US2486560A - Transducer and method of making the same - Google Patents

Transducer and method of making the same Download PDF

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US2486560A
US2486560A US698374A US69837446A US2486560A US 2486560 A US2486560 A US 2486560A US 698374 A US698374 A US 698374A US 69837446 A US69837446 A US 69837446A US 2486560 A US2486560 A US 2486560A
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ceramic
tetragonal
crystals
transducer
coatings
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Robert B Gray
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Erie Resistor Corp
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Erie Resistor Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G7/00—Capacitors in which the capacitance is varied by non-mechanical means; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G7/02—Electrets, i.e. having a permanently-polarised dielectric
    • H01G7/025—Electrets, i.e. having a permanently-polarised dielectric having an inorganic dielectric
    • H01G7/026—Electrets, i.e. having a permanently-polarised dielectric having an inorganic dielectric with ceramic dielectric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
    • H04R17/04—Gramophone pick-ups using a stylus; Recorders using a stylus
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/42—Piezoelectric device making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4981—Utilizing transitory attached element or associated separate material
    • Y10T29/49812—Temporary protective coating, impregnation, or cast layer

Definitions

  • the ceramic is subjected to a charging voltage and also to a mechanical stress while cooling from the temperature range at which the crystalline structure transforms from the cubic to the tetragonal.
  • a portion of the charge is in eflect permanently fixed or bound on the interfaces of the crystals producing in effect a ceramic electret.
  • Both the charging voltage and the mechanical stress .contribute to the orientation of tetragonal crystals in the preferred direction.
  • the permanent charge results in a piezo-electric effect when the a crystal is subjected to mechanical vibration. The response is linear.
  • One use is for phonograph pickups where the mechanical ruggedness and ability to withstand extreme temperatures are additional practical advantages. Other uses are in microphones and speakers. Fin'ther objects appear in the specification and claims.
  • Fig. 1 is an end elevation of a phonograph pickup
  • Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a modification
  • Fig. 3 is a perspective of one of the tetragonal crystals
  • Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the production of the piezo-electric effect by the bound charges
  • Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the effect of tension and compression on the dielectric constant
  • Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating the exponential decay of changes in dielectric constant produced by mechanical or electrostatic stress.
  • l indicates a phonograph needle held in a metal chuck 2 by a thumb screw 3
  • 4 indicates a metal block fixed in the arm.
  • a tubular ceramic condenser 5 having its ends fixed in sockets 8 and I in the chuck and block.
  • An outer metalized coating 8 is soldered to the chuck and an inner metalized coating 9 is connected by a lead in to the block.
  • the coatings are the condenser electrodes.
  • the ceramic comprises poly-crystalline BaTiOa having a substantial part in the tetragonal crystalline state.
  • the BaTiOa is mixed with addition agents such as clay or bentonite primarily for the purpose of making the mixture easier to work, and is then pressed into shape and fired at an elevated temperature, e. g.
  • the metal coatings 8 and 9 are then applied, for example as a silver paint, and fixed by firing at from 250 to 1400 F.
  • BaTiO has a cubic crystal structure.
  • the crystal structure is predominantly tetragonal, as shown in Fig. 3, comprising two square end faces of 3.99 Angstrom units on each side and four rectangular faces having a length of 4.03 Angstrom units. There may be some cubic crystals remaining.
  • the voltage between the coatings produces a permanent polarization probably resulting from charges on the interfaces of the crystals.
  • the activated condenser is a ceramic electret as diagrammatically indicated in Fig. 4.
  • the eflect produced is similar to a piezo-electric eifect. The absence of air between the coatings and ceramic increases the piezo-electric eflect.
  • the lateral movement of the needle as it tracks in the record groove produces an endwise stress on the tubular ceramic and results in a radial movement of the coatings 8 and 8, producing a voltage on the coatings which appears across leads i1 and i8; the voltage being proportional to the amplitude of the needle movement.
  • the linearity is maintained over the audio range.
  • the tetragonal crystals are oriented along the axis of the ceramic tube by the charging voltage applied to the coatings 8 and while cooling from the transformation temperature.
  • the orientation is due solely to the electrical stress.
  • Fig. 2 is shown a pickup in which the ceramic is also mechanically stressed, thereby producing a better or more complete orientation. Both stresses have the same orienting direction. The added mechanical stress permits more complete orientation without excessive charging voltages.
  • an angular metal block is fixed in the tone arm has a BaTiO: ceramic disc condenser 29 having a metalized coating 2! soldered on one face to one arm of the block and a strip spring '22 soldered to the other arm of the block.
  • a metal bracket in the plane of the disc is soldered to the coating 2i and the spring 22 while the spring is bent toward the condenser.
  • the amount of tension is controlled by the stiffness of the spring and the amount of bending. While the ceramic is under tension, it is heated to and then cooled from the transformation temperature while a charging voltage is applied betweenthe coating 2i and a; metalcoating 23 on the opposite face. Both the tension and the charging voltage contribute to orientation of the tetragonal crystals in the plane of the disc.
  • the block, I9 is mounted in the tone arm so the spring, 22, extends along the record groove.
  • a needle, 14, in a chuck, 25. on the projecting end of the spring transmits the undulation of the groove to the condenser as a mechanical vibration in line with the orientation of the tetrasonal crystals produced by the spring tension.
  • the voltage is somewhat greater due to the better or higher percentage preferred orientation of the tetragonal crystals.
  • titanates exhibit the same properties as barium titanate but the transformation temperature is too low to be practical. There is a possibility of mixing other titanates with barium titanate obtaining a solid solution with a lowered but still practical transformation temperature. Additions of from 4-5% calcium titanate drop the transformation temperature to about 55 C. Higher percentages do not drop the transformation temperature further indicating a saturation of the solid solution. The excess is in 7s onai crystal line state treated a It eifect merely an inert ingredient. Additions of strontium titanate go into solid solution in percentages of over 28% apparently without saturation limit. At 28%, the-transformation temperature is at the impractically low value of 13 C. A wide variety of ingredients 'whichdo not affect the transformation temperature may be added. Among these are ingredients for increasing the workability, for promoting grain growth, for controlling the firing temperature and for other purposes known to the ceramic condenser art.
  • barium titanate transducer Among the advantages of the barium titanate transducer are low cost, mechanical strength and resistance to shock, high output and linear response, and stability. The change in performance with temperature and aging is not objectionable. If the activation should be destroyed by an excessively high temperature ducer can be easily reactivated.
  • a transducer having as an acth/e ingredient; barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state.
  • a transducer having as an active ingredient barium titanate polarized by bound charges.
  • a transducer having as an active ingredient barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented in the direction of vibratory movement.
  • a transducer having as an active ingredient barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented in the direction of vibratory movement and polarized in a direction transverse to the direction of vibratory movement by bound charges.
  • a transducer comprising a ceramic having spaced faces provided with metalized coatings, said ceramic having as an active ingredient barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented along the faces and polarized in a direction transverse to the faces by bound charges.
  • a transducer comprising a ceramic having spaced faces provided with metalized coatings, said ceramic having as an active ingredient a solid solution of barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented along the faces and polarized in a direction transverse to the faces by bound charges.
  • a phonograph pickup comprising a ceramic with spaced metalized coatings extending along the direction of movement produced by the record groove, said ceramic having as an active ingredient poly-crystalline barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented along said direction of movement and polarized transverse to said direction oi movement by bound charges.
  • a phonograph pickup comprising a ceramic the transwith spaced metalized coatings extending along the direction of movement produced by the record groove, said ceramic having as an active ingredient poly-crystalline barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state polarized transverse to said direction of movement by bound charges,
  • a phonograph pickup comprising a ceramic with spaced metalized coatings extending along the direction of movement produced by the record groove, said ceramic having as an active ingredient poly-crystalline barium titanate in tetragto promote grain growth and polarized transverse to said direction of movement by bound charges.
  • the method of activating a barium titanate ceramic to produce a piezo-electric efiect which comprises subjecting the ceramic to a polarizing voltage at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
  • the method of making a transducer which comprises treating a barium titanate ceramic to promote grain growth, and subjecting the ceramic to a polarizing voltage at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
  • the method of making a transducer which comprises subjecting a barium titanate ceramic to a polarizing voltage and a mechanical stress tending to orient the tetragonal crystals in a. direction transverse to the direction of polarization at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
  • the method of making a transducer which comprises subjecting a barium titanate ceramic to a polarizing voltage and a tension stress transverse to the direction of polarization at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
  • the method of making a transducer which comprises subjecting a barium titanate ceramic to a polarizing voltage at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)

Description

Nov. 1, 1949.
R. B. GRAY 7 2,486,560
TRANSDUCER AND METHOD OF MAKING THE-SAME Filed Sept; 20, 1946 i g R) Q E /Z /Z JOMPR5510N 0 TENS/0A! Fla. 6.
T/ME
IN VEN TOR.
Patented Nov. 1, 1949 TRANSDUCER AND lHETHOD OF MAKING THE SALE Robert B. Gray, Erie Pa assignor to Erie Resistor Corporation, Erie, la.., a corporation of Pennsylvania Application September 20, 1946, Serial No. 898,374 15 Claims. (Cl. 171-327) mechanical vibrations to alternating electrical voltages of corresponding wave form making use of a ceramic such as BaTiO: in tetragonal crystalline state.
In a preferred form the ceramic is subjected to a charging voltage and also to a mechanical stress while cooling from the temperature range at which the crystalline structure transforms from the cubic to the tetragonal. As the ceramic is cooled below the transformation temperature a portion of the charge is in eflect permanently fixed or bound on the interfaces of the crystals producing in effect a ceramic electret. Both the charging voltage and the mechanical stress .contribute to the orientation of tetragonal crystals in the preferred direction. The permanent charge results in a piezo-electric effect when the a crystal is subjected to mechanical vibration. The response is linear. One use is for phonograph pickups where the mechanical ruggedness and ability to withstand extreme temperatures are additional practical advantages. Other uses are in microphones and speakers. Fin'ther objects appear in the specification and claims.
In the drawing, Fig. 1 is an end elevation of a phonograph pickup; Fig. 2 is a perspective view of a modification; Fig. 3 is a perspective of one of the tetragonal crystals; Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the production of the piezo-electric effect by the bound charges; Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the effect of tension and compression on the dielectric constant; Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating the exponential decay of changes in dielectric constant produced by mechanical or electrostatic stress.
Referring to the drawing, l indicates a phonograph needle held in a metal chuck 2 by a thumb screw 3, and 4 indicates a metal block fixed in the arm. Between the chuck and block is a tubular ceramic condenser 5 having its ends fixed in sockets 8 and I in the chuck and block. An outer metalized coating 8 is soldered to the chuck and an inner metalized coating 9 is connected by a lead in to the block. The coatings are the condenser electrodes.
The ceramic comprises poly-crystalline BaTiOa having a substantial part in the tetragonal crystalline state. In the manufacture, the BaTiOa is mixed with addition agents such as clay or bentonite primarily for the purpose of making the mixture easier to work, and is then pressed into shape and fired at an elevated temperature, e. g.
.2200-2500 F. to form a dense ceramic. High temperature firing. and addition agents such as to bentonite which promote grain growth and increase the crystal size are preferred. The metal coatings 8 and 9 are then applied, for example as a silver paint, and fixed by firing at from 250 to 1400 F. The condenser-is then activated by heating the condenser to the transformation temperature of about C. while applying a voltage between the coatings 8 and 9 until the condenser has cooled below the transformation temperature. It is not necessary that the voltage be continuously applied until the ceramic has cooled below the transformation temperature, although it is preferable. At temperatures above the transformation temperature, or more accurately, above the range of temperatures at which the transformation takes place, BaTiO: has a cubic crystal structure. Below the transformation tempera.- ture the crystal structure is predominantly tetragonal, as shown in Fig. 3, comprising two square end faces of 3.99 Angstrom units on each side and four rectangular faces having a length of 4.03 Angstrom units. There may be some cubic crystals remaining. The voltage between the coatings produces a permanent polarization probably resulting from charges on the interfaces of the crystals. In effect the activated condenser is a ceramic electret as diagrammatically indicated in Fig. 4.
In the tetragonal state an electric or mechanical stress produces a sudden increase in dielectric constant as indicated by the peaks ii in Fig. 5. As the stress is continued, the dielectric constant decays exponentially with time as indicated by the curves I2. The increase in dielectric constant is linearly proportional to the stress and twice as rapid for tension stress as for compression stress as indicated by the curves [3 and H in Fig. 6. Because the slope for compression stress is difierent from the slope for tension stress, distortion would be introduced if the change in dielectric constant and the resultant change in capacity between the coatings 8 and 9 were utilized to effect the translation between electrical and mechanical vibrations.
when activated to produce the permanent or bound charge, there is a linear translation between alternating mechanical stress along the axis of the condenser and the voltage appearing between the coatings 8 and 9. This is apparently due to elastic deformation of the tetragonal crystals. It may be due in part to an adiabatic transformation of the tetragonal crystals with the long axis in the direction of stress to tetragonal crystals with the long axis at right angles the direction of stress. Part of the effect may be due to change of the tetragonal crystals toward the cubic. A vibratory stress in the direction of the arrow II in Fig. 4 produces a movement of the coatings 8 and 9 in the direction of the arrows l8 and results in the production of a corresponding induced voltage between the coatings 8 and 8. Conversely, the application of an alternating voltage across the coatings 8 and 9 results in a corresponding elongation and contraction of the length of the condenser. The eflect produced is similar to a piezo-electric eifect. The absence of air between the coatings and ceramic increases the piezo-electric eflect. When used as a phonograph pickup, the lateral movement of the needle as it tracks in the record groove produces an endwise stress on the tubular ceramic and results in a radial movement of the coatings 8 and 8, producing a voltage on the coatings which appears across leads i1 and i8; the voltage being proportional to the amplitude of the needle movement. The linearity is maintained over the audio range.
In the pickup shown in Fig. 1, the tetragonal crystals are oriented along the axis of the ceramic tube by the charging voltage applied to the coatings 8 and while cooling from the transformation temperature. The orientation is due solely to the electrical stress. In Fig. 2 is shown a pickup in which the ceramic is also mechanically stressed, thereby producing a better or more complete orientation. Both stresses have the same orienting direction. The added mechanical stress permits more complete orientation without excessive charging voltages.
InFig. 2 an angular metal block is fixed in the tone arm has a BaTiO: ceramic disc condenser 29 having a metalized coating 2! soldered on one face to one arm of the block and a strip spring '22 soldered to the other arm of the block. A metal bracket in the plane of the disc is soldered to the coating 2i and the spring 22 while the spring is bent toward the condenser. The amount of tension is controlled by the stiffness of the spring and the amount of bending. While the ceramic is under tension, it is heated to and then cooled from the transformation temperature while a charging voltage is applied betweenthe coating 2i and a; metalcoating 23 on the opposite face. Both the tension and the charging voltage contribute to orientation of the tetragonal crystals in the plane of the disc. In use the block, I9, is mounted in the tone arm so the spring, 22, extends along the record groove. A needle, 14, in a chuck, 25. on the projecting end of the spring transmits the undulation of the groove to the condenser as a mechanical vibration in line with the orientation of the tetrasonal crystals produced by the spring tension. This results in a voltage between the coatings. 2| and 23, appearing in leads, 28 and 21, linearly proportional to the amplitude of the needle movement. The voltage is somewhat greater due to the better or higher percentage preferred orientation of the tetragonal crystals.
Other titanates exhibit the same properties as barium titanate but the transformation temperature is too low to be practical. There is a possibility of mixing other titanates with barium titanate obtaining a solid solution with a lowered but still practical transformation temperature. Additions of from 4-5% calcium titanate drop the transformation temperature to about 55 C. Higher percentages do not drop the transformation temperature further indicating a saturation of the solid solution. The excess is in 7s onai crystal line state treated a It eifect merely an inert ingredient. Additions of strontium titanate go into solid solution in percentages of over 28% apparently without saturation limit. At 28%, the-transformation temperature is at the impractically low value of 13 C. A wide variety of ingredients 'whichdo not affect the transformation temperature may be added. Among these are ingredients for increasing the workability, for promoting grain growth, for controlling the firing temperature and for other purposes known to the ceramic condenser art.
Among the advantages of the barium titanate transducer are low cost, mechanical strength and resistance to shock, high output and linear response, and stability. The change in performance with temperature and aging is not objectionable. If the activation should be destroyed by an excessively high temperature ducer can be easily reactivated.
,what 1 claim as new is:
1. A transducer having as an acth/e ingredient; barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state.
2. A transducer having as an active ingredient barium titanate polarized by bound charges.
3. A transducer having as an active ingredient barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state stressed at the transformation temperature to orient the crystals in the preferred direction.
4. A transducer having as an active ingredient barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented in the direction of vibratory movement.
5. A transducer having as an active ingredient barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented in the direction of vibratory movement and polarized in a direction transverse to the direction of vibratory movement by bound charges.
6. A transducer comprising a ceramic having spaced faces provided with metalized coatings, said ceramic having as an active ingredient barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented along the faces and polarized in a direction transverse to the faces by bound charges.
7. A transducer comprising a ceramic having spaced faces provided with metalized coatings, said ceramic having as an active ingredient a solid solution of barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented along the faces and polarized in a direction transverse to the faces by bound charges.
8. A phonograph pickup comprising a ceramic with spaced metalized coatings extending along the direction of movement produced by the record groove, said ceramic having as an active ingredient poly-crystalline barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state with the crystals oriented along said direction of movement and polarized transverse to said direction oi movement by bound charges.
9. A phonograph pickup comprising a ceramic the transwith spaced metalized coatings extending along the direction of movement produced by the record groove, said ceramic having as an active ingredient poly-crystalline barium titanate in tetragonal crystalline state polarized transverse to said direction of movement by bound charges,
10. A phonograph pickup comprising a ceramic with spaced metalized coatings extending along the direction of movement produced by the record groove, said ceramic having as an active ingredient poly-crystalline barium titanate in tetragto promote grain growth and polarized transverse to said direction of movement by bound charges.
11. The method of activating a barium titanate ceramic to produce a piezo-electric efiect which comprises subjecting the ceramic to a polarizing voltage at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
12. The method of making a transducer which comprises treating a barium titanate ceramic to promote grain growth, and subjecting the ceramic to a polarizing voltage at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
13. The method of making a transducer which comprises subjecting a barium titanate ceramic to a polarizing voltage and a mechanical stress tending to orient the tetragonal crystals in a. direction transverse to the direction of polarization at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
14. The method of making a transducer which comprises subjecting a barium titanate ceramic to a polarizing voltage and a tension stress transverse to the direction of polarization at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
15. The method of making a transducer which comprises subjecting a barium titanate ceramic to a polarizing voltage at the temperature at which the crystals transform from the cubic to the tetragonal.
ROBERT B. GRAY.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,995,257 Sawyer Mar. 19, 1935 2,402,515 Wainer June 18, 1946 2,424,111 Navias July 15, 194'! 2,424,273 Haas, Jr July 22, 1947 OTHER REFERENCES W111 and Goldman: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (URSS) 49, 177-180 (1945). Library of Congress Smithsonian Deposit.
Wainer, E.: Electrochemical Society, 89; 331 to 356 (1946).
Cady, W. G.: Piezoelectricity, McGraw-Hill, pp. 4, 198, 233, 234, 235, 260, 261-6, 614 (1946).
G. Busch: Helv. Phys. Acta, 11, 269 (1938).
Coursey and others: Nature 156; 480, 717 (1945); ibid. 157; 297-298 (1946),
Wul: Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. (URSS), 46; 139, 154 (1945).
De Bretteville: Jr. Phys. Rev., 69,- 687 (1940).
Donley: R. C. S. Review 8; 539, 553 (1947).
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US2540187A (en) * 1947-12-26 1951-02-06 Zenith Radio Corp Piezoelectric transducer and method for producing same
US2565158A (en) * 1947-08-11 1951-08-21 Brush Dev Co Hydraulic electromechanical transducer
US2565159A (en) * 1949-04-21 1951-08-21 Brush Dev Co Focused electromechanical device
US2573168A (en) * 1950-05-23 1951-10-30 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Mechanical impedance transformer
US2593031A (en) * 1948-05-01 1952-04-15 Gulton Mfg Corp Loud-speaker
US2596494A (en) * 1948-06-12 1952-05-13 Brush Dev Co Ceramic electromechanical transducer
US2598707A (en) * 1949-10-20 1952-06-03 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electrical device embodying ferroelectric substance
US2607858A (en) * 1948-06-19 1952-08-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electromechanical transducer
US2614143A (en) * 1948-06-12 1952-10-14 Brush Dev Co Electromechanical transducer
US2614144A (en) * 1948-06-26 1952-10-14 Gulton Mfg Corp Transducer element and method of making same
US2618579A (en) * 1952-11-18 Method of cementing ceramic
US2618698A (en) * 1951-05-21 1952-11-18 Gen Electric Transducer and method of making the same
US2625663A (en) * 1948-05-08 1953-01-13 Gulton Mfg Corp Transducer
US2633543A (en) * 1948-04-19 1953-03-31 Gulton Mfg Corp Bimorph element
US2640165A (en) * 1948-05-29 1953-05-26 Gulton Mfg Corp Ceramic transducer element
US2647162A (en) * 1951-01-16 1953-07-28 Rca Corp Electroacoustical signal transducer
US2683856A (en) * 1951-01-24 1954-07-13 Clevite Corp Magnetic-electric transducer
US2691738A (en) * 1949-04-08 1954-10-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electrical device embodying ferroelectric lanthanum-containing substances
US2702427A (en) * 1948-03-13 1955-02-22 Roberts Shepard Method of making electromechanically sensitive material
US2706326A (en) * 1952-04-23 1955-04-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Polarization process for pseudocubic ferroelectrics
US2708243A (en) * 1951-02-10 1955-05-10 Clevite Corp Polycrystalline ceramic material
US2717372A (en) * 1951-11-01 1955-09-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ferroelectric storage device and circuit
US2719928A (en) * 1955-10-04 baerwald
US2724171A (en) * 1953-12-11 1955-11-22 John D Wallace Activation of ferroelectrics
US2729757A (en) * 1951-06-09 1956-01-03 Gen Electric Ferroelectric ceramic composition and method of making same
US2735024A (en) * 1951-10-27 1956-02-14 Kulcsar
US2741754A (en) * 1950-12-27 1956-04-10 Clevite Corp Disk transducer
US2752662A (en) * 1954-12-27 1956-07-03 Erie Resistor Corp Method of making thin flat electroded ceramic elements
US2753527A (en) * 1951-03-10 1956-07-03 Zenith Radio Corp Electromechanical pulse-storage lines
US2756353A (en) * 1950-04-10 1956-07-24 Gen Electric Bender-mode piezoelectric device and method of making the same
US2767387A (en) * 1950-04-05 1956-10-16 Clevite Corp Cylindrical electro-mechanical transducer
US2768421A (en) * 1952-05-17 1956-10-30 Clevite Corp Method of making circuit connections to a transducer unit
US2769867A (en) * 1947-02-07 1956-11-06 Sonotone Corp Dielectrostrictive signal and energy transducers
US2793288A (en) * 1950-02-21 1957-05-21 Charles F Pulvari Apparatus for electrostatic recording and reproducing
US2803129A (en) * 1951-05-28 1957-08-20 Council Scient Ind Res Apparatus for testing of elastic materials
US2806328A (en) * 1952-01-31 1957-09-17 Council Scient Ind Res Vibratory tools
US2860265A (en) * 1954-06-21 1958-11-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ferroelectric device
US2888737A (en) * 1952-12-30 1959-06-02 Sprague Electric Co High dielectric constant material
US2893107A (en) * 1952-08-07 1959-07-07 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Barium titanate as a ferroelectric material
US2894317A (en) * 1954-06-07 1959-07-14 Spence T Marks Method for constructing a barium titanate blast velocity gauge
US2902545A (en) * 1952-10-30 1959-09-01 Gen Electric Shear type piezo-electric device
US2916578A (en) * 1955-04-01 1959-12-08 Electric Machinery Mfg Co Electrostrictive capacitive relay having tension mounted actuator
US2928069A (en) * 1954-10-13 1960-03-08 Gulton Ind Inc Transducer
US2945208A (en) * 1951-01-05 1960-07-12 Gen Electric Compressional wave transducer
US2946904A (en) * 1956-03-14 1960-07-26 Realisations Ultrasoniques Sa Ultrasonic transducer arrangement for sending and receiving
US2955946A (en) * 1957-02-21 1960-10-11 Soyck Werner Dielectric containing barium metatitanate
US2968866A (en) * 1958-05-21 1961-01-24 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of producing thin wafers of semiconductor materials
US2972306A (en) * 1952-08-27 1961-02-21 Kabik Irving Impact responsive electric primer
US2983988A (en) * 1953-06-16 1961-05-16 Honeywell Regulator Co Method of polarizing transducers
US3028656A (en) * 1955-09-13 1962-04-10 Plessey Co Ltd Ceramic material and method of producing the same
US3035126A (en) * 1957-12-27 1962-05-15 William W Haeffiger Transducer
US3052949A (en) * 1958-09-22 1962-09-11 Clevite Corp Method of producing cellular ceramic electromechanical transducers, transducer materials and elements
US3055081A (en) * 1952-10-30 1962-09-25 Gen Electric Method of making a piezoelectric device
US3286227A (en) * 1953-02-20 1966-11-15 Gerard T Aldrich Line hydrophone
US3694630A (en) * 1970-04-14 1972-09-26 Dybel Frank Richard Mechanical events counter
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US4088917A (en) * 1975-04-09 1978-05-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for the permanent polarization of piezoelectric bodies
FR2954626A1 (en) * 2009-12-23 2011-06-24 Commissariat Energie Atomique ACOUSTIC RESONATOR COMPRISING AN ELECTRET, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE RESONATOR, APPLICATION TO SWITCHABLE FILTERS WITH COUPLED RESONATORS
US8524109B2 (en) 2010-12-08 2013-09-03 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. High curie temperature ternary piezoelectric ceramics
US8946974B2 (en) 2008-08-19 2015-02-03 The Johns Hopkins University Piezoelectric polymer fibers
US9362481B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2016-06-07 The Johns Hopkins University Continuous piezoelectric film including polar polymer fibers

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US2640165A (en) * 1948-05-29 1953-05-26 Gulton Mfg Corp Ceramic transducer element
US2596494A (en) * 1948-06-12 1952-05-13 Brush Dev Co Ceramic electromechanical transducer
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US2565159A (en) * 1949-04-21 1951-08-21 Brush Dev Co Focused electromechanical device
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US2793288A (en) * 1950-02-21 1957-05-21 Charles F Pulvari Apparatus for electrostatic recording and reproducing
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US2573168A (en) * 1950-05-23 1951-10-30 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Mechanical impedance transformer
US2741754A (en) * 1950-12-27 1956-04-10 Clevite Corp Disk transducer
US2945208A (en) * 1951-01-05 1960-07-12 Gen Electric Compressional wave transducer
US2647162A (en) * 1951-01-16 1953-07-28 Rca Corp Electroacoustical signal transducer
US2683856A (en) * 1951-01-24 1954-07-13 Clevite Corp Magnetic-electric transducer
US2708243A (en) * 1951-02-10 1955-05-10 Clevite Corp Polycrystalline ceramic material
US2753527A (en) * 1951-03-10 1956-07-03 Zenith Radio Corp Electromechanical pulse-storage lines
US2618698A (en) * 1951-05-21 1952-11-18 Gen Electric Transducer and method of making the same
US2803129A (en) * 1951-05-28 1957-08-20 Council Scient Ind Res Apparatus for testing of elastic materials
US2729757A (en) * 1951-06-09 1956-01-03 Gen Electric Ferroelectric ceramic composition and method of making same
US2735024A (en) * 1951-10-27 1956-02-14 Kulcsar
US2717372A (en) * 1951-11-01 1955-09-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ferroelectric storage device and circuit
US2806328A (en) * 1952-01-31 1957-09-17 Council Scient Ind Res Vibratory tools
US2706326A (en) * 1952-04-23 1955-04-19 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Polarization process for pseudocubic ferroelectrics
US2768421A (en) * 1952-05-17 1956-10-30 Clevite Corp Method of making circuit connections to a transducer unit
US2893107A (en) * 1952-08-07 1959-07-07 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Barium titanate as a ferroelectric material
US2972306A (en) * 1952-08-27 1961-02-21 Kabik Irving Impact responsive electric primer
US2902545A (en) * 1952-10-30 1959-09-01 Gen Electric Shear type piezo-electric device
US3055081A (en) * 1952-10-30 1962-09-25 Gen Electric Method of making a piezoelectric device
US2888737A (en) * 1952-12-30 1959-06-02 Sprague Electric Co High dielectric constant material
US3286227A (en) * 1953-02-20 1966-11-15 Gerard T Aldrich Line hydrophone
US2983988A (en) * 1953-06-16 1961-05-16 Honeywell Regulator Co Method of polarizing transducers
US2724171A (en) * 1953-12-11 1955-11-22 John D Wallace Activation of ferroelectrics
US2894317A (en) * 1954-06-07 1959-07-14 Spence T Marks Method for constructing a barium titanate blast velocity gauge
US2860265A (en) * 1954-06-21 1958-11-11 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Ferroelectric device
US2928069A (en) * 1954-10-13 1960-03-08 Gulton Ind Inc Transducer
US2752662A (en) * 1954-12-27 1956-07-03 Erie Resistor Corp Method of making thin flat electroded ceramic elements
US2916578A (en) * 1955-04-01 1959-12-08 Electric Machinery Mfg Co Electrostrictive capacitive relay having tension mounted actuator
US3028656A (en) * 1955-09-13 1962-04-10 Plessey Co Ltd Ceramic material and method of producing the same
US2946904A (en) * 1956-03-14 1960-07-26 Realisations Ultrasoniques Sa Ultrasonic transducer arrangement for sending and receiving
US2955946A (en) * 1957-02-21 1960-10-11 Soyck Werner Dielectric containing barium metatitanate
US3035126A (en) * 1957-12-27 1962-05-15 William W Haeffiger Transducer
US2968866A (en) * 1958-05-21 1961-01-24 Sylvania Electric Prod Method of producing thin wafers of semiconductor materials
US3052949A (en) * 1958-09-22 1962-09-11 Clevite Corp Method of producing cellular ceramic electromechanical transducers, transducer materials and elements
US3694630A (en) * 1970-04-14 1972-09-26 Dybel Frank Richard Mechanical events counter
US4088917A (en) * 1975-04-09 1978-05-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and apparatus for the permanent polarization of piezoelectric bodies
DE2633063A1 (en) * 1975-07-24 1977-02-17 Kkf Corp COMPOSITE BODIES, METHODS AND MEANS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION
US8946974B2 (en) 2008-08-19 2015-02-03 The Johns Hopkins University Piezoelectric polymer fibers
FR2954626A1 (en) * 2009-12-23 2011-06-24 Commissariat Energie Atomique ACOUSTIC RESONATOR COMPRISING AN ELECTRET, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE RESONATOR, APPLICATION TO SWITCHABLE FILTERS WITH COUPLED RESONATORS
EP2341617A1 (en) * 2009-12-23 2011-07-06 Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Acoustic resonator including an electret, and method for manufacturing said resonator, application to coupled-resonator switchable filters
US8310129B2 (en) 2009-12-23 2012-11-13 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Acoustic resonator comprising an electret and method of producing said resonator, application to switchable coupled resonator filters
US8524109B2 (en) 2010-12-08 2013-09-03 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. High curie temperature ternary piezoelectric ceramics
US9362481B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2016-06-07 The Johns Hopkins University Continuous piezoelectric film including polar polymer fibers

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