US2463109A

US2463109A - Piezoelectric element of p-type crystal

Info

Publication number: US2463109A
Application number: US539312A
Authority: US
Inventors: Jaffe Hans
Original assignee: Brush Development Co
Current assignee: Brush Development Co
Priority date: 1944-06-08
Filing date: 1944-06-08
Publication date: 1949-03-01
Anticipated expiration: 1966-03-01
Also published as: GB634775A

Description

March 1, 1949.

Filed June 8, 1944 H. JAFFE PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENT OF P-TYPE CRYSTAL 3 Sheets-Sheet l RELATIVE ELASTO ELASTIC CUT SUB 'ELECTR'C D'ELECTR'C ELECTRIC STIFFNESS fi'ifii's s scmPr y fi gfffg cons-mm- COEFEG) (c),1NMm(h) q VOLT NEw'roN Mann'- MErzR ROCHELLE SALT X SHEAR I4 BOO-D000 J86 I25 23 ISO-2000C X EXPANDER l2 150-5000 .093 53 2.3 Y SHEAR 25 55 "o 5 .60 3.0 L8 Y EXPANDER 2| 2e .30 4a 1.8

M 'E X x SHEAR l4 I9 IO .21 I15 24 (Na NH c H O '4H O) Y SHEAR 25 so I I0 .56 2.8 L6

QUARTZ x EXPANDER l2 2,3 4,5 .058 as 42 TARTARIC ACID Y SHEAR 25 12 5.5 .25

z THICKNBJ TOURMALINE EXPANDER 33 1.9 6.6 .032 270 a2 PRIMARY AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE 2 SHEAR 36 50 I53 037 6.3 2.3

' Z EXPANDER "3| 25 .18 45 2.3;

x. SHPEAR l4 |,5 56 .003 8,6 025 X' zxPA'NoER l3 .7 .0015 .025

PRiMARYAMMONIUM I ARSENATE Z SHEAR 36 28 I2 .26 6 6 L7 SHEAR l4 27.5 I25 .O25 7,3 J8

PRIMARY POTASSIUM ARSENATE' SHEAR 36 22 22 X SHEAR l4 2! 62 PRIMARY RUBIDIUM PHOSPHATE 2 SHEAR. 36 37 22 J9 X SHEAR l4 4.5 35 .05

PRIMARY POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE 2 5HEAR 36 2O 26 .087 6.0 .52 x SHEAR l4- Ll 48 0025 INVENTOR. HANS JAE-FE BY ATTO R N EY PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENT OF P-TYPE CRYSTAL Filed June 8, 1944 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 JNVENTOR. HANS dnFFE ATTORNEY 1, 1949. HJAFFE msswy Patented Mar. 1, 1949 PIEZOELECTRIC ELEMENT F P-TYPE CRYSTAL Hans me, Cleveland 3 Claims.

The present invention pertains to piezoelectric substances and devices in general and particularly to certain cuts" and elements of piezoelectric crystalline substances of the P-type and to devices utilizing such cuts and elements.

The term P-type crystal, as herein used, is to be understood as embracing primary ammonium phosphate (NH4H2PO4) primary potassium phosphate, primary rubidium phosphate, the primary arsenates of ammonium, potassium and rubidium, isomorphous mixtures of any of these named compounds, and all other piezoelectrically active crystalline materials isomorphous therewith. In Wyckoff: Structure of Crystal (2nd ed., N. Y., 1931) this crystal type is introduced as KH2PO4- type. In the Strukturbericht (supplement to Zeitschrift fuer Kristallography) this type here introduced as P-type is designated as type I-I-2-2.

Of the stated P-type crystals primary ammonium phosphate is of the highest value for piezoelectric purposes and to it the present invention more particularly relates.

This application is a continuation-in-part of the joint application of Hans Jafie, Charles K. Gravley, Edward M. Brazis and Bengt Kjellgren, Serial No. 491,252, filed June 17, 1943, since abandoned, the said Hans Jafle, the present applicant, being the sole inventor of the Z-cut transducer elements of primary ammonium phosphate disclosed in the said joint application.

In the past plates cut from piezoelectric crystalline material have been extensively used as electro-mechanical transducer elements in such de- Heights, Ohio, assignor to The Brush Development Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Application June 8, 1944, Serial No. 539,312

vices as microphones, loud speakers, phonograph pickups, vibration pickups, surface-roughness measuring devices, etc. Such plates are cut from crystals in relation to the crystallographic or the orthogonal axes and are commonly desigmated with respect to the axes, as (for example) X-cut or Y-cut or Z-cut, accordingly as they have their major faces perpendicular to one or another of the orthogonal axes of the crystal.

Plates of Rochelle salt crystals, in particular, have been used in the manner stated. However,

the Rochelle salt material has certain inherent properties which are disadvantageous for some applications. If a Rochelle salt crystal element is maintained at a temperature of about 55 0., or above, it will in time lose its piezoelectric properties. This is because Rochelle salt maxclmoamzo) contains water of crystallization, and at 55C. the

salt decomposes into the components sodium tar:

trate and potassium tartrate and their saturated solution in water. Also, the water of crystallization is rapidly lost when unprotected Rochelle salt is subjected to a vacuum or to a dry atmos phere. Thus an unprotected Rochelle salt crystal plate cannot be used at elevated temperatures, nor can it be used in a high vacuum. The predominant position of synthetic Rochelle salt crystals in the electroacoustic field is due to the extremely high piezoelectric activity of the X-cut of R0- chelle salt. The Y-cut of-Rochelle salt, though less active than the X-cut, has found considerable application because its output is less dependent on temperature. The Z-cut of Rochelle salt is also piezoelectric, though to a much lesser extent than the two others, but has not found practical application.

electric crystals quartz and tourmaline have heretofore proven to be extremely valuable for.

some purposes, namely, frequency control and many measurement purposes. However, their piezoelectric activity is too low for most electroacoustic applications, excepting applications wherein very high ultrasonic frequencies are used.

It must be borne in mind that the assignment of axes to certain natural directions in the crystal is in part controlled by conventions among crystallographers but is to some extent left to the individual investigator. Thus it is now common practice to choose the Z axis as parallel to the optic axis in all optically uniaxial crystals, including the P-type crystals. There are several possibilities in locating the X and Y axes none of which would violate established practice. In the optically biaxial crystal that of Rochelle salt, the X, Y and Z axes are usually chosen in a fixed relationship to the a, b and c axes which are differentiated by geometric rather than physical criteria. There is thus no intrinsic relationship between piezoelectric efiects relating to the Z-cut, for example, of a P-type crystal and the Z-cut of Rochelle salt.

It is an object of the present invention to provide elements of synthetic piezoelectric crystalline material which has no waterof crystallization and which has sufliciently high piezoelectric activity to be highly useful in piezoelectric transducer devices.

A further object of the invention is to provide an element of piezoelectric crystalline material suitable for transducer applications which is not as limited in its uses by temperature conditions as is Rochelle salt material.

A further object of the invention is to provide an element of piezoelectric crystalline material systems, including suitable for the conversion of relatively large amounts of electrical energy into mechanical energy without injury .from the attendant heating of the element.

Another object of the invention is to provide a piezoelectric transducer element having a satisfactory coupling coeflicient.

A further object of the invention is to provide novel piezoelectric crystalline elements practi cally useful for piezoelectric devices.

Another object of the. invention is to produce piezoelectric transducer devices having improved operating characteristics under widely varying working conditions with resultant high utility.

Still another object of the invention is to provide crystalline piezoelectric bodies that can be fabricated from easily grown crystals.

The methods and means of attaining the foregoing objects, and other objects incidental or ancillary to them, have grown out of extended study of the P-type crystalline materials with respect to piezoelectric and other properties of particular cuts of the materials and discoveries incident to that study, and the invention consists primarily in the provision of a piezoelectric crystal body composed, aside from impurities, of primary ammonium phosphate and having a pair of substantially parallel electrodable surfaces substan tially perpendicular to the Z axis of the crystal material. The crystal body, in an important embodiment of the invention, takes the form of a Z-cut plate having electrodable major faces.

In the further description and explanation of the invention reference is bad to the accompanying drawings which present basic or background data of the invention and structures exemplifying it.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a table or chart presenting some piezoelectric constants and other data applicable the present invention and additional similar data for other piezoelectric materials, the data now published for the first time being enclosed in heavy line boxes.

Fig. 2 is an isometric view of a mother crystal of P-type material such as primary ammonium phosphate, showing the seed from which it was grown, and indicating two plates which may be cut from the crystal for use in the practice of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is an isometric view of a shear element made by adding electrodes to one of the plates shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4 is a face view of a shear plate showing how an expander plate may be cut therefrom.

Fig. 5 is an isometric view of an expander element made by applying electrodes to the expander plate of Fig. 4.

Fig. 6 is an isometric view showing the Y-cut plate of Fig. 2 electroded as a Z-cut element.

' to piezoelectric materials utilized in carrying out I 4 connected multiple flexing unit connected to a diaphragm.

Fig. 11 is a view diagrammatically illustrating an electro-mechanical transducer utilizing a shear plate piezoelectric crystal element in accordance with the present invention.

Fig. 12 is an axial sectional view showing a phonograph pickup utilizing a pair of interconnected plates of primary ammonium phosphate crystalline material as the transducer element.

Fig. 13 is an isometric view of the crystal element of Fig. 12 together with the mounting pads therefor.

As is well known to those familiar with piezoelectric phenomena, qualitative piezoelectric data relative to a crystal substance aflord no basis for determining the practical utility or possible useful piezoelectric applications of the substance, and it is only from a knowledge of the quantitative plezoelectric constants or coefficients of the substance that its utility can be determined. Furthermore, complexityv arises in such determinations from the fact that for a given piezoelectric substance many different cuts are possible and the constants of the piezoelectric material will vary considerably from cut to out. There has been a serious lack of quantitative data of the character here referred to. Thus, while some 200 substances have heretofore been shown, by the Giebe and Scheibe qualitative test, to be piezoelectric, the total number of piezoelectric crystal substances on which quantitative data have been published prior to the present invention, is limited to about 29.

The table constituting Fig. l. of the drawings presents novel quantitative data for P-type crystalline materials including the piezoelectric plates or elements utilized in carrying out the present invention, together with previously known data relative to certain other piezoelectric materials, and serves to indicate, by comparison of the new and old data, the superior adaptability of the new piezoelectric plates or elements of the present invention for use in the piezoelectric art.

In the table are introduced certain piezoelectric coeificients symbolized by the letters (I, g and h; these coeflicients are quantative measures of piezoelectric activity. The d coefllcients. have been long applied in the art; they give the charge density or ratio of electric charge output per unit pressure input under short circuit conditions, and conversely the deformation obtained per unit applied voltage gradient under no-load conditions or deformation per unit length. The d coeflicients may therefore be termed piezoelectric compliance coefficients. The d coefficients thus characterize the usefulness of a crystal cut for acoustic motor devices in air, such as loudspeakers. By dividing the d coefllcients by the corresponding dielectric constants, we obtain another set of coeflicients g which measure the electromotive force gradient realized per unit pressure applied, and thus characterize the functioning of generator devices such as microphones, phonograph pickups and the like. This coeiiicient may be termed the elasto-electric coeilicient as it gives ratios of elastic stress to electric stress.

If the g coeflicients are multiplied by the appropriate elastic stiffness coefficients 0, there result yet another set of piezoelectric coefficients here termedh, and properly called piezoelectric stiffness coefllcients, which measure electromotive force gradient realized per unit applied mechanical deformation. The product of the d and h coeilicients is substantially equal to the square of the coupling coeflicient (except where the latter approaches unity). This squared coupling coefiicient is a measure of the relative band width accommodated or transmitted by piezoelectric transducers, filters, and the like.

For any particular out, two subscripts are amxed to the d, g and h coeflicients, the first indicating the electric field component and the second the stress or strain component excited. In Fig. l, the signs and subscripts have been put in a separate column; they apply equally to the d, o and k coefiicients. For the expander plates of Rochelle salt and the P-type salts discussed, the appropriate coordinate systems are used which are rotated by 45 around the electric field direction from the orientation used for the shear plates. This rotation is indicated by the circumfiex signs in the subscript column. In these cases, the d and g coefficients for expander plates are for geometric reasons equal to half the corresponding coefficients for the shear plates. The h coefllcients are the same for shear plates and the corresponding expander... For the shear plates the equation h=c.g holds, while a more complicated relation involving cross-contraction stresses connects those magnitudes in case of expanders.

All the crystals enumerated above as members of the P-type group belong to the crystallographic symmetry class designated commonly by th symbol Va. This class is also known as the ditetragonal alternating crystal class or as the tetragonal phenoidal class, the latter name being the one used in Dana-Ford, Textbook of Mineralogy, 4th ed., N. Y., 1932. This crystal class is characterized by the presence of three two-fold axes of symmetry perpendicular to each other and two planes of symmetry at right angles to each other and intersecting in one of the two-fold axes. The planes cut the other two two-fold axes under angles of 45. This combination of symmetry elements makes that axis which is parallel to the two planes of symmetry a four-fold alternating symmetry axis which is also the optic axis of the crystal.

For the symmetry class of the P-type crystals there exist according to general principles of piezoelectricity, two separate and independent piezoelectric actions. One of these'actions is that due to an electric field or field component parallel to the optic axis. If an orthogonal system with axes X, Y, Zis used which has its Z axis parallel to the optic axis of the crystal and the X and Y axes parallel to the two-fold axes of symmetry, respectively, then this piezoelectric action appears as an interaction between an electric field parallel to the Z axis and ashearing deformation about the Z axis. With such a choice of coordinates the piezoelectric coefilcients describing this interaction are characterized by the subscript 36. It isequally proper, and sometimes preferable, to

employ another coordinate system X, Y, Z which is obtained from the first coordinate system by a rotation of 45 around the Z axis. The circumflex sign A is herein used wherever a new coordinate system rotated by 45 in relation to a standard system is employed. In terms of this new coordinate system a field parallel to the Z axis will produce an elongation or contraction along the X axis, and the opposite, as the case may be, along the Y axis. The piezoelectric coetficients expressing this interaction would be circumfiexed and have the subscript 31, such as 131. It can be shown readily that there is the relation a1=32= d3s.

It is interesting to note that the symmetry of crystal class Va is such that the mechanical deformation brought about by an electric field nounced in Rochelle salt Y-cut expanders than in the X-cut expanders.

The other of the two independent piezoelectric actions in crystals of the symmetry class Va may be most suitably conceived as a shear around the X axis interacting with an electric field parallel to the X axis. It should be pointed out that for the crystal symmetry of this class the X and Y axes are equivalent except for polarity. Thus, the coefilcients with subscripts 25, expressing the effect of a field parallel to the Y axis are equal to the coefficients 14 expressing the effect of a field parallel to the X ax In connection with the values given in Fig. 1 for the piezoelectric coefilcients of primary ammonium phosphate it is observed that variation with temperature of these values has been found to be small throughout the operating range. It is about -.25% per degree centigrade for (135, and .06% for gas. The resonance frequencies of ammonium phosphate bodies which depend on the elastic stiffness coemcients were found to decrease by about .03% per degree centigrade temperature increase.

For the table of Fig. 1 the units chosen are those of the meter-kilogram-seconds (m. k. s.) system. This system of units has the great advantage that its unit of power is the watt. Since the watt is the common unit of power in the common electrical system of units, the use of the m.k.s. system permits the expression of the interconversion of mechanical and electrical energy without the introduction of complicated numerical factors. The dielectric constants are given relative to vacuum, the dielectric constant of the vacuum being 8.85-10- fared/meter. They refer to the mechanically unconstrained medium. The elastic coefiicients 0 give the ratio of stress to strain for the mode of deformation considered while all other motions, such as cross" contraction, are prevented, and for electric open-circuit.

The necessity of having definite quantitative data for determination of the utility of a partic ular piezoelectric substance for practical application has been pointed out. The truth of this and the inadequacy of theoretical considerations for such determinations are well illustrated in the case of the P-type crystals with which the present invention is concerned. Thus, all of the previously known g coefllcients were substantially of similar magnitude, especially for the synthetic crystalline plates such as Rochelle salt X and Y-cuts and tartaric acid Y-cut. Primary ammonium phosphate was known qualitatively to be piezoelectric and the dielectric constants of the Z and X-cut shear plates were known to be about 15 and 55, respectively. From these dielectric constants, and from previous knowledge of the order of magnitude of the g constants it was reasonable to believe that the X-cut shear plate of the ammonium phosphate would have a d constant of attractive-value and several times higher than the d constant of the Z-cut shear plate. However, the g constant of the Z-cut shear plate was found by the inventor to be surprisingly high and the a constant of the X-cut shear plate extremely low. In fact, the y con- .stant of the Z-cut shear plate is the highest known for any inorganic crystalline material, and the g constant of the X-cut shear plate is believed to be the lowest ever reported for any inorganic crystalline material with the possible exception of X-cut shear plates of potassium phosphate. The 9 constant (voltage output constant) of the ammonium phosphate Z-cut shear plate is almost twice that of the commonly used Rochelle salt X-cut. The IL constant Volts out Qfpplid motion in of the Z-cut expander plate of primary ammonium phosphate is 2.3, comparing favorably with X-cut and Y-cut Rochelle salt expanders, while for the X-cut expander it is .023 which is too low to permit practical application of the plate as a transducer.

Fig. 2 illustrates a crystal of primary ammonium phosphate, and shows one choice of the directions of the X, Y and Z axes. The habit of this P-type crystal is a combination of tetragonal prism and tetragonal bi-pyramid of the second order. It is characteristic for the P-type crystals that they are elongated parallel to the axis of the prism, which is the optic axis of these (17X mechanical stiffness or crystals and designated as Z axis herein.

As indicated in Fig. 2, a seed plate l6 has been caused to grow into the seed crystal l4,

and the latter, in turn, into the mother crystal V I5. Suitable processes of obtaining seed material and growing mother crystals of P-type are described in detail in the continuation applications of J affe, Brazis and Kjellgren, Serial No. 728,310 and Gravley, Serial ,No. 728,293, both filed February 13, 1947.

After the mother crystal 15 has grown, plates H are cut from the clear unflawed material with a pair of major faces perpendicular to the Z axis and lying in the plane of the X, Y axes. The plate 11 is a Z-cut shear plate suitable for sale as an article of manufacture. Such a plate may have a pair of electrodes I8, l9 applied to its major faces, as is shown in Fig. 3, for use as a piezoelectric element, or it may be connected to another plate, suitable orientation being maintained, to form a multiplate flexing unit which will later be described in detail. When the electrodes l8 and I9 are connected into an alternating electric circuit, a field is applied to the ele ment I! which causes expansion and contraction in directions in the X-Y plane and at 45 to the direction of the X and Y axes as is shown by the arrows 20, 2|. It is to be understood that for an electric signal of one polarity the plate tends to contract in accordance with the direction of arrows 20 and to expand in accordance with the direction of arrows 2|, and that for an electric field of the opposite polarity the plate will tend to expand in a direction opposite to the direction of the arrows 20 and will tend to contract in a direction opposite to the direction of the arrows 2| in accordance with the wellknown piezoelectric action.

The natural tendency of a crystal of primary ammonium phosphate is to grow more readily along the Z axis than along the X and Y axes and to grow substantially equally well in the X and Y directions. This results in a crystal which is substantially square in cross-section if a square seed-plate I6 is used, and by cutting the crystal perpendicular to the Z axis plates or piezoids are obtained which have their major electrode faces in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the Z axis and which have one pair of. minor or edge faces perpendicular to the X axis, and the other pair of minor or edge faces perpendicular to the Y axis.

If from the shear plate H there is cut a plate 25 (Fig. 4) having each of its edge faces lying at an angle 45 to both of the X and Y axes, there is obtained a Z-cut expander plate. The directions of its expansion and contraction for a given electrostatic field are illustrated by the arrows in Fig. 4. For an electrostatic field of the opposite polarity the direction of the arrows will reverse as has been explained in connection with Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 shows an expander element made from the expander plate 25 by connecting electrodes to the major faces thereof. Such an expander element is useful in transducers such as that shown in Fig. '7 of Frank Massas Patent Number 2,427,062, filed on June 2, 1944. In an apparatus of this character it may be desirable to convert a large amount of electrical energy into mechanical energy in order to obtain the desired accoustical power output. The primary ammonium phosphate crystal element has proven to be especially well adapted for such service because of its ability to withstand temperatures up to about C. without melting or loss of its piezoelectric effect.

The piezoelectric transducer elements of the present invention may be advantageously used for the production .of multiplate flexing type units which may be made to function as benders or twisters, such multiple plate units being disclosed and explained in U. S. Patents Reissue Nos. 20,213 and 20,680.

As in the case of the multiplate flexing units of the prior art, those utilizing P-type crystalline material of the present invention may be made in several ways. For example, a bender unit can be produced as illustrated in Fig. 10. Here two similarly cut and oriented

expander plates

25, 25 such as are shown in Fig. 4 or Fig. 8 are electroded on both faces and connected face-to-face to form a multiplate unit supported by base 39. With the electrodes connected in parallel with conductors 40, 4| the. electrostatic field is impressed upon the two plates in opposite directions to cause one to expand and the other to contract with resultant bending of the unit. A vibratile member, such as microphone or speaker diaphragm 42, is connected to the top of the unit.

By using other orientations and electroding of the Z-cut crystal plates according to known principles alternative forms of flexing units can be provided.

Again, Fig. 9 shows the construction and electrical connections of a twister multiplate flexing piezoelectric ;unit. Two shear plates l1 and I1 having the same orientation with respect to the crystallographic axes have electrodes on their major faces, and are connected together and electrically connected in parallel and to a signal source in such a manner that when a field of a given polarity is applied one plate tends to expand along one of its diagonals and contract along its other diagonal while the second plate tends to contract and expand along its corresponding diagonals. This results in a composite or saddle-shaped bending action wherein diagonally opposite corners of the unit tend to move in the samedirection but in a direction opposite to the next adjacent corners, as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 9. The crystal plates l1, l1 may have different orientations with respect to the crystallographic axes and the electric fields may be applied in the same direction to achieve a twisting action.

Figs. 12 and 13 illustrate the use of a twister type of multiplate piezoelectric crystal element of primary ammonium phosphate material in a phonograph pickup. United States Patent No. 2,222,056 describes in detail such a pickup utilizing Rochelle salt type of piezoelectric crystal element. Briefly the pickup (Fig. 12) comprises a two-piece housing Within which is clamped a twister crystal element 5|. Yieldable mounting pad means 52, 52 extend along the longitudinal axis of the crystal element 5i, and yieldable mounting pad means 53, 53 extend along one end 'edge of the element 5i. When the two halves of the housing are connected together with the crystal element and mounting

pads

52, 53 in place the one end and the central longitudinal portion of the element are substantially restrained from movement. A drive wire 54 is connected to the other end of the crystal element 5| and extends through several rubber bearing members 55 and is connected to a stylus 5B. As the'stylus tip is actuated laterally under the influence of a phonograph record a twisting motion is imparted to the crystal element 5| and sufllcient voltage is established across the

leads

51, 58 to control an amplifier in accordance with the movements of the stylus.

Fig. 6 illustrates a piezoid or plate 21 cut from the mother crystal I5 as shown in Fig. 2. The plate 21 is a "Y-cut," i. e., has its major faces perpendicular to the Y axis, but is electroded to form a Z-cut element. In other words, the

electrodes

28 and 29 are applied to the minor faces which are perpendicular to the Z axis so that the field is applied along the Z axis.

The mode of mechanical vibrations excited in plate 21 (Fig. 6) by an electric field between the

electrodes

28, 29 is-substantially a pure shear. The resonant frequencies of this shear mode are controlled substantially only by the smallest dimension of this plate which is at right angles to the field direction, thus differing from the commonly used high frequency shear plates. As is well known to those skilled in the art, this high frequency shear mode leads to a substantially harmonic series of overtone resonances.

Fig. 7 illustrates a piezoid 30 which may b called a shear strip. The electrodes 3| and32 are applied to the pair of faceswhich are perpendicular to the direction of the Z axis; so, technically, the shear strip 30 is a Z-cut plate as is the plate 21 in Fig. 4. In its mechanical behavior the element 30 is similar to the element 21 but as its dimension in the Z direction is on the order of its thickness dimension, its electrical capacity is greater than the capacity of the element 27.

Fig. 11 shows a form of the invention wherein a single shear plate ll of P-type crystalline material is edge-mounted on a fixed base 90 by means of cementor the like. The major faces are electroded; the front electrode [8 is shown but the back electrode is not as it is believed that the necessary dotted lines might cause confusion. Fig. 3, however, illustrates a shear plate I! and its two electrodes I8, I 9. Leads 93, 94 are connected, respectively, to the front and back electrodes of the crystal plate, and are adapted to be connected to the input or output of an electrical circuit depending upon whether the crystal device is being used as a generator or a motor device. To one of the unconnected or free corners of the crystal plate I! there is attached a mechanical device such as a diaphragm 9i. Examples of other mechanical devices which may be connected to the crystal plate I! are a phonograph motion. The diaphragm 8|, if the device, is of the loudspeaker type, will be vibrated back-andforth substantially linearly by the crystal ll.

While the invention has so far been described in connection with a mother crystal of primary ammonium phosphate, it is to be understood that this mother crystal does not necessarily have to be formed from a solution containing pure primary ammonium phosphate salt.

Several grades of primary ammonium phosphate are obtainable commercially. One grade i known as chemically pure and is guaranteed to contain less than specified amounts of a number of impurities such as sulphate, calcium, chloride, iron, aluminum and fixed alkalies. Other commercial grades have considerably more of these impurities, and impurities other than those noted may be present. It has been discovered that crystals grown from primary ammonium phosphate of commercial grades may have rather low resistivity and that this is primarily due to the presence of sulphate impurity. The purity of the salt as to sulphate content must be kept lower than the limit of commercially pure material if it is desired that the resistance of the crystal plates obtained be extremely high. It has also been discovered that barium, too, lowers the resistance of primary ammonium phosphate plates, but it is not so apt to be found .in the commercial primary ammonium phosphate. Calcium, chloride, iron, aluminum, arsenic acidand potassium may be present in quantities such as are found in commercial primary ammonium phosphate without materially reducing the resistivity of the crystal plates produced therefrom.

It is believed that the reason .why calcium, chloride, iron, aluminum and potassium do'not reduce the resistivity of the plates is that as ions they do not in size and configuration closely resemble constituents of the primary ammonium phosphate lattice. The SOrand Ba++ ions, on the other hand, are of such size as to fit into the lattice; having different charge from P04" and NH4+ which they replace, they will disturb the electrostatic balance of the lattice. To restore this balance, there will be established a deficiency of hydrogen ions (protons) in the lattice. The deficiencies thus created in the proton distribution in the lattice are believed to be the reason for the decrease in resistivity found in primary ammoninum phosphate grown from solutions containing Ba++ or 304"". The process of electric conduction created by these impurities might be termed proton hole conduction, in analogy to the "electron hole conduction well known to those versed in the physics of electric conductors. 7

Accordingly, in growing primary ammonium phosphate crystals it is not necessary to use relatively pure primary ammonium phosphate except as stated above, and excess phosphoric acid may be added to the solution without disadvantageously affecting the quality of the crystalline material obtained.

The data contained in the table of Fig. 1 reveal that the crystals primary ammonium arsenate and primary potassium arsenate are similar to 11 primary ammonium phosphate in some of their piezoelectric properties. In particular they also show the phenomenon that the piezoelectric compliance coefficients das, referring to the Z-cut, are higher than the constants dn which refer to the X-cut, even though the previously known dielectric constants for the X-cut are much higher than for the Z-cut in both these crystal substances. Thus in the case of the arsenates. as in the case of the corresponding phosphates, the Z- cuts ofler particular advantages,

The range of the number of existing salts of P-typeis further extended by the replacement of some or all of the hydrogen contained in these salts by heavy hydrogen.

From what has been said, it will be apparent that the described Z-cut plates of the P-type crystalline materials, and particularly of the primary ammonium phosphate, have marked advantages for piezoelectric uses, because of the strength of their piezotelectric response and the fact that the critical temperatures of the materials are outside the limits within which most piezoelectric apparatus functions; because also they contain no water of crystallization'and are correspondingly free of structural change incident to-the loss of such water, and, finally, because easily operated methods are available for the artificial growth of such crystalline materials, making possible their commercial production in ample quantities and at moderate cost.

It will be understood that the foregoing description of the invention is presented for purposes of illustration and explanation and that the invention intended to be covered is defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. As an article of manufacture, a piezoelectric crystal body composed, aside from any impurities, of primary ammonium phosphate and having a pair of substantially parallel electrodable surfaces substantially. perpendicular to the Z axis of the crystal material. I v

2. An article of manufacture as claimed in claim 1 in which the crystal body is in the form of a plate having electrodable major faces'substantially perpendicular to'the Z axis of the crystal material.

3. As an article of manufacture; a'crystal plate as claimed in claim 2 which is quadrilateral in outline with one pair of side surfaces parallel to one of the symmetry planes of the'crystal material.

HANS JAFF'E.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record; in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS OTHER REFERENCES Bantle, Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 15, p. 325, 1942.