US2575824A - Fuel injector for rocket devices - Google Patents

Fuel injector for rocket devices Download PDF

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Publication number
US2575824A
US2575824A US5633A US563348A US2575824A US 2575824 A US2575824 A US 2575824A US 5633 A US5633 A US 5633A US 563348 A US563348 A US 563348A US 2575824 A US2575824 A US 2575824A
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nozzle
fuel injector
fluid
fuel
radial
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US5633A
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Eugene A Maynor
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K9/00—Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof
    • F02K9/42—Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof using liquid or gaseous propellants
    • F02K9/44—Feeding propellants
    • F02K9/52—Injectors

Definitions

  • My invention relates, generally, to rocket devices and it has particular relation to fuel injectors for such devices.
  • Aijigure 1 is a view, partly in side earllyilll settler, illistr Si une@ lll attarder@ Y,
  • teloatedlll a liollslelvl ⁇ granaat
  • 15 Tri iluqiisinefiffi in in er shelliilaridanouter all" i t, haying Hafvlay'er "vl ⁇ ofl carbon therebtwee i Qmlisclfisedrheinls 23 connected thereto for supplying uids which, when intermixed properly, support combustion in the chamber I4.
  • Shutoif valves 24 and 25 may be provided in the conduits 22 and 23. They are shown in the closed position and are arranged to be opened simultaneously by a spring driven drum 26 which is restrained by a pawl 21. When the pawl 21 is released, the drum 26 rotates to open the valves 24 and 25.
  • conduits 22 and 23 extend into fluid tanks 28 and 29, respectively.
  • the tank 28 may contain a fuel such as aniline, ammonia, gasoline, benzene, etc.
  • the tank 29 may contain an oxidizer such as nitric acid or picric acid. Hydrogen peroxide or liquidA oxygen also may be used. It will be understood that any of the Well known fluids, such as those specifically mentioned, may be employed in practicing my invention.
  • which is similar to the fuel injector 2l except that the nozzle shank 2Is is made up of two nozzle units 32 and 33 in tandem in place of a single nozzle unit as shown in Figure 1. inafter more than two of the nozzle units 32 and 33 canbe added in tandem as desired depending upon the power requirements. Since the nozzle units 32 and 33 are, for the most part, identical in construction, the same reference characters will be used for both.
  • EachV of the nozzle units 32 and 33 is constructed so as to provide a iluid or fuel flow having a radial annular Aconfiguration or disclike discharge 34 that is arranged to be intersected by two fluid or oxidizer flows of conical configurations or cone-like discharges 35, the arrangement being that the conical configurations 35 intersect the annular configuration 34 at 36. Since the configurations 34 and 35 intersect in the manner described at 36, in reality, the intersection thereof is a circle and it is around this circle that the carefully metered and proportioned quantities of fluids, i. e. fuel and oxidizer, meet, are atomized, and completely intermixed so that complete combustion thereof can take place as mentioned hereinbefore. It will be understood that the fluids from the tanks 28 and 29 flow in the configurations 34 and 35 under pressure. For example a pressure may be maintained in the tanks 2B and 29 on the order of 600 pounds per square inch.
  • ' are formed preferably of stainless steel.l They will be described now in detail.
  • a body member 40 is provided having threads 4l which permit it to be screwed into the housing I5.
  • the body Vmember 40 also has a threaded passageway 42 for connection to the fluid inlet conduit 23.
  • the fluid oxidizer flows through the passageway 42 and also through longitudinally extending apertures 43 in the body member 40 to an annular distribution chamber 44.
  • the body member 40 also has a central longitudinal opening 45 in .which a stem 46 is positioned.
  • the stem 46 has an axial passageway 41 through which the Vfluid fuel ows from theconduit 22.
  • the stem 46 is threaded at 48 to permit connection'of the conduit 22.
  • a nut 49 also is provided on thethreads 46 for holding the'stem 4'I'in position with respect tothe body member 4U.
  • the stem 46 has a conical 'flange 52 which'serv'ejs, in "part, to enclose the ilistribution' chamber '44.
  • the ⁇ flange 52 has As will appear here- 4 transverse apertures y53 for placing an annular groove 54 in a fitting 55 in communication with the chamber 44.
  • the tting 55 has an axial passageway 56 which, in effect, constitutes an extension of the axial passageway 47 in the stem 46.
  • nozzle ringsl 5l Surrounding the fitting 55 is a pair of nozzle ringsl 5l which, as shown more clearly in Figure 4, have spacing portions 58 to provide a radial nozzle opening 59 the width of which is xed.
  • the radial nozzle opening 55 has a width of 0.002 inch. Except for the spacing portions 58, which constitute only a small portion of the circumferential length of the nozzle opening 59, it constitutes a radially opening passageway for directing the uid fuel to flow radially outwardly in the annular configuration previously described and indicated at 34.
  • radial apertures 41' serve to place the inside of the radial nozzle opening 59 in communication with the axial passageway 4l. Similar radial apertures 4l serve to place the radial .nozzle/ are oppositely inclined, as shown, to provide the conical configurations 35 of fluid or oxidizer flow previously described.
  • the fluid reaches the conical nozzle opening 6I between the ring 5l and the ring 62 through a distribution chamber 63 which communicates through apertures 64 with the annular groove 54 near the forward end of the fitting 55.
  • Longitudinally extending apertures 55, Figure 4 extend between the grooves 54 in the fitting 55 to place the same in communication.
  • the oxidizer fluid flow through the passageway 42 inthe body member 40 and through the apertures 43 to the distribution chamber 44. From this chamber 44 9, portion of the fluid flows through the associated conical nozzle ,opening 6l. The remaining portion of the uid flows through the apertures 53 in the conical flange 52 to the annular groove 54 in the fitting 55 and thence through apertures 65 to the annular groove 54 in the forward end of the tting 55. A portion of this fluid flows through the radial aperture 64 into the distribution chamber 63, which is annular in form, and thence out through the associated conical nozzle opening 5I.
  • the fluid fuel flows through the axial passageway 41 and radial apertures --41' to the radial the'formof a cone-like discharge irlhichfinter# combination of a supporting member, a nozzle sectssaid disc-like discharge.v Y shank of substantiallycylindricalform extend- 3.V In a fuel injector forinjecting two fluids into ing therefrom, two Aseparate fluid passagewaysl the combustionV chamberof arrocket device t0 extending through said nozzle shank for feedatomize and intermixrthe same, the combination 5 ing two separate fluids adapted. t0 be inter..
  • nozzle SharlkCOmpISngStemmeans av rSt fluidi sageways to project one of said iluids in the form Y passageway extending Substantially axially 0f io ⁇ of a disc-like discharge, and a conical nozzie said stem means for feeding one of 'saidiuid a-second fluid passageway extending longitud nally of said stem means in space'drelationfto said rst fluid passageway for feeding hthje otlf'ier-f ⁇ of said nuids, and a Series of nozzle and'spacingv 1,5; rings assembled over said stemV meansV a ⁇ i1ddev ning therebetween a plurality of nozzlefsets ar-5 ranged in tandem relation along saidj.
  • each of said nozzlesets comprisingasubstantially radialnozzle opening of substantially 20 continuous circular form encircling said ⁇ nozzleI shank and connected With one of said' fluidepas'" I fil f this ,patenti sageways to project one of said fluids inthe-formi" z f sil-M of a Vdisc-like discharge, and-a conicailf no'zzicfj, i #UNNTTED STATES PATENTS opening -of A substantially continuous circular?

Description

Nov. 20, 1951 E. A. MAYNOR 2,575,824
FUEL INJEcToR FOR ROCKET DEVICES Filed Jan. 51, 1948 05352 m 63 au @EM www@ @wf Patented Nov. 20, 17951V FUEL `INJECIOR FOR I tOCln'IjlT Eugene A.` Maynor,..Chicagc, Ill. Applicatie Jaw 31, lll-atan te? 4 Claims.
My invention relates, generally, to rocket devices and it has particular relation to fuel injectors for such devices.A
In order to obtain a high degree of thermal efficiency in the combustion of rocket fuels there should be complete atomization and thorough mixing of the'fiuids which areburned in the combustion chamber. The more nearly that these conditions are anproached,` the more complete will be the resulting corribustion. Conversely, where the atomization and lmixture are not coinplete, there will `be a corresponding reduction in the thermal efficiency. This is particularly true where hydrocarbons are concerned. f
Where hydrocarbons are burned in the presence o f oxygen, if there is a paucity of oxygen,`the hydrogen Will burn, thereby resulting in a deposit of carbon. The reason `for this is that hydrogen ignites at a much lower temperature than does carbon.
It has been shown by tests that, if V`a small quantity of completely atomized hydrocarbon'is ignited in the presence of theexact amount of oxygen necessary to effect complete combustion, such combustion will result in the hydrogen coin'- bining with the oxygen to vform water and the carbon uniting with the oxygen to form carbon dioxide. In order to obtain this desired' result, the oxygen atoms must be in the immediate vicinity of the carbon `and hydrogen atoms and the mixture thereof must be accomplished under pressure. This is essential since the processof combustion tends to disperse the atoms rather than to expedite their molecularization, parti--` cularly where two elements are being oxidized.
Accordingly, among the objects of my invenl tion are: To provide the exact number of atoms of iluids which, when intermixed, supportconibustion and to hold the same in close proximity until complete combustion results; to providethe L exact number of atoms of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen infclose proximity to effect complete combustion thereof; to cause the fluids which are to be atomized and Iinterrnixed for complete combustion to flow in intersecting annularcongurations so as to obtain the complete atomization andintermixing; to direct one uid to flow radially outwardly in an annular configuration and to direct another iiuid to `flow in a conical configuration which intersects theannular configuration; to cause the radially outwardly annular configuration of `fluid flow to be intersected from opposite sides by fluidflows of conical configurations, the intersection of the three duid ows taking nlaceakmg wirds; and le arrange the l t egaal? retails which direct thefiuid flows in in, tfirlse'itlllg lilllblleh' in' tandem soffra there are' lWQ Q lierolleswhereas nomma a @lldftrullgllakeplai l fwel "l-@hef @micia @if ml lllvellllloll will, in part;
este w which:
Aijigure 1 is a view, partly in side earllyilll settler, illistr Si une@ lll attarder@ Y,
`@replayed llelicliel'd are? 1 'l 'na Seilellelview 11922165119@ uit l, as lilesllllelzll lsplll 110er llnll ln'tjalldelfl Wllllft ilieur s3, fl and il `are detail sectional :views literally, alors the? lilies @#3, all all@ f t Figur-e2? l f ,Fleur 6" is 10111 tfllal Sectional View 0f il modified nozzle cons uctionf'and F" al its de ts at'ne end a turbine whelfl'? ytha teloatedlll a liollslelvl` granaat |15. Tri iluqiisinefiffi in in er shelliilaridanouter all" i t, haying Hafvlay'er "vl `ofl carbon therebtwee i Qmlisclfisedrheinls 23 connected thereto for supplying uids which, when intermixed properly, support combustion in the chamber I4. Shutoif valves 24 and 25 may be provided in the conduits 22 and 23. They are shown in the closed position and are arranged to be opened simultaneously by a spring driven drum 26 which is restrained by a pawl 21. When the pawl 21 is released, the drum 26 rotates to open the valves 24 and 25.
It will be observed that the conduits 22 and 23 extend into fluid tanks 28 and 29, respectively. The tank 28 may contain a fuel such as aniline, ammonia, gasoline, benzene, etc. The tank 29 may contain an oxidizer such as nitric acid or picric acid. Hydrogen peroxide or liquidA oxygen also may be used. It will be understoodthat any of the Well known fluids, such as those specifically mentioned, may be employed in practicing my invention.
Referring now particularly to Figure 2 of the drawing there is shown a fuel injector 2| which is similar to the fuel injector 2l except that the nozzle shank 2Is is made up of two nozzle units 32 and 33 in tandem in place of a single nozzle unit as shown in Figure 1. inafter more than two of the nozzle units 32 and 33 canbe added in tandem as desired depending upon the power requirements. Since the nozzle units 32 and 33 are, for the most part, identical in construction, the same reference characters will be used for both.
EachV of the nozzle units 32 and 33 is constructed so as to provide a iluid or fuel flow having a radial annular Aconfiguration or disclike discharge 34 that is arranged to be intersected by two fluid or oxidizer flows of conical configurations or cone-like discharges 35, the arrangement being that the conical configurations 35 intersect the annular configuration 34 at 36. Since the configurations 34 and 35 intersect in the manner described at 36, in reality, the intersection thereof is a circle and it is around this circle that the carefully metered and proportioned quantities of fluids, i. e. fuel and oxidizer, meet, are atomized, and completely intermixed so that complete combustion thereof can take place as mentioned hereinbefore. It will be understood that the fluids from the tanks 28 and 29 flow in the configurations 34 and 35 under pressure. For example a pressure may be maintained in the tanks 2B and 29 on the order of 600 pounds per square inch.
' The parts making up the fuel injector 2|' are formed preferably of stainless steel.l They will be described now in detail.
It will be noted that a body member 40 is provided having threads 4l which permit it to be screwed into the housing I5. The body Vmember 40 also has a threaded passageway 42 for connection to the fluid inlet conduit 23. In this case the fluid oxidizer flows through the passageway 42 and also through longitudinally extending apertures 43 in the body member 40 to an annular distribution chamber 44.
The body member 40 also has a central longitudinal opening 45 in .which a stem 46 is positioned. The stem 46 has an axial passageway 41 through which the Vfluid fuel ows from theconduit 22. Y The stem 46 is threaded at 48 to permit connection'of the conduit 22. A nut 49 also is provided on thethreads 46 for holding the'stem 4'I'in position with respect tothe body member 4U. At its right hand end the stem 46 has a conical 'flange 52 which'serv'ejs, in "part, to enclose the ilistribution' chamber '44. The `flange 52 has As will appear here- 4 transverse apertures y53 for placing an annular groove 54 in a fitting 55 in communication with the chamber 44. It will be noted that the tting 55 has an axial passageway 56 which, in effect, constitutes an extension of the axial passageway 47 in the stem 46.
Surrounding the fitting 55 is a pair of nozzle ringsl 5l which, as shown more clearly in Figure 4, have spacing portions 58 to provide a radial nozzle opening 59 the width of which is xed. In accordance with the present invention the radial nozzle opening 55 has a width of 0.002 inch. Except for the spacing portions 58, which constitute only a small portion of the circumferential length of the nozzle opening 59, it constitutes a radially opening passageway for directing the uid fuel to flow radially outwardly in the annular configuration previously described and indicated at 34. It will be observed that radial apertures 41' serve to place the inside of the radial nozzle opening 59 in communication with the axial passageway 4l. Similar radial apertures 4l serve to place the radial .nozzle/ are oppositely inclined, as shown, to provide the conical configurations 35 of fluid or oxidizer flow previously described.
As shown in Figures 2 and 5 of the drawing, the fluid reaches the conical nozzle opening 6I between the ring 5l and the ring 62 through a distribution chamber 63 which communicates through apertures 64 with the annular groove 54 near the forward end of the fitting 55. Longitudinally extending apertures 55, Figure 4, extend between the grooves 54 in the fitting 55 to place the same in communication.
It will be observed that the outer end of the axial passageway 56 in the fitting 55 of the nozzle unit 33 is closed by a plug 66 and that a cap 67 is threaded over the projecting threaded portion of the fitting 55. If it is desired to add other nozzle units, the cap 6'! can be removed and the plug 66 unscrewed. Thereafter additional nozzle units can be added, as desired, with the plug 66 being positioned in the outermost unit and the cap 6l applied as will be understood readily.
From the foregoing description it will be apparent now that the oxidizer fluid flow through the passageway 42 inthe body member 40 and through the apertures 43 to the distribution chamber 44. From this chamber 44 9, portion of the fluid flows through the associated conical nozzle ,opening 6l. The remaining portion of the uid flows through the apertures 53 in the conical flange 52 to the annular groove 54 in the fitting 55 and thence through apertures 65 to the annular groove 54 in the forward end of the tting 55. A portion of this fluid flows through the radial aperture 64 into the distribution chamber 63, which is annular in form, and thence out through the associated conical nozzle opening 5I.
The fluid fuel flows through the axial passageway 41 and radial apertures --41' to the radial the'formof a cone-like discharge irlhichfinter# combination of a supporting member, a nozzle sectssaid disc-like discharge.v Y shank of substantiallycylindricalform extend- 3.V In a fuel injector forinjecting two fluids into ing therefrom, two Aseparate fluid passagewaysl the combustionV chamberof arrocket device t0 extending through said nozzle shank for feedatomize and intermixrthe same, the combination 5 ing two separate fluids adapted. t0 be inter..
of a supporting member, a Substantially Ycylinmixed, a radial nozzle opening of substantially.
dricaln0ZZle Shank SupDOrted Vthereby OI'k 2X-f continuous circular form encircling `said nozzle tending into -s-aidcombustion chamber, said shank and connect-,ed with one of Said fluid pas-,
nozzle SharlkCOmpISngStemmeans; av rSt fluidi sageways to project one of said iluids in the form Y passageway extending Substantially axially 0f io` of a disc-like discharge, and a conical nozzie said stem means for feeding one of 'saidiuid a-second fluid passageway extending longitud nally of said stem means in space'drelationfto said rst fluid passageway for feeding hthje otlf'ier-f` of said nuids, and a Series of nozzle and'spacingv 1,5; rings assembled over said stemV meansV a`i1ddev ning therebetween a plurality of nozzlefsets ar-5 ranged in tandem relation along saidj. nozzleA shank, each of said nozzlesets comprisingasubstantially radialnozzle opening of substantially 20 continuous circular form encircling said{nozzleI shank and connected With one of said' fluidepas'" I fil f this ,patenti sageways to project one of said fluids inthe-formi" z f sil-M of a Vdisc-like discharge, and-a conicailf no'zzicfj, i #UNNTTED STATES PATENTS opening -of A substantially continuous circular? 25V1\,T1f1ir'1ber c j Name form'encircling said nozzle shank and connected' y "1-"051-61721 fwith the other of-said iluid passagewaysto pro-Lin ject the other of said'fluids in the form i .4 cone-like discharge which intersects said.disc=like`.fj 1,189,593, discharge. v f3() '21,885,219V
' 4. VIn a fuel injector of the class/described, fthe 2',31'5,5,47 i1 opening of? substan'tially` continuous circular orm encircling said' nozzle shank and connected ichV intersects said disc-like discharge at a intspacedj apart from the-perimeter of said k Y ,i 1
EUGENE A. MAYNOR.
Y vREFERENCES CITED ith oneofvsaid uid passageways to Aproject oneV f said fluids in the form of a cone-like dischargel vxlhe3 followingreferences are of record in the
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2738230A (en) * 1950-06-26 1956-03-13 Pillard Marcel Liquid fuel burners
US2793659A (en) * 1952-09-02 1957-05-28 California Research Corp Drum filling machine
US2863700A (en) * 1954-06-04 1958-12-09 Chrysler Corp Liquid fuel nozzle
US4732326A (en) * 1985-06-28 1988-03-22 Deutsche Forschungs- Und Versuchsanstalt Fur Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V. Apparatus for producing aerosols from liquids

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1051672A (en) * 1912-06-17 1913-01-28 Edmond Boudreaux Oil-burner.
US1070872A (en) * 1912-08-28 1913-08-19 Frank A Madge Device for tempering wheat.
US1133507A (en) * 1914-02-19 1915-03-30 Metals Coating Company Of America Apparatus for spraying molten metal and other fusible substances.
US1189593A (en) * 1913-10-03 1916-07-04 John Lynn Spraying or atomizing device.
US1885219A (en) * 1930-01-20 1932-11-01 Claud H Bills Spray head
US2315547A (en) * 1941-04-10 1943-04-06 James M Ryan Gas and oil burner

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1051672A (en) * 1912-06-17 1913-01-28 Edmond Boudreaux Oil-burner.
US1070872A (en) * 1912-08-28 1913-08-19 Frank A Madge Device for tempering wheat.
US1189593A (en) * 1913-10-03 1916-07-04 John Lynn Spraying or atomizing device.
US1133507A (en) * 1914-02-19 1915-03-30 Metals Coating Company Of America Apparatus for spraying molten metal and other fusible substances.
US1885219A (en) * 1930-01-20 1932-11-01 Claud H Bills Spray head
US2315547A (en) * 1941-04-10 1943-04-06 James M Ryan Gas and oil burner

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2738230A (en) * 1950-06-26 1956-03-13 Pillard Marcel Liquid fuel burners
US2793659A (en) * 1952-09-02 1957-05-28 California Research Corp Drum filling machine
US2863700A (en) * 1954-06-04 1958-12-09 Chrysler Corp Liquid fuel nozzle
US4732326A (en) * 1985-06-28 1988-03-22 Deutsche Forschungs- Und Versuchsanstalt Fur Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V. Apparatus for producing aerosols from liquids

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