Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
  • G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
  • G03C5/29—Development processes or agents therefor
  • G03C5/315—Tanning development
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
  • B22D1/00—Treatment of fused masses in the ladle or the supply runners before casting
  • B22D1/002—Treatment with gases
  • B22D1/005—Injection assemblies therefor
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
  • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
  • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
  • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
  • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
  • C21C5/48—Bottoms or tuyéres of converters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
  • C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
  • C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
  • C22B9/05—Refining by treating with gases, e.g. gas flushing also refining by means of a material generating gas in situ

Definitions

• 'Qn'e method of overcoming this difficulty which has been proposed consists in exposing a layer of unhardehed' photographic emulsion under a negative; developing the layer in a, non-tanningdeveloper and-after, removing the developed sil ver, dyeing the" layer to increase its absorption ofactiniclight; The dyed layer is then exposed through the support to'a suitable light and developedwith tanningdeveloper. After bleachmg and removal ofthe unharde'ned gelatin there.
• emulsion may be defined as one which, when a test portion is exposed to a light intensityscale for a fixed time between and 1 second, and developed for 4 minutes at 20 C. in the ordinary; surface developer (Example I) exhibits a maximum density not greater than /5 the maximum density obtained when the same emulsion equally exposed and developed for 3 minutes at 20 C. in an "internal type developer (Example II); Preferably the maximum density obtained with the"surfacedeveloper is not greater than the maximum density'obtained when the same emulsion is develop-ed in the internal type developer.
• an internal latent image emulsion when developed in an interna type developer (Example 11) exhibits a maximum density at least-5, and preferably at least 10, times the maximum density-obtained when the same emulsioni's exposed in the same way and developed in a surface"- developer (Example I). It is an object-of my invention to provide a method of producing photographic relief images by a reversal process which is considerably simpler than the processesproposed hitherto. Another object is to provide a method of producing reversalreliei images-which is independent of variations in the'thickness of coating of the emulsion layer.
• the layer may be treated in any desired manner to cause it to restrict 'thepenetration of such radiation throug-h the layer.
• the first exposure which is made to any desired image, may be made directly on theemulsion layer but for mostpurposes, such as in the production of dye-transfermatrices, it will be preferable-to perform this exposure through the support.
• the degree of exposure should be such as to cause progressive desensitisation of the layer over the-range'of exposures in the image. It isa characteristic property of internal image emulsions as used in this invention that the latent image produced by the first exposure is formed mostly inside the silver halide grains and very little ornosurface latent image isformed. By treating suchan emulsion carrying an internal latent image with a suitable reversing solution.
• the "silver halide grains can be made capable of forming a surface image on a second exposure but the sensitivity to such second exposure will be decreased by the first formed latent image.
• the reversing solution may be an ordinary developing solution or a developer of low activity, the developing agent being an organic developer having little or no solvent action on silver halides, and in the case of some emulsions the reversing treatment may consist in soaking the emulsion in plain water only.
• emulsions of this type see, for example, U. S. Patent 2,456,953, Knott and Stevens, and U. S. application Serial No. 82,914, Davey and Knott, filed March 22, 1949.
• the sequence of operations after the first exposure and the reversing treatment will then depend on the properties of the sensitive emulsion layer used in the process.
• the layer may be subjected to the second exposure without further treatment.
• there is used for the sensitive layer an emulsion of the internal-image type having a relatively high silver iodide content, preferably not less than 6% calculated on the total silver halide.
• Such emulsions havebeen described in U. S. application Serial No.
• the second exposure is made by exposing the layer uniformly, after the first exposure and treatment with reversal bath, to ultra-violet light through the support. Owing to the high absorption of the iodine-containing emulsion the penetration of the ultra-violet light through the layer will be restricted to only a portion of its depth and the developable image will be correspondingly restricted.
• the reversing bath can if desired, be combined with or constituted by the developer for the surface latent image, e. g., a tanning developer, but in this case the second exposure must be completed before appreciable development of the image occurs.
• the reversing solution may be the developer for the surface latent image Without the alkaline constituents.
• a dye or pigment which absorbs ultra-violet light.
• a dye or pigment preferably nonfiuorescent, which absorbs ultra-violet light.
• a dye must not have an absorption in a part of the spectrum which would cause serious interference with the light used for the imagewise exposure.
• the emulsion layer may be treated after the first exposure to render it absorbent of radiation which can be used for thesecond exposure, for example, by dyeing the layer with a dye, such as a yellow dye, and using light of a complementary colour, e. g., blue light, for the second exposure, which is made through the support.
• a dye such as a yellow dye
• a complementary colour e. g., blue light
• the dye used should of course not desensitize the emulsion layer unduly; the emulsion must retain sufficient sensitivity to be given the second exposure in a convenient time and manner. It is particularly advantageous to use a dye or mixture of dyes which have a broad absorption band and thus will absorb at all wavelengths to which the emulsion layer is sensitive. If the absorption of the dyes is relatively high throughout the spectrum the second exposure can be made with unfiltered light after the layer is dyed.
• the dye or dye mixture should preferably be approximately neutral but may be, for instance, brown. It must be able to diffuse through the emulsion layer in a reasonable time. ing a broad absorption band has the advantage that any slight fogging of the emulsion which might occur when the surplus dye solution is being removed from the sensitive material after treatment with the dye solution does not harm the final relief image.
• dyes which may be used in accordance with this form of the invention, either alone or in admixture are: Xylene Red B (Color Index No. 748), Naphthol Green B (Color Index No. 5) and Acid Brown J (Color Index No. 239); Xylene Red, when used alone requires a green light for the second exposure of the emulsion layer.
• a dye solution which has been found to be very suitable for this purpose is one having the following composition:
• Naphthol Green B "gm" 30 Emulsion layers dyed with this solution may be re-exposed to unfiltered light.
• a solution of Acid Brown containing 30 gm. per litre has also been found to be very suitable and the layers dyed therewith may likewise be re-exposed to white light. It is often advantageous to incorporate the dye or dyes in the reversal bath, but care should be taken to remove surplus solution from the element before the second exposure.
• a pigment may be formed in situ by incorporating in the sensitive emulsion layer a substantially colorless component and bathing the layer after the first exposure in a solution of another colorless component.
• Such components must be innocuous, i. e., they must not destroy any internal latent image formed by the first exposure nor destroy the sensitivity to the second exposure, nor harden the gelatine or other colloid binder of the emulsion.
• a colorless color coupler may be incorporated in the emulsion which is treated after the first exposure with an alkaline diazonium solution to The use of dyes hav-' produce a colored pigment within the emulsion layer.
• Another method of performing the invention consists in using for the sensitive layer an internal-image emulsion to which there has been added a proportion of a completely fogged emulsion of the usual silverhalide type, especially a gelatino-silver chloride emulsion.
• the added emulsion may be fogged by light or chemical action and the proportion added may be of the order of 5% in molar proportions or even up to 15%. Still greater proportions may be required in the case of emulsions giving a silver deposit of lower covering power than silver chloride.
• the fogged emulsion grains may be developed on immersing the layer in the bath without affecting the ability of the remaining emulsion to form a surface latent image during the second exposure.
• the "second exposure is made by exposing the emulsion layer to active radiation which is uniformover the whole area of the layer.
• the second exposure is not uniform but consists of an imagewise exposure controlled by a different color separation image from that controlling the first exposure, as hereinafter described.
• the sensitive material When the sensitive material has been treated according to any of the foregoing methods and given the second exposure it is developed, preferably with a tanning developer, i. e., a developer which hardens the layer Where silver is devel oped, but a developer of the more usual nontanning type followed by a tanning bleach solution may be used, except in the case where a fogged silver halide emulsion is incorporated in the layer. If the reversing solution retained by the layer would intefere with the tanning developer, the layer should be washed before development. It is, therefore, desirable to choose a reversing bath which does not so interfere. When the tanning process is completed the layer is washed in hot water to remove the unhardened gelatin in the usual manner.
• a tanning developer i. e., a developer which hardens the layer Where silver is devel oped
• a developer of the more usual nontanning type followed by a tanning bleach solution may be used, except in the case
• the reliefs made by the methods described above take the form of color separation images made from a colored positive original by the use of color-sensitized emulsions and by making the first exposure with suitably colored light, the reliefs obtained will be positive images which can be dyed and used as dye-matrices for the preparation of colored prints by the dye-transfer process.
• An important application of the method of the present invention consists in the production of reversed color separation relief images incorporating color correction similar to that given by the well-known masking method.
• the second exposure is not uniform but consists of an image-wise exposure controlled by a different separation image from that controlling the first exposure.
• the density of the relief must vary more rapidly with the logarithm of the first exposure than with that of the second exposure. it the separations are of similar contrast. In other words, either the "desensitization-contrast must be greater than unity or the contrast of the separations used for the second exposur must be less than that of the first.
• This exposure may be made with the same red :filter as will be used for making the cyan matrix provided that the desensitization-contrast is greater than unity; if not, it may be made with an infrared or other filter passing light that is not so strongly absorbed by the cyan dye as that passed by the red filter (but which is not absorbed, or little absorbed, by the other dyes).
• the amount of correction obtained can be controlled partly by the exposing conditions and partly by the emulsion and its processing.
• the printing operations are simplified if the same set of filters is used for all separations, the correction being adjusted by having suitable desensituation-contrast.
• Registration of the two exposures is also made simpler if the image is made slightly unsharp for the second exposure. If the exposures are made by projection it is possible to achieve this and at the same time correct for expansion of the film-base between exposuresby placing the film for the second exposure at a slightly greater distance from the lens.
• An ordinary, surface type developer that is, one which develops an image only on the surface of the grains of an internal latent image emulsion, is the following:
• An "internal type developer, that is, one which develops an image inside the grains of an internal latent image emulsion, is the following:
• EXAMPLE III An unhardened internal image type of emulsion having "a relatively high silver iodide content was prepared according to Example II, of United States application Serial No. 82,914, Davey and Knott, filed March 22, 1949. The emulsion was dye sensitized to render it panchromatic and coated on-a transparent support. The resulting element was exposed to red light through the support in contact with a positive color trans? parency. The exposed element was then soaked for 1 /2 minutes in the following bath:
• a glass plate was coated with a layer of the unhardened internal-image type emulsion described in Example II of United States application Serial No. 82,914, Davey and Knott, filed March 22, 1949, the emulsion being dye-sensitized to green light.
• the emulsion was exposed in contact with a positive color transparency using green or blue light.
• the Plate was then soaked for two minutes in the following developer:
• Solution A Pyrogallol gm 5 N-methyl-p-aminophenol sulfate gm 1 Sodium metabisulphite gm 1 Water to cc 1000
• Solution B Potassium carbonate gm 200 Potassium bromide gm 1 Water to cc 1000 For use take equal volumes of Solutions A and B.
• the plate was rinsed for 1' minute in a stop bath of 1 acetic acid, washed in hot water to remove the soluble colloid and dried.
• the relief so obtained was used for dye transfer in the production of colored prints in the usual manner.
• EXAMPLE V The internal-image type of emulsion used for Example IV was mixed with 5% by moles of a gelatino silver chloride emulsion which had been fogged by stirring in daylight until quite deeply colored and the resulting emulsion was coated on glass plates. After exposure behind a nega- This solution developed the grains of fogged emulsion but caused no appreciable development of the exposed internal-image emulsion. The plate was then exposed through the back for 30 seconds at 30 inches from a 25 watt lamp and washed for 2 minutes in running water. The plate was developed in the tanning developer given in Example IV above and washed in hot water to form the relief.
• a method of producing a photographic relief image comprising the steps of exposing to an image-forming light a photographic element comprising a layer of an unhardened sensitive silver salt emulsion a test portion of which upon exposure to a light intensity scale for a fixed time between and 1 second and development for 3 minutes at 20 C; in the following internal type developer (II) Hydroquinone grams 15 Monomethyl para-aminophenol sulfate do 15 Anhydrous sodium sulfate do 50 Potassium bromide do 10 Sodium hydroxide do 25 Sodium thiosulfate do 20 Water to liter 1 gives a maximum density at least 5 times the maximum density obtained when the equally exposed silver halide emulsion is developed for 4 minutes at 20 C. in the following surface developer (I):
• Para-hydroxyphenyl glycine grams 10 Sodium carbonate do Water to liter 1 treating the emulsion to render it capable of forming latent image developable by the aforesaid developer (I), without appreciably developing the first-formed latent image to a visible image, subsequently uniformly exposing the emulsion layer through the support to radiation to which the emulsion is sensitive and the penetration of which through the emulsion is restricted to a greater extent than said imageforming light, developing the surface latent image formed by the said radiation, tanning the layer where silver is thereby produced and removing the untanned colloid of the layer.
• a method of producing a photographic relief image comprising the steps of exposing to an image-forming light a photographic element comprising a layer of an unhardened sensitive silver salt emulsion containing not less than 6 by mols Hydroquinone grains 15 Monomethyl para nephenel su1fate do 15 Anhydrous sodium suuat'en d'o 50 Potassium bromide do 10 Sodium hydroxi e 'do 25 Sodium thioslllfate do 20 Water to liter 1 gives a maximum density at least 5 times the maximum density obtained when the equally exposed silver halide emulsion developed for 4 minutes at 20 C.
• a method of producing a photographic relief image comprising, the steps of exposing to an image-forming light aphotographic element comprising a layer of an unha'rdened sensitive silver salt emulsion containing not less than 6% by moles of silver iodide calculated on the total silver halide content, atest portion of which upon exposure to a light intensity scale for a fixed time between and 1 second and development for 3 minutes at C. in the following internal type developer (II gives a maximum density at least 5 times the maximum density obtained' when the equally exposed silver halide emulsion is developed for 4 minutes at 20 C. in the following surface developer (I):
• a method of producing a photographic relief image comprising the steps of ex osing-to an image forming light aphotographic-element com-' prising a layer of an unhardened sensitive silver salt emulsion, a test portion of which upon exposure to a light intensity scale for a fixed time between -an'd 1 second and development for 3 minutes at 20 C. in the following internal type developer (II):
• a method of producig a, photographic relief image comprising the steps of, exposing to an image-forming light a photographic element comprising a, layer of an unhardened sensitive silver salt emulsion, a test portion of which upon exposure to a lightintensity scale for a fixed time between and 1 second and development for 3 minutes at 20 C. in the following internal type developer (II): I
• Para-hydroxyphenylglycine grams 10 Sodium carbonate do 100 Water to 1 liter I 1 11 image comprising the steps of exposing through the emulsion layer to an image-forming light a photographic element comprising a layer of an unhardened sensitive silver salt emulsion, a test portion of which upon exposure to a light intensity scale for a fixed time between yioo and 1 second and development for 3 minutes at 20 C. in the following internal type developer (II) Hydroquinone l grams 15 gives a maximum density at least times the maximum density obtained when the equally exposed silver halide emulsion is developed for 4 minutes at 20 C. in the following surface developer (I):
• a method of producing a photographic relief image comprising the steps of exposing to an image-forming light a photographic element comprising a layer of an unhardened sensitive silver salt emulsion, a test portion of which upon exposure to a light intensity scale for a fixed time between i and 1 second and development for 3 minutes at C. in the following internal type developer (II) gives a maximum density at least 5 times the maximum density obtained when the equally exposed silver halide emulsion is developed for 4 minutes at 20 C. in the following surface developer (I):
• a method of producing a photographic relief image comprising the steps of exposing to an image-forming light a photographic element comprising a layer containing a mixture of an unhardened sensitive silver salt emulsion, a test portion of which upon exposure to a light intensity scale for a fixed time between and 1 second and development for 3 minutes at 20 C. in the following internal type developer (II) Hydroquinone -grams 15 Monomethyl para-aminophenol sulfate do 15 Anhydrous sodium sulfate do 50 Potassium bromide do 10 Sodium hydroxide do 25 Sodium thiosulfate do 20 Water to liter 1 gives a maximum density at least 5 times the maximum density obtained when the equally exposed silver halide emulsion is developed for 4 minutes at 20 C. in the following surface developer (I):
• Para-hydroxyphenyl glycine grams 10 Sodium carbonate do 100 Water to liter 1 and a fogged silver salt emulsion developing the said fogged emulsion and, without appreciably developing the latent image in the first mentioned emulsion, rendering such emulsion capable of forming latent image developable by the aforesaid developer (I), subsequently uniformly exposing the emulsion layer through the support to radiation to which the unfogged emulsion is sensitive, developing the latent image formed thereby, in a tanning developer and removing the untanned colloid of the layer.
• a method of producing a photographic relief image comprising the steps of exposing to an image-forming light a photographic element comprising a layer containing a mixture of an unhardened sensitive gelatino-silver halide emulsion, a test portion of which upon exposure to a light intensity scale for a fixed time between A and 1 second and development for 3 minutes at gives a maximum density at least 5 times the maximum density obtainedwhen the equally exposed silver halide emulsion'is developed for 4 minutes at 20 C. in the following surface developer (I):
• a non-tanning photographic developer which develops the fogged silver chloride emulsion but doesnot appreciably 13 develop the internal latent image of the firstmentioned emulsion and renders such emulsion capable of forming latent image developable by the aforesaid developer (I)

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)

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Citations (1)

• 0
  • BE BE489282D patent/BE489282A/xx unknown
• 1948
  • 1948-05-27 GB GB14313/48A patent/GB657764A/en not_active Expired
• 1949
  • 1949-05-13 US US93197A patent/US2566234A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

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