dyed fabric which was only weakly fluorescent and somewhat muddy in color. The same fabric dyed with the same fluorescent dyestuffs by our method produce brilliantly clear fluorescent dyed fabrics. While not restricting ourselves to any one theory or reason for our success, we believe the contrast between the results obtained by the use of our method and the methods of the prior art lies in the fact that in the prior art the problem of dyeing was considered to be primarily one of selecting a suitable dyestuif whch, under given conditions, would exhibit an amnity for the fibers or filaments of a particular fabric-and, under such conditions, could be aflixed to such fibers or filaments more or less permanently in a substantially and generally insoluble state. A filament of a textile so dyed is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 1.

In Fig. 1, l0 represents a filament of cellulose acetate and II represents molecules of dye affixed to the filament at or onits surface. 7 Where the dye molecules II are ones which exhibit color duetothe phenomenon of absorption, 1. e., where a fractional band or bands of wave lengths of the incident visible light are reflected and the remainder of the visible light is absorbed, such a concentration of dye at the surface of the filament is satisfactory. Where the molecules H are ones which exhibit color due to the phenomenon of fluorescence, i. e., where the dye molecules ll convert incident rays of fluorescigenous energy, usually ultra-violet light, to

visible light of longer wave lengths, such a concentration of dye at the surface of the filament -II is not satisfactory. Many fluorescent dyeemitted by some fluorescent dye particles may be largely absorbed by other dye particles.

As a result of our eiforts to analyze our fluorescent dyed fabrics and our method of dyeing, we believe that the problem of dyeing fabrics fluorescent is primarily one of avoiding a condition of concentration of dye molecules on the surface of the fiber or filament to be dyed and, instead, obtaining a dispersion of the dye molecules in the fiber or filament so that the dye molecules are probably oriented in the fiber or filament in a relationship similar to the orientation of the dye molecules when the dye is fluorescent in a solution. A filament of a textile so dyed is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 2. In

Fig. 2, represents a filament of cellulose acetate and 2! represents molecules of a fluorescent dye dispersed in the filament by our process which will be described below. It is believed that thus neither incident fiuorescigenous radiation nor emanated visible light will be lost due to an appreciable irreversible absorption of the radiations and the light by the dye molecules. If the unexpectedly brilliant fluorescence of fabrics dyed by our method is due to the orientation of the dye molecules in or on the fibers similar to the orientation of the dye molecules when in solution, we do not know why ourmethod of dyeing causes such orientation of the dye, molecules.

Our method of dyeing a textile, cellulose ace- 0 tate satin, for example, is, in general, as follows: A small quantity of a dyestuif which exhibits the desired fluorescent brightness in a suitable aqueous organic solvent solution is dissolved in an aqueous solution of an ethyl alcohol, for example. The percentage of dye in solution depends upon many factors, such as the afiinity of the textile for the dye, the necessary concentration of dye in the textile, and the like, but the percentage of dye in solution is generally less than two percent. If a greater percentage of dye in solution is employed, it has been found that the fluorescent brightness of the dyed fabric is impaired. .The aqueous alcoholic solution in which the dye is dissolved is preferably a 40%, by weight, solution, but may vary from approximately to60%, by weight. Instead of ethyl alcohol we may, of course, use any similar solvent or solvent mixture which is a mutual solvent for the dye and water and which also exhibits a solvent or wetting action on the textile to be dyed. The dye is preferably one which exhibits less solubilityin water than in the mutual solvent for the dye and water.

The cellulose acetate fabric is then dipped in the dye bath, preferably by passing a festoon of the fabric through a vat of the dye bath, until the filaments of the fabric are dyed to the extent desired. Apparently, due to the wetting and penetrating properties of the ethyl alcohol as well as its somewhat solvent and swelling action, the molecules of the dye are dispersed in the cellulose acetate filaments. The time the fabric remains in the dye bath, the temperature of the dye bath, the proportion of the ingredients in the dye bath, and the ratio of the weight ofthe dye to the weight of the fabric are all interrelated factors affecting the penetration and dispersion of the dye molecules in the filaments of the textile and a change in any one will change the extent of penetration of the filaments by the dye. After the cellulose acetate fabric has been dipped in the dye bath, it is quickly flushed with cold water to kill the dyeing action. All of the dyeing liquid on the textile is thus washed off and the formation of dye crystals on the surface of the fila- 4 ments is prevented. The fabric is then tentered, dried, and finished in the usual manner.

While the foregoing general description has dealt with the dyeing of cellulose acetate, it is not to be understood that this method is limited to this specific textile. Other textiles may be advantageously dyed by this process as will be apparent from the following specific examples. While this invention is primarily concerned with the dyeing of textiles, i. e., woven fabrics, it is to be understood that any fabrics or organic fibers or filaments, such as knitted fabrics, felts, yarns,

or loose flock may be dyed by this method. Further, it is to be understood that the following specific illustrations are given by way of example and are not to, be considered as being limitative either inrespect to the textiles named or the fluorescent dyes employed.

Example No. 1

One-tenth of one percent (0.1%) by weight of meta diethylaminophenol phthalein is dissolved in a 0%, by weight, solution of ethyl alcohol in water to provide'a dye bath. To dry cellulose acetate fabric, a sufiicient quantity of dye bath is employed so that the ratio of the fabric to the dye bath, by weight, will be approximately 15 parts of cellulose acetate to 40 parts of the dye bath. With the dye bath maintained at room temperature, the cellulose acetate fabric is immersed in the dye bath for 20 minutes and is then quickly and thoroughly flushed with cool water to remove all traces of the dye bath. The fabric is then tentered and calendered in the usual manner. Cellulose acetate fabric so dyed fiuoresces a .brilliant red under ultra-violet light and, under visible white light, exhibits a brilliant fluorescent red color best suggested .by the name Neon Red.

Example No; 2

Two-tenths of one percent (0.2%) by weight of ethyl ester of meta monoethylaminophenol phthalein is dissolved in a 55%, by weight, solution of ethyl alcohol in water to provide a dye bath. To dye silk fabric, a suflicient quantity of dye bath is employed so that the ratio of the fabric to the dye bath, by weight, will be approximately 15 parts of silk to 60 parts of the dye bath. With the dye bath maintained at room temperature, the silk fabric is immersed in the dye bath for 10 minutes and is then quickly and thoroughly flushed with cool water to remove all traces of the dye bath. The fabric is then tentered and calendered in the usual manner. Silk fabric so dyed fluoresces a brilliant salmon under ultra-violet light and exhibits a slightly fluorescent red color under visible white light.

Example No. 3

Eight one-hundredths of one one percent (0.08%) by weight of p,p' di p" (p"' amincbenzolylamino benzoylamino stilbene 0,0 di (sodiumsulphonate) is dissolved in a 40%, by weight, solution of glycerine in water to provide a dye bath. To dye cotton fabric, a sufficient. quantity of the dye bath is employed so that the ratio, by

Weight, will be approximately 15 parts of cotton stantially uncolored by the dye, except for a slight blue jfluorescence under visible white light. I

i Example No. 4

Twelve one-hundredths of one percent (0.12 by weight offimino di(p-dimethylaminophenol) methane hydrochloride is dissolved in a 35%, by weight, solution of acetone in water to provide a dye bath. To dye Wool fabric, a sufficient quantity of dye bath is employed so that the ratio of the fabricto the dye bath will be approximately 15 parts of wool to 90 parts of dye bath. With the dye bath maintained at 50 C., the wool fabric is immersed in the dye bath for 20 minutes and is then quickly and thoroughly flushed with cool water toremove all traces of the dye bath. The fabric is then tentered andcalendered in the usual manner. Wool fabric so dyed is brilliantly yellow-green under ultra-violet light and exhibits a brightly fluorescent yellow color under visible white light.

' Example No. 5

One-tenth of one percent (0.1%) by weight of imino di(p-dimethylaminophenol) methane hydrochloride is dissolved in a 35%, by weight, solution of isopropyl alcohol in water to provide a dye bath. To dye cellulose acetate fabric, a sufficient quantity of dye bath is employed so that the ratio of the fabric to the dye bath will be approximately 15 parts of fabric to 90 parts of dye bath. With the dye bath maintained at 50 C., the cellulose acetate fabric is immersed in the dye bath for 15 minutes and is then thoroughly flushed with cool water to remove all traces of the dye bath. The fabric is then tentered and calendered in the usual manner. Cellulose acetate fabric so dyed is brilliantly yellowgreen under ultra-violet light and exhibits a brightly fluorescent yellow color under visible white light. 1

Example N056 One-tenth of one percent (0.1%) by weight, of meta methylethylaminophenol phthalein is dissolved in an aqueous solution containing by weight, of ethylene glycol monomethylether and by Weight, of methyl alcohol to form a dye bath. To dye cellulose acetate fabric, a sufficient quantity of dye bath is employed so that the ratio of the fabric to the'dye bath, by weight, will be approximately 15 parts of cellulose acetate to 40 parts of dye bath. With the dye bath maintained at 18 C., the cellulose acetate fabric is immersed in the dye bath for 10 minutes and is then quickly and thoroughly flushed in cool water to remove all tracesvof the dye bath. The fabric is then tentered and calendered in the usual manner. Cellulose acetate fabric so dyed fluoresces a brilliant red-orange under ultra-violet light and exhibits a strong fluorescent red color under visible white light.

Example No. 7

Fifteen one-hundredths of one percent (0.15%), by weight, of meta monobutylaminophenol phthalein is dissolved in a 40%, by weight, solution of ethyl alcohol in water to form a dye bath. To dye cellulose acetate fabric, a sufficient quantity of dye bath is employed so that the ratio of the fabric to the dye bath, by weight, will be approximately one part of cellulose acetate to two parts of dye bath. With the dye bath maintained at 20 C., the cellulose acetate fabric is immersed in the dye bath or the dye bath is padded, on the cellulose acetate for 20 minutes and is then quickly and thoroughly flushed with cool"water to remove all traces of the dye bath. The fabric is then tentered and calendered in the usual'manne'r. Cellulose acetate fabric so dyed fluoresces a bright'pastel' orange under ultraviolet light and exhibits a fluorescent pink color under visible white light.

From the foregoing, it is apparent that other daylight fluorescent dyes exhibiting a lesser solubility in water than in a mutual solvent for the dye and water may be employed to dye the same or other fabrics and textiles, the proportionsof the dye, water and the mutual solvent in the dye bath, the time'the fabricremains in the dye bath and'the temperature of the dye bath being determinable by experience in. each instance. 'As a guide for thedetermination of such condition with respect to particular daylight fluorescent dyes, the fabrics to be dyed, and the daylight fluorescent shades to be obtained, it is to be noted that in the following examples, the actual amount of dye held in a state akin to solution in a given amount of fabric is probably very low, a factor which is insured by providing the dye baths with a relatively low amount of dye for the weight of fabric to be dyed thereby. Thus, in the preceding examples, the'maxim-um possible concentrations of dye in'the'fabric (assuming complete exhaustion of the dye bath by the fabric, which is obviously not obtained by this solvent dyeing method) may be tabularized as follows:

Maximum Possible Example 1 part of fabric, in

percent) 9999999 ccmaaqmoom Q$QMHO While the actual percentage ofa given daylight'fluorescent dye to be dispersed in a state akin to solution in a specific fabric of known composition, thickness, transparency, etc. to provide a desired daylight fluorescent shade might be calculated, to obtain such calculated percentage of dye in cloth, it would involve further calculations of the absorption of a dissolved dye intothe specific fabric from the specific dye bath during given time and temperature conditions. It is, therefore, more convenient and practical to employ dye baths to fabric ratios in which the maximum possible dye in fabric ratios are in the order of those given above and then to shade the fabric as desired without fear of over-dyeing, i. e., discharging such a concentration of dye in the fabric that the dye cannot be held by the'fabric in a non-daylight'fiuor'escent state in which the dye is not in a state akin to solution.

In the foregoing specification and the following claims, the term strong, when applied to an aqueous solvent solution, denotes a solution in which the percentage of non-aqueous solvent or solvent mixture ranges from approximately 25% to 60%, by weight, of the aqueous solvent solution; when such strong aqueous solvent solutions are employed in a dye bath for cellulose acetate fabric, the percentage of non-aqueous solvent, by weight, preferably ranges from approximately 35% to 40% and, by keeping the temperatures of the solvent solutions in contact with the cellulose acetate,-during both dyeing and flushing,

down to thepoint where the intense swelling action of the solution; on the fabric cannot proceed beyond-incipient coalescence, the rapid dilution of 'th'e sblution during "flushing will allow the filaments of the fabric to return to their unswollen condition and prevent alteration of the hand of the fabric. The term cool, when applied tothe water for flushing the dye bath from the fabric, isintended to denote water having a temperature less than approximately 100 F.; preferably'water having the temperature of ordinary tapwater, i; e., from 55 to 75 F., is usually employed; The term daylight fluorescen is employed to denote the phenomenon exhibited by materials-which not only reflect portions of the spectrum of incident visible light but simultaneously fluoresce under the influence of the incident light. It is apparent therefore, that this invention is not, limited to the particular examples disclosed, but by the following claims.

What is claimed is: r

l. The process of dyeing to produce a daylight fluorescent fabric comprisingthe steps of providing a dye bath by dissolving a daylight fluorescent dye in a strong aqueous alcoholic solution, said dye being characterized by a greater solubility in alcohol than in water, immersing in the dye bath a fabric, characterized by its tendency to be swollen bythe aqueous alcoholic solution and to absorb said dye in a state akin to solution, maintaining the temperature of said dye bath below that which swells the filaments of said fabric to coalescence, and then flushing the fabric with cool water to remove said dye bath.

2. The method of dyeing a fabric as defined in claim 1 in which the alcohol in the aqueous alcoholic solution is substantially forty percent by weight.

3. The method of dyeing cellulose acetate fabric comprising the steps of providing a dye bath by dissolving a daylight fluorescent dye in a strong solution of a solvent and water, said dye being characterized by its lesser solubility in water than in said solvent in which solvent said dye, water and cellulose acetate are each soluble, immersing. in said dye bath cellulose acetate fabric characterized by its tendency to be swollen to incipient coalescence by said dye bath, removing said fabric before coalescence, and then flushing-said cellulose acetate with water to remove said dye bath.

, 4. The method of dyeing cellulose acetate fabric comprising the steps of dissolving a daylight fluorescent dye, characterized by a greater solubility in alcohol than in Water, in a strong solution of alcohol in water to form a dye bath, immersing cellulose acetate fabric in said dye bath, said dye bath and said fabric being proportioned so that the maximum possible absorption of dye into said fabric cannot exceed 0.8%, by weight, of the fabric, maintaining said dye bath below that temperature at which said dye bath swells the filaments of the fabric to coalescence, and flushing said cellulose acetate fabric with cool water to-remove said dye bath.

5. The method, of dyeing cellulose acetate fabric to provide a daylight fluorescent fabric comprising the steps of providing a dye bath by dissolving a fluorescent dye derived from dialkylaminophenol in a strong aqueous solution of alcohol, said dye being less than two per cent, by

weight, of said a solution, immersing cellulose acetate fabric in said dye bath, maintaining said dye-bath below the temperature at which the dye bath causes thefllaments of the fabric to coalesce,

8 and then flushing said cellulose acetate fabric with cool water to remove said dye bath.

6. The method of dyeing cellulose acetate fabric to provide a daylight fluorescent fabric comprising the steps of providing a dye bath by dissolving a fluorescent dye derived from monoalkylaminophenol in a strong aqueous solution of alcohol, said dye being less than two per cent, by weight, Of said solution, immersing cellulose acetate fabric in said dye bath, maintaining said dye bath below the temperature at which the dye bath causes thefilaments of the fabric to coalesce, and then flushing said cellulose acetate fabric with cool water to remove said dye bath.

7. The method of dyeing cellulose acetate fabric to provide a daylight fluorescent fabric comprising the steps of providing a dye bath by dissolving a fluorescent dye derived from diethylaminophenol in a strong aqueous solution of alcohol, said dye being less than two per cent, by weight, of said solution, immersing cellulose acetate fabric in said dye bath, maintaining said dye bath below the temperature at which the dye bath causes the filaments of the fabric to coalesce, and then flushing said cellulose acetate fabric with cool water to remove said dye bath.

8. As a composition of matter, a dyed fabric comprising a fabric of organic filaments and a daylight fluorescent dye dispersed in said filaments of said fabric, said dye exhibiting a lesser solubility in water than in an organic solvent for said dye and water, said dye being so 'arranged and oriented in said filaments of said fabric that said fabric exhibits daylight fluorescence.

9. As a composition of matter, a dyed fabric comprising a fabric of cellulose acetate filaments and a daylight fluorescent dye dispersed in said filaments, said dye exhibiting a lesser solubility in Water than in an organic solvent for said dye and water, said dye being so arranged and oriented in said filaments of said fabric that said fabric exhibits daylight fluorescence.

10. As .a composition of matter, a dyed fabric comprising a fabric of cellulose acetate filaments and a fluorescent dye derived from monoalkylaminophenol so dispersed and oriented in said filaments that said fabric exhibits daylight fluorescenoe.

11. As a composition of matter, a dyed fabric comprising a fabric of cellulose acetate filaments and a fluorescent dye derived from dialkylaminophenol so dispersed and oriented in said filaments that said fabric exhibits daylight fluorescence.

12..As a composition of matter, a dyed fabric comprising a fabric of cellulose acetate filaments and afiuorescent dye derived from diethylaminophenol so dispersed and oriented in said filaments that said fabric exhibits daylight fluorescence.

13. The process of dyeing to produce a daylight fluorescent fabric comprising the steps of providing an aqueous dye bath containing not more than two per cent, by Weight, of a daylight fluorescent dye in solution, immersing in said dye bath a fabric characterized by its tendency to absorb said dye in a state akin to solution and to be swelled by the dye bath, the Weight of fabric immersed in said bath being proportioned to the weight of dye in said bath so that the maximum possible weight of dye which can be absorbed into said fabric will not exceed 0.8% of the weight of the fabric, maintaining said fabric in said dye bath until the dye has penetrated into the fabric in a state akin to solution, maintaining the temperature of the dye bath below that at which 9 said dye bath swells the filaments of said fabric to coalescence, and then flushing the fabric to remove said dye bath.

14. The process of dyeing to produce a daylight fluorescent fabric comprising the steps of providing a dye bath by dissolving a daylight fluorescent dye in a strong aqueous solution of a mutual solvent for said dye and water, said solvent also constituting a swelling agent for the fabric to be dyed, immersing in said dye bath a fabric characterized by its tendency to absorb said dye in a state akin to solution, the weight of fabric immersed in said dye bath being proportioned with respect to the weight of said dye bath so that the maximum possible weight of dye which can be absorbed by said fabric will not exceed 0.8% of the weight of said fabric, maintaining said fabric in said dye bath until said dye is absorbed into the filaments of said fabric in a state akin to solution, maintaining the temperature of said dye bath below the temperature causing incipient coalescence during the time said dye is being absorbed, removing said fabric from said dye bath and then flushing the fabric in cool water to remove said dye bath.

JOSEPH L. SWITZER. RICHARD A. WARD.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,025,338 Troy May 7, 1912 1,188,775 Hewitt June 27, 1916 1,645,450 Rabe Oct. 11, 1927 1,968,819 Dreyfus Aug. 7, 1934 2,033,976 Dreyfus Mar. 17, 1936 2,053,276 Ellis Sept. 8, 1936 2,086,745 Sell July 13, 1937 2,089,413 Paine Aug. 10, 1937 2,113,090 McKeag et a1 Apr. 5, 1938 2,149,993 Fonda Mar. 7, 1939 2,177,701 Fonda Oct. 31, 1939 Number Name Date 2,247,259 Snell June 24, 1941 2,274,751 Sowter Mar. 3, 1942 2,275,290 Dreyer Mar. 3, 1942 2,341,009 AXelrad Feb. 8, 1944 2,344,973 Craft Mar. 28, 1944 FOREIGN PATENTS v Number Country Date 1,939 Great Britain Of 1906 44,002 Germany Of 1888 412,952 Great Britain July 5, 1934 579,896 France Aug. 16, 1924 847,107 France June 26, 1939 OTHER REFERENCES Silk Journal and Rayon World for June 1944, page 40.

American Dye Reporter, May 31, 1937, pages 297 and 298.

Tupholme: Textile Colorist, July 1938, pages 441 to 443.

Kummerer: Melliands Textilberichte (1928), vol. 9, pages 415-and 416.

Wahl-Attack: Manuf. London, 1914, pages 191-4.

Matthews: Application of Dyestufis, Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1920.

1943 Year Book of the American Assoc. of Textile Chemists and Colorists, vol. XX, page 391.

Beilsteins Handbuch Organische Chemie, 4th Ed., vol. 19, pages 342-6.

Society of Dyers and Colorists: Col. Index, 1st Ed, Jan. 1924, pages to 192, 364; also other pages referred to in letter.

Whittaker: Dyeing With Coal Tar Dyestuffs, London 1926.

Pierce: Modern Methods of Dyeing, Ciba, N. Y., 1940.

Cain and Thorpe: Rev. Ed., London, 1923.

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Knecht et al.: Manual of Dyeing, London 1916, 2 vols, vol. II.

Organic Dyestuffs,

John

Synthetic Dyestuffs, 6th

Claims

8. AS A COMPOSITION OF MATTER, A DYED FABRIC COMPRISING A FABRIC OF ORANIC FILAMENTS AND A DAYLIGHT FLUORESCENT DYE DISPERSED IN SAID FILAMENTS OF SAID FABRIC, SAID DYE EXHIBITING A LESSER SOLUBILITY IN WATER THAN IN AN ORGANIC SOLVENT FOR SAID DYE AND WATER, SAID DYE BEING SO ARRANGED AND ORIENTED IN SAID FILAMENTS OF SAID FABRIC THAT SAID FABRIC EXHIBITS DAYLIGHT FLUORESCENCE.