US2513470A - Ferrous alloy articles having great strength at high temperatures - Google Patents
Ferrous alloy articles having great strength at high temperatures Download PDFInfo
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- US2513470A US2513470A US668332A US66833246A US2513470A US 2513470 A US2513470 A US 2513470A US 668332 A US668332 A US 668332A US 66833246 A US66833246 A US 66833246A US 2513470 A US2513470 A US 2513470A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/30—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with cobalt
Definitions
- This invention relates to ferrous alloy articles operating at high temperatures. These develop- It is the principal object of this invention to provide ferrous alloy articles suitable for use in applications where temperatures above about 700 F. are normally encountered. A further object is the provision of hot-workable and machinable alloy articles for use at such elevated temperatures. Another object is the provision of alloy articles capable of withstanding severe mechanical stress at elevated temperatures above about 700 F. A more specific object is the provision of alloys and articles wrought or cast therements demand of the metallurgist metals and alloys which will withstand prolonged exposure to temperatures well above about 700 F. and in many instances well above about 1200 F. The problem is complicated by the fact that severe mechanical stress is often encountered in some metal articles used at these temperatures.
- temperature ranges at which they operate may be separated .into a range between 19.00" F. and about 1200 F. and into a range upwards of 1200 F.
- Associated parts and apparatus may be required to withstand temperatures of about 700 F. and above. In devices operating within the lower temperature range, generally much higher stresses are applied than in devices operating above 1200 F.
- alloys for use in such apparatus be, capable of being hot-worked and machined, while in other in-' stances the alloys may be employed in the form of castings. In any event, the alloys must have high strength.
- the present invention comprises heat resisting articles composed of alloys containing 10% to 30% chromium, 10% to 40% cobalt, up to 7.5%
- tantalum, titanium, and vanadium the content of any single metal from this group being less than 2%, the remainder of the alloys being nickel and iron except for incidental impurities and small quantities of elements customarily present in steels of good quality.
- the iron content of the alloys of the present invention should be at least 10% and the nickel content should be less than 15%.
- the tungsten content should be not less than 7.5% in the absence of molybdenum. A generally preferred range for molybdenum, if molybdenum is present, is 0.5% to 5%.
- Carbon is always present in the alloys of the invention. Preferably it does not exceed about 1%, and if hot working of the alloys is desired, the maximum carbon content should be 0.35%. Nitrogen is importantly beneficial and should be present in a proportion of 0.05% to 0.25%. Silicon and manganese may be present, the silicon content preferably not exceeding 1% and the manganese content not exceeding 2 if hot working is desired.
- a useful test for determining the suitability of materials for use at high temperatures is the socalled stress-rupture test.
- This test provides a convenient method of determining the load carrying ability of a 'material. It also gives some indication of whether or not the material becomes embrittle'd upon pro longed exposure at the temperature of the test. A brittle material will break without elongation,
- the alloys of the invention are preferably worked inthe range 2100 F. to 1600" F. In somecas'es working may be continued. to a temperature somewhat below the recrystallization temperature (about 1200 F.) Alloys so wrought are said to be in the cold hot-worked condition. They may be used in this condition in applications where temperatures not above 1200 F. are encountered. For use at temperatures much above 1200F.; the alloys of the invention should be annealed at about 2200* F. to 2320 F. before use;
- the alloys of the invention are particularly well suited to use in thefabrication of articles such as parts of superchargers, gas turbines, jet propulsion'a'pparatus andthelike which are required to withstandseveremechanical-stress at elevated temperatures.
- articles such as parts of superchargers, gas turbines, jet propulsion'a'pparatus andthelike which are required to withstandseveremechanical-stress at elevated temperatures.
- the carbo'n contefit may be as 'h'ig'h'as 1%; but if Hot-W'orkibilitiis desired, the carbon c'dntent should be kept at a maximum of about 0:35 l preferably should not exceed 0.2%.
- Alloys within"th'e compositionankt's' defined may be welded readily by any of the common welding methods, for example, eleetrie arc, oxyacetylene, submerged-melt'electric welding, or solid phase pressure Welding,
- Wec'lai'me 1 heatresistin g ferreu s alloy article capable of witns'tandin'g se er -mechanical stress at elejug-0.35% 0:05%-toh25% nitrogen; silicon in amount not exceeding '1%;' manganese in an amount not exceeding 2%; the remainder of said alloy consistingfoff nickel and iron' except for incidental impurities such nickel content being present in an amount less than 15% and such iron content being at least 10%.
- a heat resisting ferrous alloy article capable of withstanding severe stresses when used at elevated temperatures upwards of 700 F. for prolonged periods of time as herein set forth, said article being composed of a machinable, weldable, castable and hot-workable ferrous alloy consisting of 10% to 30% chromium; 10% to 40% cobalt; to 7.5% molybdenum; 0.5% to 15% tungsten but not less than 7.5% tungsten in the absence of molybdenum; 0.5% to less than 2% columbium; 0.05% to 0.25% nitrogen; carbon in an amount not exceeding 0.35%; silicon in an amount not exceeding 1%; manganese in an amount not exceeding 2%; the remainder of said alloy consisting of nickel and iron except for incidental impurities such nickel content being present in an amount less than 15% and such iron content being at least 3.
- a heat resisting ferrous alloy article capable of withstanding stresses of the order of 20,000 p. s. i. when used at elevated temperatures of the order of 1500 F. for prolonged periods of times as herein set forth, said article being composed of a machinable, weldable, castable and hotworkable ferrous alloy consisting substantially of 18% chromium; 30% cobalt; 0.5% molybdenum; tungsten; 1% columbium; 0.15% carbon; 0.12% nitrogen; the remainder of said alloy consisting of nickel and iron except for incidental impurities such nickel content being 10% and such iron content being at least 10%.
Description
Patented July '4, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE FERROUS ALLOY ARTICLES HAVING GREAT STRENGTH AT HIGH TEMPERATURES Russell Franks and William 0. Binder, Niagara Falls, N. Y., assignors, by mesne assignments, to Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, a
- corporation of New York No Drawing. Application May 9, 1946, Serial No. 668,332.
3 Claims.
This invention relates to ferrous alloy articles operating at high temperatures. These develop- It is the principal object of this invention to provide ferrous alloy articles suitable for use in applications where temperatures above about 700 F. are normally encountered. A further object is the provision of hot-workable and machinable alloy articles for use at such elevated temperatures. Another object is the provision of alloy articles capable of withstanding severe mechanical stress at elevated temperatures above about 700 F. A more specific object is the provision of alloys and articles wrought or cast therements demand of the metallurgist metals and alloys which will withstand prolonged exposure to temperatures well above about 700 F. and in many instances well above about 1200 F. The problem is complicated by the fact that severe mechanical stress is often encountered in some metal articles used at these temperatures.
For parts of such devices as superchargers,
gas turbines, jet propulsion apparatus and the like, it is necessary to employ alloys that are capable of withstanding severe mechanical stress at high temperatures. Depending upon the design and the intended use of such devices, the
temperature ranges at which they operate may be separated .into a range between 19.00" F. and about 1200 F. and into a range upwards of 1200 F. Associated parts and apparatus may be required to withstand temperatures of about 700 F. and above. In devices operating within the lower temperature range, generally much higher stresses are applied than in devices operating above 1200 F. In many instances it is desired that alloys for use in such apparatus be, capable of being hot-worked and machined, while in other in-' stances the alloys may be employed in the form of castings. In any event, the alloys must have high strength.
A number of alloys have been proposed for use at'high temperatures, but the utility of these alloys has been limited either-because theyare not hot-workable or machinable or because they'become brittle upon prolonged exposure to high temperatures. One of the characteristics of highly alloyed ferrous materials is that as the iron-base solid solution alloy contains more and more of the alloying metals to increase high temperature strength, the stability of the materials at high temperaturestends to decrease so that on prolonged exposure to high temperatures the materials become excessively brittle.
from capable of withstanding severe mechanical stress at elevated temperatures above about 700 F. up to about 1200 F.
Inour copending application, Serial N 0. 599,305, filed June 13, 1945, and matured into Patent No. 2,432,614 of December 16, 1947, we have disclosed alloys which have excellent properties at very high temperatures, The alloys disclosed in that application contain iron, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten and at least one element selected from the group consistin of columbium, tantalum, titanium and vanadium.
The present invention comprises heat resisting articles composed of alloys containing 10% to 30% chromium, 10% to 40% cobalt, up to 7.5%
molybdenum, 0.5% to 15% tungsten and 0.5%
to 3% in the aggregate of at least onemetal selected from the group consisting of columbium,
tantalum, titanium, and vanadium, the content of any single metal from this group being less than 2%, the remainder of the alloys being nickel and iron except for incidental impurities and small quantities of elements customarily present in steels of good quality. The iron content of the alloys of the present invention should be at least 10% and the nickel content should be less than 15%. The tungsten content should be not less than 7.5% in the absence of molybdenum. A generally preferred range for molybdenum, if molybdenum is present, is 0.5% to 5%.
Carbon is always present in the alloys of the invention. Preferably it does not exceed about 1%, and if hot working of the alloys is desired, the maximum carbon content should be 0.35%. Nitrogen is importantly beneficial and should be present in a proportion of 0.05% to 0.25%. Silicon and manganese may be present, the silicon content preferably not exceeding 1% and the manganese content not exceeding 2 if hot working is desired.
A useful test for determining the suitability of materials for use at high temperatures is the socalled stress-rupture test. In this test several samples of an alloy to be tested are maintained 3 at a given temperature, each sample being subjected to a different measured stress. The time required to cause failure of the samples under these conditions of temperature and stress is determined, and the time and stress values obtained are plotted'to yield a curve for the particular material under test. From this curve can be determined the stress the material will withstand for a given period of time, say 1000 hours, at the particular temperature for which the curve was drawn. This test provides a convenient method of determining the load carrying ability of a 'material. It also gives some indication of whether or not the material becomes embrittle'd upon pro longed exposure at the temperature of the test. A brittle material will break without elongation,
whereas ductile material will elongate before failure.
Stress-rupture tests conducted in the manner just described indicate that the alloys of the invention maintain great strength at temperatures ashigli a's. 1"5'G0 F. and that even at such high;
a stress of2fi0tlepounds per square inch was ap plied'to severaisamples Of the alloys to be tested while the amples were maintained eta tempera: ture of 1500* F. The time in hours'require'd'for thesarn pl to fan under these extremely severe conditions is reported in the table; some of the samples were in the as-forge'd condition (condition 1), others had been forged; heated one'h'our 31151256 0; and qu'enched in water (condition 2).
sound, strong and tough welds being produced without undue embrittlement of Weld metal or base metal, and such welds retain their toughness at elevated temperatures. However, if too high a proportion of any of these elements is present in the alloys,- welds producedusually suffer from loss of toughness at elevated temperatures.
The presence of nitrogen in the alloys of the invention within the range indicated is important, nitrogen having a beneficial effect on the high temperature stability of the alloys.
The alloys of the invention are preferably worked inthe range 2100 F. to 1600" F. In somecas'es working may be continued. to a temperature somewhat below the recrystallization temperature (about 1200 F.) Alloys so wrought are said to be in the cold hot-worked condition. They may be used in this condition in applications where temperatures not above 1200 F. are encountered. For use at temperatures much above 1200F.; the alloys of the invention should be annealed at about 2200* F. to 2320 F. before use;
Beinghot-workable; machinable; w-eldable, and castable, and possessing remarkable strength at elevated temperatures up to about 1200 F., the alloys of the invention are particularly well suited to use in thefabrication of articles such as parts of superchargers, gas turbines, jet propulsion'a'pparatus andthelike which are required to withstandseveremechanical-stress at elevated temperatures.- T'heir freedom from embrittlemen't upon'prolongedekposureat high temperatures recommends their use where dependability of; operation is essential? This applicationis a continuation-impart of Table Composition-Remainder Substantially all Fe Hoursto Fail 4 @1500F.and
20,000 p; S: l. stress: Con- Per Per Per ler ,Per 7 Per Per. Per dition Cent Cent Cent Cent Gent Cent Cent Gent o Ni 00 Mo W -eb-- o N 2h 18"- 1o 3o; 3 t 2 1 0.15 0.12 117' 142;." 18 10 3U v 3 l0 1 0.15 0:12 48' 182 18- 10 30 0:5 1 0-.15 0.1-2 34 l The data in theabove table clearly'illustr'at-e our copending.:application, Serial No. 599,305
the ability Of the alldys 0f the invention t0-Witl"1= stand large stresses at elevated temperatures for bfe loh'j'd' periods Of time" Without failure.
In manufacturing the alroys of this inventi n care'shouid'be'taken that the composition limits 'set forth beemsely'auhereu tbwvith r'e'gardto the intenaeauseofnie an'o 'e' sin'ce'lhaterial Varia= tlh'lrith preeertiene fif'the several ingredients eletrfineritai13 sheetmeuesmeei properties; For
example, if the alloys arete b'e'employed asease ings, the carbo'n contefit may be as 'h'ig'h'as 1%; but if Hot-W'orkibilitiis desired, the carbon c'dntent should be kept at a maximum of about 0:35 l preferably should not exceed 0.2%.
simiiany, the proportions Of molybdenum, tungsten; coiumbium, tantalum, titanium and vanadium present in the alloys aifect hot-work ability and welolability. Toohigh a proportion of any of these elements has a detrimental effect on hot-tvorkability and weldability; particularly the latter property. Alloys within"th'e composition liniit's' defined may be welded readily by any of the common welding methods, for example, eleetrie arc, oxyacetylene, submerged-melt'electric welding, or solid phase pressure Welding,
filedliune 13; 1945ynow PatentNo. 2,4325 14,- issued' De'c'e seelsgis n. a a
Wec'lai'me 1 1. heatresistin g ferreu s alloy article capable of witns'tandin'g se er -mechanical stress at elejug-0.35% 0:05%-toh25% nitrogen; silicon in amount not exceeding '1%;' manganese in an amount not exceeding 2%; the remainder of said alloy consistingfoff nickel and iron' except for incidental impurities such nickel content being present in an amount less than 15% and such iron content being at least 10%.
2. A heat resisting ferrous alloy article capable of withstanding severe stresses when used at elevated temperatures upwards of 700 F. for prolonged periods of time as herein set forth, said article being composed of a machinable, weldable, castable and hot-workable ferrous alloy consisting of 10% to 30% chromium; 10% to 40% cobalt; to 7.5% molybdenum; 0.5% to 15% tungsten but not less than 7.5% tungsten in the absence of molybdenum; 0.5% to less than 2% columbium; 0.05% to 0.25% nitrogen; carbon in an amount not exceeding 0.35%; silicon in an amount not exceeding 1%; manganese in an amount not exceeding 2%; the remainder of said alloy consisting of nickel and iron except for incidental impurities such nickel content being present in an amount less than 15% and such iron content being at least 3. A heat resisting ferrous alloy article capable of withstanding stresses of the order of 20,000 p. s. i. when used at elevated temperatures of the order of 1500 F. for prolonged periods of times as herein set forth, said article being composed of a machinable, weldable, castable and hotworkable ferrous alloy consisting substantially of 18% chromium; 30% cobalt; 0.5% molybdenum; tungsten; 1% columbium; 0.15% carbon; 0.12% nitrogen; the remainder of said alloy consisting of nickel and iron except for incidental impurities such nickel content being 10% and such iron content being at least 10%.
RUSSELL FRANKS. WILLIAM 0. BINDER.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,376,062 Albrecht Apr. 26, 1921 1,729,154 Clawson .Sept. 24, 1929 1,774,862 Wissler Sept. 2, 1930 2,213,207 De Golyer Sept. 3, 1940 2,244,517 De Golyer June 3, 1941 2,245,366 Rohn June 10, 1941 2,309,372 Wissler Jan. 26, 1943 2,397,034 Mohling Mar. 19, 1946 2,398,702 Fleischmann Apr. 16, 1946 2,432,614 Franks et a1 Dec. 16, 1947 2,432,615 Franks et a1 Dec. 16, 1947 2,432,618 Franks et a1 Dec. 16, 1947 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 219,293 Great Britain May 7, 1925 308,549 Great Britain Mar. 28, 1929 OTHER REFERENCES Kinzel and Franks: Alloys of Iron and Chromium, published by McGraw-Hill Book Co., N. Y., vol. II. 1940, pages 87, 88, 180, 192, 194, 455.
Progress Report on NDRC, Research Project NRC-8, P. B. 39, 578, October 7, 1942, pages 1-21 inclusive (particularly page 5). Declassified to open January 28, 1946.
Claims (1)
1. A HEAT RESISTING FERROUS ALLOY ARTICLE CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING SEVERE MECHNICAL STRESS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES ABOVE 700*F. FOR PROLONGED PERIODS OF TIME AND HAVING HIGH STRENGTH AND STABILITY AT SUCH ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, SAID ARTICLE BEING COMPOSED OF A MACHINABLE, WELDABLE, CASTABLE AND HOT-WORKABLE FERROUS ALLOY CONSISTING OF 10% TO 30% CHROMIUM; 10% TO 40% COBALT; 0% TO 7.5 MOLYBDENUM; 0.5% TO 15% TUNGSTEN BUT NOT LESS THAN 7.5% TUNGSTEN IN THE ABSENCE OF MOLYBDENUM; 0.5% TO 3% IN THE AGGREGATE OF AT LEAST ONE METAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF COLUMBIUM, TANTALUM, TITANIUM AND VANADIUM, THE AMOUNT OF ANY SINGLE METAL SELECTED FROM THIS LAST NAMED GROUP BEING LESS THAN 2%; CARBON IN AN AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING 0.35%; 0.05% TO 0.25% NITROGEN; SILICON IN AN AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING 1%; MANGANESE IN AN AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING 2%; THE REMAINDER OF SAID ALLOY CONSISTING OF NICKEL AND IRON EXCEPT FOR INCIDENTAL IMPURITIES SUCH NICKEL CONTENT BEING PRESENT IN AN AMOUNT LESS THAN 15% AND SUCH IRON CONTENT BEING AT LEAST 10%.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US668332A US2513470A (en) | 1946-05-09 | 1946-05-09 | Ferrous alloy articles having great strength at high temperatures |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US668332A US2513470A (en) | 1946-05-09 | 1946-05-09 | Ferrous alloy articles having great strength at high temperatures |
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| US2513470A true US2513470A (en) | 1950-07-04 |
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| US668332A Expired - Lifetime US2513470A (en) | 1946-05-09 | 1946-05-09 | Ferrous alloy articles having great strength at high temperatures |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2713538A (en) * | 1951-01-24 | 1955-07-19 | Jessop William & Sons Ltd | Nickel cobalt chromium alloy |
| US2713537A (en) * | 1950-10-31 | 1955-07-19 | Jessop William & Sons Ltd | Cobalt base alloy |
| US2746860A (en) * | 1952-11-21 | 1956-05-22 | Union Carbide And Carbodn Corp | High temperature co-cr alloys |
| US2816024A (en) * | 1956-03-06 | 1957-12-10 | Gen Electric | Cobalt base alloy |
| US3925065A (en) * | 1973-06-22 | 1975-12-09 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Valve seat materials for internal combustion engines |
| FR2318236A1 (en) * | 1975-07-14 | 1977-02-11 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | COBALT-BASED ALLOYS |
| JPS6153413A (en) * | 1984-08-18 | 1986-03-17 | Toyota Motor Corp | Engine valve |
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| GB308549A (en) * | 1928-09-20 | 1929-03-28 | Charles Kingston Everitt | Improvements in and relating to alloy steels |
| US1729154A (en) * | 1920-06-26 | 1929-09-24 | Monroe S Clawson | Alloy for high-speed steel |
| US1774862A (en) * | 1926-05-19 | 1930-09-02 | Haynes Stellite Co | Metal-cutting tool and alloy for making the same |
| US2213207A (en) * | 1938-05-28 | 1940-09-03 | Golyer Anthony G De | Alloy |
| US2244517A (en) * | 1940-08-29 | 1941-06-03 | Golyer Anthony G De | Alloy |
| US2245366A (en) * | 1938-07-26 | 1941-06-10 | Rohn Wilhelm | Hardening cobalt-nickel-chromiumiron alloys |
| US2309372A (en) * | 1940-06-11 | 1943-01-26 | Haynes Stellite Co | Cutting tool |
| US2397034A (en) * | 1944-04-21 | 1946-03-19 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Heat-resisting alloys containing cobalt |
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| US2432614A (en) * | 1945-06-13 | 1947-12-16 | Haynes Stellite Co | Ferrous alloys for high temperature service |
| US2432618A (en) * | 1946-05-09 | 1947-12-16 | Electro Metallurg Co | Ferrous alloys for high-temperature use |
| US2432615A (en) * | 1945-06-13 | 1947-12-16 | Electric Metallurg Company | Iron-base alloys |
-
1946
- 1946-05-09 US US668332A patent/US2513470A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| US1376062A (en) * | 1921-04-26 | Of highland pabk | ||
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2713537A (en) * | 1950-10-31 | 1955-07-19 | Jessop William & Sons Ltd | Cobalt base alloy |
| US2713538A (en) * | 1951-01-24 | 1955-07-19 | Jessop William & Sons Ltd | Nickel cobalt chromium alloy |
| US2746860A (en) * | 1952-11-21 | 1956-05-22 | Union Carbide And Carbodn Corp | High temperature co-cr alloys |
| US2816024A (en) * | 1956-03-06 | 1957-12-10 | Gen Electric | Cobalt base alloy |
| US3925065A (en) * | 1973-06-22 | 1975-12-09 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Valve seat materials for internal combustion engines |
| FR2318236A1 (en) * | 1975-07-14 | 1977-02-11 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | COBALT-BASED ALLOYS |
| JPS6153413A (en) * | 1984-08-18 | 1986-03-17 | Toyota Motor Corp | Engine valve |
| JPH0549802B2 (en) * | 1984-08-18 | 1993-07-27 | Toyota Motor Co Ltd |
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