US2529888A - Electron discharge device - Google Patents
Electron discharge device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2529888A US2529888A US10941A US1094148A US2529888A US 2529888 A US2529888 A US 2529888A US 10941 A US10941 A US 10941A US 1094148 A US1094148 A US 1094148A US 2529888 A US2529888 A US 2529888A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- envelope
- hydrogen
- air
- antimony
- deposit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 27
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003534 oscillatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J40/00—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas
- H01J40/02—Details
- H01J40/04—Electrodes
- H01J40/06—Photo-emissive cathodes
Landscapes
- Cathode-Ray Tubes And Fluorescent Screens For Display (AREA)
Description
Nov. 14, 1950 A. SOMMER 8 ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE Filed Feb. 25, 1948 IWT/MGNV- 0155/1 41 /nven7'Zr ALFRED SUMMER By OWMM Patented Nov. 14, 1950 UNITED i PAT E N T F F l c E I Q I 2,529,888
-ELECH1-RON DISCHARGE DEVICE :Alfredfiommer, Iyer, England, assignor to Elecktric &"'-Musical'-lndustries Limited, Hayes, MiddlesexfEnglanil -acompany of Great Britain ApplicationFebrua-ry 25, 1948, Serial No. 10,941
-In .Greati-Britain June 29, 1946 Section -1,Piilili'c' Law 690, August 8, 1946 *Patent' expires June 29, 1966 ioiclaim s. (01. 250165) eaftersreferredto asthe-l-riud described) havingian electrode "sensitised --so to be an: emitter: of photo-electrons or of secondarw electrons (such electron'sbeing inthe-claims generically referred (to-as impact electrons) -Suchsdevicesoomprise for example photoelectric-cells and electron multipliers, and-television transmission'tubes em- ..ploy-ing photo-sensitivev cathodes or photo-sensi- .;.tive.'rnosaic .screens.
. -.=In' one method ofmanufacturing suchsensitive electrodes after the envelope of the device is -evacuated (and baked, -a-deposit rQf a suitable lmetal'such asa antimony ,is appliedcand subse ,quently a sensitisingsubstance .such as caesium E -admitted to-rreact -with the,me tal. TIt is .found that considerably lower sensitivitiesaare-.obtained if an antimonydepositvisnexposed to,.air prior to asensitisation .compared withacases ,in t which v.no
exposureflis allowedtoqoccur. I
f 'Fnpwxamplq-wzhen the .cathode moi-la photoelectrioceH i's fmadelbydepositing aH-layer of .anti'mony ,aiter the final evacuation of the enylope,..caesium.being. thereafter. admitted tore- "fact, with the -antimony,i, the sensitivity Lof ..the cathode, 'isL-usually between I50 and 100 micro- ,amp'eres ,perglumen of incident ilight. When however, the. antimonydepos'it is exposedtoair .before the caesium .sensitisationaconsiderably lower .sensitiritiesare obtained, and ma series "of tests it "wasifoundithat after exposure of said deposit to air for a period of approximately'lb minutes before sensitisation, the finalsensitivit'y was under-1120 'miicroamperes per lumen. It .is reasonable to assume that this. deleterious .effect .resultsfirom superficial oxidationof theanti- :mdfiy depositj ,mostsatisfactory results no baking; ofathe.v device eis efiected after the discharge ,in hydrogen.
.In .order that the invention maybe clearly understood and readily carried into-effect, the
same will now be described with refere'nceato the accompanying drawing, wherein :Figureiil illustrates diagrammatically a fragment of an electrode for a photo-electric cellzmanufactureid by a method according to oneexampleaof the present invention, and Figure '2 illustratesidia- .grammatically'onesta'ge of the method-according ,to said example.
In the illustrated example of the-invention applied to the manufacturerofravphotoeleotric. cell,
an antimony layer isudepositedon arsupport I 1 whichiis subsequentlywsealed intothe -envelope.:2
of the cell 'to form.agphotoeelectric:cathodegdur- .ing -which operation the antimony-glayer :zisz-of course exposed to I air. The envelope 'zcontaining the antimony-layer evacuated throughaahzreX- vhaust tube 3 'andthereaiteybakedi in yacuumia't -a temperature of between 250 C..-and--300' "C.
and, after cooling, hydro'genxis admitted-by the tuber3 into the envelope of the cell 1 until ,a suitable pressure is? achieved, the'ypressurebeingtfor example of the'order of of.a'millimeter-oi iner- .cury. The antimony -layer is :ithen: connected :to the negative terminaleof -.a--volt/age-'supply: 4' and en/suitable second-electrode 5-Withinwthe envelope is connected rto-a :point-of-positive potential: to cause adischarge to occur in the-hydrogen; The
potential difference requiredxbetween said'elec- .trodes-wilrr-depend .uponra number of :factors,
.among .them. the pressurevin therenvelopeand -maybe for example 50.0 -v0lts. u'Ihis; discharge 1 I Now it is often desirable in manufacturing such "device'stoexpose. the deposit to ,air .and .'.it ;is therefore the object of thisinventionto=enable suchra depositto'be so exposed -without ,.such .ex-
,posure seriously 1. affecting the ultimate ,photodeviceof-ithe-h-inde described wherein said sensitive electrode comprises a metal deposit Which has been exposed to air and wherein the deleterious effect of such exposure which would otherwise result is reduced or substantially eliminated by subjecting said deposit to a discharge in -.;g I
hydrogen and then without further exposure to air saiddeposit is sensitised in vacuo.
;,Preferably, said metalrcomprises antimony and the substance admitted tosensitise the :metal is maintained .for ashort time, for example one ,minute or less, and-thethydrogenzis then remoyed from the envelope "by evacuation through the tube 3 andwhileimaintaining-the vacuum-sensiti- -:sation is efiected by admitting caesium :to react -With .theeantimony, there a being-- no further baking before- ,said caesium sensitisation; vThe structureof the finalelectrode-isindicated in-Eigure 1 wherein-the reference numeral 6 indicates the rlayer of antimony :sensitised (with caesium, gpro- -vided-- on the support I. Y Photo-electric cells ,manufactured .by this methodwere found toh-avea sensitivityeof over 50 microamperes per lumen-so that; harmful efiects of exposing the antimony ,toair :had been substantially avoided.
elnta modification of the-m-ethod-tdescribeduin? stead of" applying a potential. difference vbetween the .cathode and acsecondelectrode inorder to pause the discharge in hydrogen ,to' o ccur; the :discharge iscausedto occur byplacing the-device lire-ahigh frequencyoscillatoryfieldegenerated: by
comprises caesium, and in order to obtain the =means of a suitable high frequency oscillator.
The invention has been described as applied to the manufacture of photo-electric cells but it will be understood that it can also be applied to the manufacture of electron multipliers, having electrodes sensitised so as to be secondary electron emitters, and to the manufacture of television transmission tubes having photo-cathodes or photo-sensitive mosaic screens.
What I claim is:
1. A method of producing an electron discharge device having an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing metal under conditions involving exposure to air, subjecting the metal deposit to an electric discharge in hydrogen, whereby eifects of exposure to air are reduced, and sensitisin said deposit in vacuo before exposure to air.
2. A method of producing an electron discharge device comprising an evacuated envelope containing an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing metal on a support under conditions involving exposure to air, placing said support in an envelope, evacuating said envelope, admitting hydrogen to said envelope, establishing an electric discharge in said hydrogen to expose said metal deposit to the discharge, evacuating the hydrogen from said envelope, and sensitising said metal deposit in vacuo before exposure to air.
3. A method of producing an electron discharge device having an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing antimony under conditions involving exposure to air, subjecting the antimony deposit to an electric discharge in hydrogen to eliminate substantially deleterious eifects of exposure to air, and exposing said deposit to -'caesium vapor in vacuo before exposure to air to sensitise' the deposit.
4. A method of producing an electron discharge device comprising an evacuated envelope containing an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact'electronsincluding the steps of decontaining an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing antimony on a support outside an en- 'velope, -placing said support in the envelope,
evacuating said envelope, admitting hydrogen to the envelope, establishing an electric discharge in the hydrogen to expose said antimony deposit to the discharge, evacuating hydrogen from said envelope, and admitting caesium vapour to said envelope to sensitise said antimony deposit before exposure to air.
6. A method of producing an electron discharge device comprising an envelope containing an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of electrons, including the steps of depositing metal on a support under conditions involving exposure to air,
placing said support in an envelope, locating an electrode in said envelope and spaced from said support, evacuating said envelope, admitting hydrogen to said envelope, applying relatively high and low potentials to said electrode and said deposit respectively to establish an electric discharge in said hydrogen, evacuating the hydrogen from said envelope, and sensitising said metal deposit in said envelope in vacuo before exposure to air.
7. A method of producing an electron discharge device comprising an evacuated envelope containing an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing antimony on a support under conditions involving exposure to air, placing said support in an envelope spaced from an electrode therein, evacuating said envelope, admitting hydrogen to said envelope, applying relatively high and low potentials to said electrode and said deposit respectively to establish an electric discharge in said hydrogen, evacuating the hydrogen from said envelope, and admitting caesium vapor to said envelope to sensitisesaid antimony deposit before exposure to air.
8. A method of producing an electron discharge device comprising an envelope containing an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing metal on a support under conditions involving exposure to air, placing said support in an envelope, evacuating said envelope, admitting hydrogen to said envelope, producing a high fre-- quency oscillatory field in the region of said envelope to cause an electric discharge in the envelope in the presence of the hydrogen, evacuating the hydrogen from the envelope, and sensitising the metal deposit in said envelope in vacuo before exposure to air.
9. A method of producing an electron discharge device comprising an evacuated envelope containing an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing antimony on a support under conditions involving exposure to air, locating said support in an envelope, evacuating said envelope, admitting hydrogen to said envelope, producing a high frequency oscillatory field in the region of said envelope to cause an electric discharge in the envelope in the presence of the hydrogen, evacuating the hydrogen from the envelope, and admitting caesium vapour to said envelope to sensitise said antimony deposit before exposure 'to air.
10. A method of producing an electron discharge device comprising an evacuated envelope containing an electrode sensitised to be an emitter of impact electrons, including the steps of depositing antimony on a support under conditions involving exposure to air, locating said support in an envelope, evacuating said envelope, admitting hydrogen to said envelope, establishing an electric discharge in the hydrogen to expose said antimony deposit to the discharge, evacuating hydrogen from the unbaked envelope, and admitting alkali metal vapour to. said envelope to sensitise said antimony deposit before exposure to air. V
ALFRED SOMMER..
I REFERENCES CITED' The following references are" of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB2529888X | 1946-06-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2529888A true US2529888A (en) | 1950-11-14 |
Family
ID=10909270
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10941A Expired - Lifetime US2529888A (en) | 1946-06-29 | 1948-02-25 | Electron discharge device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2529888A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2773730A (en) * | 1953-12-17 | 1956-12-11 | Tungsol Electric Inc | Preparation of light sensitive surfaces |
| US3400015A (en) * | 1963-03-22 | 1968-09-03 | Texas Instruments Inc | Energy converter |
| US3571594A (en) * | 1960-06-21 | 1971-03-23 | Varian Associates | Electronic tube containing active metal |
| US3630587A (en) * | 1968-03-15 | 1971-12-28 | Philips Corp | Activating method for cesium activated iii-v compound photocathode using rare gas bombardment |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2045637A (en) * | 1934-07-26 | 1936-06-30 | Philips Nv | Phototube |
| US2285058A (en) * | 1939-07-24 | 1942-06-02 | Cinema Television Ltd | Method of manufacturing mosaic electrodes |
| US2401737A (en) * | 1942-03-14 | 1946-06-11 | Rca Corp | Phototube and method of manufacture |
-
1948
- 1948-02-25 US US10941A patent/US2529888A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2045637A (en) * | 1934-07-26 | 1936-06-30 | Philips Nv | Phototube |
| US2285058A (en) * | 1939-07-24 | 1942-06-02 | Cinema Television Ltd | Method of manufacturing mosaic electrodes |
| US2401737A (en) * | 1942-03-14 | 1946-06-11 | Rca Corp | Phototube and method of manufacture |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2773730A (en) * | 1953-12-17 | 1956-12-11 | Tungsol Electric Inc | Preparation of light sensitive surfaces |
| US3571594A (en) * | 1960-06-21 | 1971-03-23 | Varian Associates | Electronic tube containing active metal |
| US3400015A (en) * | 1963-03-22 | 1968-09-03 | Texas Instruments Inc | Energy converter |
| US3630587A (en) * | 1968-03-15 | 1971-12-28 | Philips Corp | Activating method for cesium activated iii-v compound photocathode using rare gas bombardment |
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