US2479071A - Heat exchanger - Google Patents

Heat exchanger Download PDF

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US2479071A
US2479071A US545161A US54516144A US2479071A US 2479071 A US2479071 A US 2479071A US 545161 A US545161 A US 545161A US 54516144 A US54516144 A US 54516144A US 2479071 A US2479071 A US 2479071A
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ducts
exchanger
heat
passages
axis
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US545161A
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Henstridge Alec George
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Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd
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Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/0058—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having different orientations to each other or crossing the conduit for the other heat exchange medium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being spirally coiled
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/08—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings

Definitions

  • a heat- Y exchanger oi' the type hereinbefore set forth is characterised in that the ducts for one '.iiuid are curvilinear viewed in the direction of the iow of the other iluidthrough the passages, the form of said curve ⁇ being such that the width' of said ducts andpassa'ges is substantially constant throughout their length in the plane at right angles to the direction ofv ow of' the second named Huid.
  • the curvature of the ducts is, or is approximately', the locus of a point on a line that rolls without sliding around a regular geometrical figure in the piane ofthe ligure.
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a chamber and partitions separate the hot and' cold Vfluids extending inwards from the. periphery towards the middie of the chamber, ischaractcrised that the said partitions are curved substantially to a shape as above set forthr
  • the curvature of the partitions or ducts is, or is approximately, the locus of apoint in a straight line that rolls without sliding around a base circle, ellipse or other closed curved augure in which casey the generated curve is an involute or approximates 'thereto'.
  • the curvature of the converging duc'ts may be the locus oi' a point on a generating circle that rolls without sliding around a base circle, eilipse or other closed curved ligure in which V'case the generated curve is an epicycloid--or a -hypocycloid VIt is also possible however, to generate curves having the same properties from a vstraight-sided non-re-entrant geometrical ligure.
  • a suitable curve' may be produced by the union of two or more circular arcs such ⁇ that the complete curve approximates to the involute, epicycloid or hypocycioid form.
  • Figure '3 is a part transverse section of another construction of heat-exchanger oi ,drum form which is ⁇ provided with ducts of involute form,
  • v Figure 4' is a part transverse section of a heatexchanger in which the curvature of the ducts is Y generated 'by the rolling of a straight line around a hexagon.
  • Figure 5 is a part transverse section of a heatexchanger in which the curvature of theV ducts is generated as an n'vol'ute from an ellipse
  • Figure 6 is apart transverse section of aV heatexchanger in which the ductsr are of epicycl'oidal forni, ⁇
  • Figure '1 is atransverse section on the line 1-1 oi Figure showing one quarter of the preferred construction ot .heat-exchanger in accordance thepresent invention, Figiiire alsa section onthe line' 8--8 of Figure '7, figure 9 is a viewin 'the direction of arrow' A ci and on Merger scale. f
  • a heat-exchanger in accordance with the present inventionv is particularly suitable for incorporation as one of the members ci a gas-turbine powerplant for' aircraft.
  • the 4present invention aims at providing a particular arrangement of ducts and passages which will have aconstant or approximately constant width throughout their length in the plane of -across the cold side of the exchanger is of rel-fatively little importance the pressure-drop 'across'- the hot side is material; the latter must there- 1'* fore be kept at a minimum.
  • the exhaust-gases from the .turbine should Vfollow a straight ⁇ path 4to* thedischarge nozzle; however, the air passing from the compressor to the heat-exchanger and thence to the combustion-chamber may without undue effect follow ya circuitous path, ,4
  • the air passes from chambers I3 into a plurality of ducts I4 which extend towards the middle of the trunk and into chamber I5, and then into a plurality of ducts I6 which lead into chambers I8.
  • the latter which are spaced around the Wall I2 (being intercalated with chambers I3) and extend along the length of the drum, are connected to the turbine.
  • the provision of a plurality of inter-calated cold and hot-air chambers I3 and I8 which are spaced around the peripheral Wall I2 of the heat-exchanger ensures uniformity of distribution from the compressor and tothe turbine and thus meets factor (ii) referred to above.
  • the curvature of the ducts I4, .IB is produced by the union of two circular arcs so as closely to approximate to the involute form shown in Figure 1.
  • the portion of the ducts which lie'sl adjacent the wall I1 is a circular arc having a radius R1 whilst the portion of the ducts adjacent the wall I2 is a circular arc Whose radius is equal to R2.
  • the duct width a may be made uniform by constructing' the ducts from parallel-wall tube and although the passage width b is not absolutely constant throughout the length'of the ducts I4, ⁇ IIS, by'suitably selecting the radii R1 andR2 it is possible so to arrange matters that the passage width will vary by only a small amount over' the rlength of the ducts. Any disadvantage which may accrue fromsuch non-'uniformity in the width of the passages may be off-set from the manufacturing point of view.
  • each duct (which are ofinvolute form) have their innerl extremities connected by an arcuate portion 20 so that the coldair from chamber I3 will pass down limb I4 ofthe duct, around the portion 20 and up the other limb I5 to the hot-air chamber I I3.
  • th'e'U-shaped ducts are stacked one within the other, and that all the limbs I4 of each stack are associated with a cold-air chamber I3 whilst the limbs I6 of each stack are associated with the adjacent hot-air chamber I8.
  • the inner ends accom-.1
  • the ,portionlof said ducts 'flying l-between side slfl" ⁇ of .thezcollecton .the .line c and the line c . consists of a .plurality of concentric circular arcs wjhosecornmon-.centre lies atc'.
  • uniform fduct width .a1 the passage vwidth .b- :will
  • Figure .6 shows :a construction VinV whichY theI ⁇ .i-ing of ancircle Ve about .afcircular collector I5 so that, for instance, point .ff on :the circle describes path -g .which lis 'the :path :followed ⁇ by the yducts A A4, fl..
  • the ducts lil, :t6 vare ofeepicycloidal form .and are suchthat 'byprovidinga constantlxluc't .width wlthe passage wid-th .bfwill tbe approximately constant throughout the length of the :ducts provided '.thatrthe diameter'.
  • This menstruation is particularly suitable Whereit '-is t-vfclaesired to a transmissioncr other shaft 22 oentrfallyfthroughetheheat-eXchanger.
  • VGlhewvall of the col-lector as inrrglueu may'fbeicyundrreal 11, 2, 4-and5 the coldairpassing inwardlyalong -ducts 14 is discharged into a'common chamber.
  • each unit .or .pairQo Aplates extends.along'fthelengthcf the trunk Jl.. it provides a row of ductsivhohare placedone -behind ,the a,other .viewed .endwise of the trunk.
  • thetubers 21 are arranged side by side in a pluralityV of rows generally indicated at 36. Each row is formed by locating the.Y
  • the plurality of tubes 21 which constitutes one of the rows 3-6 is equivalent to the passage I9 referred to in the descriptions of Figures 1 to 6 whilst the spaces between the rows (along which Vis conveyed the cold air from the chambers I3 and the partially heated air moving towards chambers I8) are equivalent to the ducts I4 and I6.
  • the passage width b being predetermined is uniform throughout the length of the rows. With this uniform passage width and with the tubes 21 disposed in involute rows the width a of the ducts I4, I6 is also uniform throughout their length.
  • the tubes 21 are oval in cross-section the shorter distance between opposite walls being equal to the passage width b.
  • the end plates 26 are ,formed with involute slots 28 and a flange 29 bounding said slots.
  • the ends of the tubes 26 are received by the slots 28 and flanges 29.
  • the abutting faces of adjacent tubes in the rows are maintained in contact by a packing piece 30 which is inserted if required at the outer end of the slots 28. So that the tubes 21 lmay form a gas tight connection with the involute slots 28 by which they are carried the ends-of the tubes are upset into a trapezoidal cross-section (see Figure 9).
  • the plates 26 extend completely across the ends of the heat-exchanger so that the exhaust gas is constrained to flow along the tubes 21 being prevented by said plates from mixing with theair passing along either the ducts I4, I6 or with the air in the collector I5.
  • the tubes 21 may -be replaced by pairs of plates .bent to an involute shape as described inv one of the constructions above, the plate being crimped and united with the crimps extending parallel with the flow of the exhaust gases through the heat-exchanger.
  • the collector I is coincident with 'the base from which the curve for the ducts is generated this need not be so.
  • the collector may be of greater or less diameter than said base.
  • the regular geometrical figure forming the base for the generation of said curve may in ⁇ certain cases be different from the geometrical Aoutline of the collector.
  • V 4LA heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends ofthe remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality ⁇ of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another uid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the curvature of said walls conforming to the locus of a point on a line that rolls without sliding around a regular geometrical gure in a plane at right angles to the axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid ows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, said walls having an involute curvature, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger 'and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers ⁇ disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts-and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of Substantially uniform width when measured l in planes at right angles to said axis, the curvature of said walls conforming to the locus of a astanti disposed around'sad heat-'exchanger and cornniunioaing with the outer end 'of some olf said ducts', and a plurality' of outlet headers disposed around said heatfexchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remain- Y ing ducts and-said'last namedducts communieating with the inner ends of the d cts
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts forone fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward thef'axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another rluidllows axially ofA said exchanger,y the walls separating .said ducts and passages being .so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniformi width when measured irl-planes at right angles to ysaid axis, the curvature ⁇ of said walls conforming too'ircular arcs that approximate to the locus of a point on aline that rolls without sliding around a regular geometrical figure in a plane at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet header
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one iluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid Hows axially of said exchanger, the Walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform Width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the curvature of said walls conforming to the locus of a point on a circle that rolls Without sliding around a regular geometrical ligure in a plane at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the Walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the passages between said ducts being composed of axially extending tubes disposed side by side to constitute chains, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said l0 last named uuctsccmmunicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one uid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform Width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the passages between said ducts being composed of axially extending tubes disposed side by side to constitute chains, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated With said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers, and plates provided with curved slots
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the Walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width When measured inV planes at right angles to said axis, said walls being crimped together in pairs to form tubes constituting axially extending passages and disposed in a side by side chain-like arrangement, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heatexchanger and communicating With the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
  • a heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one uid extending ⁇ from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger,.
  • the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said Vinlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers, and an inner axially extending chamber consituting a means of communication between the ducts respectively communicating with the inlet and the outlet headers.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Description

Aug. 16, 1949. A GE f 2,479,071
HHHHHHHHHHHH ER Aug; 16; l1949. A. G. HENsTRlDGE v 2,479,071
HEAT EXCHANGER Aug. 16, 1949.A A. G. HENsTRlDGE Y I 2,479,071
HEAT EXGHANGER v l vFiled July 15, 1944 4 sheets-sheet- 4 Trek/VEY Patented Aug. 16, 1949 UNITED STAT Es PATNT "oF Fi ce l Alec George Hlsdiggland, assign- A I or vto The'Bristol Aeroplane Company Limited, f Bristol, England, a. British company Application July l15, 1944, Serial No. 545,161
A' I n Great Britain ,27, 1943 t section 1, Public Law 69s, August s, 1946 Patent expires April 27, 1963 Y This invention concerns heat-exchangers in which one of the fluids is conveyed through a plurality of ducts and the secondfiuid hows along passages between said ducts. n f
' Heat-em'shangers of the type wherein the ducts and passages have inner and outer defining walls of different length have heretofore suffered from the disadvantage that the ducts and/or passages have had a non-uniform width. )The term width as used' throughout this specification is to 'be understood as meaning the minimum distance between opposite walls of a yduct or passage at any point in .the heat-exchanger, said distance being measured in a plane at right angles to said deiining walls. c
It will 'be appreciated that when the duct and/or passage-width is not uniform throughout Ytheir length in the piane at right angles to said deningwalls, an even distribution oi one uuid throughout the other is not obtained. Y
It is'an object oi the present invention to provide .a heat-exchanger of the type hereinbefore set Iorth in which the widths oi the passagesy and iz claims. (ci. asv- 235) ducts are substantially uniform so as to provide f an improved distribution.
According to the present' invention a heat- Y exchanger oi' the type hereinbefore set forth is characterised in that the ducts for one '.iiuid are curvilinear viewed in the direction of the iow of the other iluidthrough the passages, the form of said curve `being such that the width' of said ducts andpassa'ges is substantially constant throughout their length in the plane at right angles to the direction ofv ow of' the second named Huid.
According to another feature of the invention the curvature of the ducts is, or is approximately', the locus of a point on a line that rolls without sliding around a regular geometrical figure in the piane ofthe ligure.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a heat-exchanger comprising a chamber and partitions separate the hot and' cold Vfluids extending inwards from the. periphery towards the middie of the chamber, ischaractcrised that the said partitions are curved substantially to a shape as above set forthr Preferably the curvature of the partitions or ducts is, or is approximately, the locus of apoint in a straight line that rolls without sliding around a base circle, ellipse or other closed curved augure in which casey the generated curve is an involute or approximates 'thereto'. However the curvature of the converging duc'tsmay be the locus oi' a point on a generating circle that rolls without sliding around a base circle, eilipse or other closed curved ligure in which V'case the generated curve is an epicycloid--or a -hypocycloid VIt is also possible however, to generate curves having the same properties from a vstraight-sided non-re-entrant geometrical ligure. In this latter case, the curve f geheratedcomprises two or more circular arcs, which may offer advantages from the manufacturing point of view. Instead of generating a curve inthe manner just described, a suitable curve'may be produced by the union of two or more circular arcs such` that the complete curve approximates to the involute, epicycloid or hypocycioid form.
Y Speciiic embodiments oi the present invention as applied to a heat-exchanger in which one of the ilu'ids 'flows' longitudinally through a trunk whilst the other iiuid nows from the periphery of the trunk which conveys the first fluid towards the middle vof the latter will now be described merely by way of example with reference to Figures 1 to 9 of the accompanying drawings whereof- Figure 1 is a part transverse section of a heatexchanger in accordance with the present invention in which the ducts are of yinvolute shape, Figure 2 is a similar view to Figure 1 in which the ducts are produced 'by the union of two circular arcswhich approximate to the involute form shown in Figure l',
Figure '3 is a part transverse section of another construction of heat-exchanger oi ,drum form which is `provided with ducts of involute form,
vFigure 4' is a part transverse section of a heatexchanger in which the curvature of the ducts is Y generated 'by the rolling of a straight line around a hexagon.,
Figure 5 is a part transverse section of a heatexchanger in which the curvature of theV ducts is generated as an n'vol'ute from an ellipse,
.Figure 6 is apart transverse section of aV heatexchanger in which the ductsr are of epicycl'oidal forni,`
Figure '1 is atransverse section on the line 1-1 oi Figure showing one quarter of the preferred construction ot .heat-exchanger in accordance thepresent invention, Figiiire alsa section onthe line' 8--8 of Figure '7, figure 9 is a viewin 'the direction of arrow' A ci and on Merger scale. f
'Whiie the invention is concerned with heat-exchangers in general, a heat-exchanger in accordance with the present inventionv is particularly suitable for incorporation as one of the members ci a gas-turbine powerplant for' aircraft. The
amaovi f i' a f changer so that as the exhaust gases from |tl`1e l turbines flow through the exchanger they w1ll give up part of their heat-content to the'cold air.
thereby heating the latter before `itreafrshes thel l! combustion chambers.
In the particular application kof the invention referred to, three factors are of especial imprtance, namely:
o) That whnst the pressure drop` `entailed;
4' cold-'air chambers I3 to the hot-air chambers I8.
It wil1 be understood from this general description of the heat-exchangers shown in Figures l to 6 that the exhaust-gases ow through .'the'passag'es I 9 in a direction or'malito the plane of the paper. The width of the ducts and passages will be measured (in accordance with the definition set forth above) in the plane of the paper )and will be the minimum distance between the bounding walls .of the ducts and passages in said plane.
The 4present invention aims at providing a particular arrangement of ducts and passages which will have aconstant or approximately constant width throughout their length in the plane of -across the cold side of the exchanger is of rel-fatively little importance the pressure-drop 'across'- the hot side is material; the latter must there- 1'* fore be kept at a minimum. With this end in view the exhaust-gases from the .turbine should Vfollow a straight` path 4to* thedischarge nozzle; however, the air passing from the compressor to the heat-exchanger and thence to the combustion-chamber may without undue effect follow ya circuitous path, ,4
(ii) That of ensuring uniformity of distribution from the compressor and of supply to the turbine. This requires that as great a number of outlets be spaced around the delivery chamber of the compres-sor asis practicable, and that a similar disposition of inlets Ito the turbine be provided,
(iii) That the cross-sectional area of the ducts (and of the passages between them) be constant throughout their length inthe plane at right angles to the direction of the passages between the ducts and that the width of both `ducts and passages, as hereinbefore explained, be substantially uniform for the hot and cold sides of the exchanger. This ensures that the transfer of heat for any given size of heat-exchanger is a maximum.
In each of the constructions shown in Figures 1 to 6 of the accompanying drawings the exhaustgases from the turbine pass by a straight path longitudinally through a trunk I I Whose peripheral or outer defining wall is indicated at I2. In this way the rst'factor mentioned above is satisfled. The cold air lromlthe compressor is delivr ered to a plurality of chambers I3 which are spaced around the wall I2 and extend along the length of the drum-one end of each of the chambers is connected with the `compressor and the other end is closed. The air passes from chambers I3 into a plurality of ducts I4 which extend towards the middle of the trunk and into chamber I5, and then into a plurality of ducts I6 which lead into chambers I8. k The latter, which are spaced around the Wall I2 (being intercalated with chambers I3) and extend along the length of the drum, are connected to the turbine. The provision of a plurality of inter-calated cold and hot-air chambers I3 and I8 which are spaced around the peripheral Wall I2 of the heat-exchanger ensures uniformity of distribution from the compressor and tothe turbine and thus meets factor (ii) referred to above. It is clear from the drawings that the exhaust-gases which pass 1ongitudinally through the trunk Il are constrained to flow through a plurality of passages I9 each of which is bounded by a pair of adjacent ducts. In this way the hot exhaust-gases are brought into intimate contact with the air infducts I4 and I6 thereby heating the air whichpasses'from the the paper.
In Figure 1 the ducts I4, I6 which in this construction extend from the wall I2 of trunk II to inner defining wall I'I of a central collector I5 lie upon a curved path. yThe curvature of the ducts is generated by therolling of.,a straight line around the wall ofthe central collector I5, that is the ducts I4, I 6 are of an involute shape. Asis clearly shown in Figure 1, with .this construction the provision of ducts of uniform width throughout their length (as occurs when the ducts are made from parallel-wall tube of diameter a) will result in the passagewidth b also being constant throughout the length of ,the ,'ducts. Accordingly a heat-exchanger constructed as shown in Figure 1 will completely satisfy the three conditions stated to be essential in a heat-exchanger for a gas turbine power-plant.
In the construction shown, in Figure 2 the curvature of the ducts I4, .IB is produced by the union of two circular arcs so as closely to approximate to the involute form shown in Figure 1. The portion of the ducts which lie'sl adjacent the wall I1 is a circular arc having a radius R1 whilst the portion of the ducts adjacent the wall I2 isa circular arc Whose radius is equal to R2. With this con-struction the duct width a may be made uniform by constructing' the ducts from parallel-wall tube and although the passage width b is not absolutely constant throughout the length'of the ducts I4,` IIS, by'suitably selecting the radii R1 andR2 it is possible so to arrange matters that the passage width will vary by only a small amount over' the rlength of the ducts. Any disadvantage which may accrue fromsuch non-'uniformity in the width of the passages may be off-set from the manufacturing point of view.
The shape of the ducts I4, I6 shown in Figure 3 being of involute form andthe ducts having a .uniform width a throughout their length it follows that the passage width b will also be constant throughout the length of ysaid ducts. In this construction the central collector I5 has been dispensed with and the cold air flows directly from one of the cold-air chambers I3 to its associated hot-air chamber IB, along a duct which is substantially U-shaped. The limbs I4, I6 of each duct (which are ofinvolute form) have their innerl extremities connected by an arcuate portion 20 so that the coldair from chamber I3 will pass down limb I4 ofthe duct, around the portion 20 and up the other limb I5 to the hot-air chamber I I3. It will be noted from Figure 3 that th'e'U-shaped ducts are stacked one within the other, and that all the limbs I4 of each stack are associated with a cold-air chamber I3 whilst the limbs I6 of each stack are associated with the adjacent hot-air chamber I8. The inner ends accom-.1
:of the Ypassages .t9 .for the exhaust gases .are bounded loyiawall 2l. x t
kfIn 'the ,construction .shown fin..,Figure A `the v.central collector I5 .is .hexagonal Vin .cross-section andthe .ducts I4, I6 .aregeneratedriby the rolling vof :a .straight `linearound the hexagonal chamber. As .a conseouencefthe .ductsiareztormed bythe .junction iof a :number :of circular .arcs each-tof which has its centre .at one of :the `corners .of the hexagon. The portion of theducts IA, H5 Whichlies ladjacent the hexagonal collector I5 and .between side 'Il, of the latterand the line c, for instance, consists of Aa plurality of .ccncentricarca the centre of which is at ed. The ,portionlof said ducts 'flying l-between side slfl" `of .thezcollecton .the .line c and the line c .consists of a .plurality of concentric circular arcs wjhosecornmon-.centre lies atc'. In this construction with .a-.preselected uniform fduct width .a1 :the passage vwidth .b- :will
beconstant throughout the vler-agtnof :the-ducts."
Figure :5shoW-s .za similar constructionstoithat fof, :Figure l in .so far as Athe ducts Ill, IB .are lof liinvolute form. linstead pcf, the involute being generated from .a circular collector as .is :the-case .in Eigure 1, :the base (for the involute .is"an elliptical collector t5. Since A.the ducts are of .involute form the vselection of a uniform duct Ewidth a will result in the passage vw'idtlr'b also being vunitorm;throughout the length ofthe'ducts.
Figure .6 .shows :a construction VinV whichY theI` .i-ing of ancircle Ve about .afcircular collector I5 so that, for instance, point .ff on :the circle describes path -g .which lis 'the :path :followed `by the yducts A A4, fl.. In thislconstruction the ducts lil, :t6 vare ofeepicycloidal form .and are suchthat 'byprovidinga constantlxluc't .width wlthe passage wid-th .bfwill tbe approximately constant throughout the length of the :ducts provided '.thatrthe diameter'.
ofnthe rolling circle great/compared with that* of the collector titi. Ashe/tween rlucts o Atheforrn shown in Eig-urea' and ducts yoi" involute form :it -is found that 'fior .the same drum ande-entrai collector diameters the .epicycloidal duct -is fthe Alonger of atheitwo. The length of an 'epicycloid'4 lAby erolling Aof Va circle .arouridthe central collector 5115 circle being -of larger-diameter :thanv-thec'oll'ector and lying outside and lpoint contact iwithsaid collector. curve thus genteratedisazhypo'cycloid and has similarproperties to the epi-cycilcid, namely that by selecting fa uniform 'duct fwidthc the passage "wld-th ll) vwill fbe approximatelyfconstant throughout the vller'rg-th `-ofith'elidr-rots. Y
vVarious moaications vto the construction of :heat-exchanger shown Figures 'l to 6 inclusive Smay Joe lmarl-e Whilst vretaining y the essential fea'- A-ture's Iofv the invention `iin :which uniformity of .wid-th Vis provided for 'the ducts vand passages. vForinstance as fshoffn-'inF-i'g-ure the collector 4% may have -an inner bounding Wall 2l -so that fsall central y--cl.'1smiloer iis of rannular Yfior-rn. This menstruation is particularly suitable Whereit '-is t-vfclaesired to a transmissioncr other shaft 22 oentrfallyfthroughetheheat-eXchanger. VGlhewvall of the col-lector as inrrglueu may'fbeicyundrreal 11, 2, 4-and5 the coldairpassing inwardlyalong -ducts 14 is discharged into a'common chamber.
fcertain 4'cases it may 'beound preferable 'to ensure that'the-cold air nfrom `one of the ,cham- Jbers lf3 passes 4'toits associated :'hot--air Chamber 1% without mixing in' collector 15. with thegases *from the .other'jco'ld-jair chambers To this end "the central chamber rnay 'be 'provided Ywith a spider `l24 :CFigure 6) whose radial arms extend outwardly to form@ plurality of sealed compart- 'ments "25 veach .of vvhichlis associated with la cold-air chamber V,and ahot-ar chamber.
, When the ducts t4, IE5 shown in ,any .of .the constructions of Figures n1Y ,to 6 'are made from parallel Wall tubes it 'is arranged that banks .of such.tubesjextend along the "length of the heatexchanger trunk.. the tubescf .the .various banks beingaligned sof asQto provide straight-through passages 1S for the exhaust gases.
uan alternative to the ,provision lof tubular ducts 11% 1.1i said ducts maybe ormedin pairs ofy plates Whichextend lengthwise vthrough the .trunk II, and viewed .ndwis'e (that in Athe direction or `flow ofthe exhaustrgases) arecum/.ed to Oncol l,the shanesilescribed wlthreferenceto Figures 1 gto, Each plate'iof a pair is ,crimped at 'intera/'als A along vTits length so as 'to .abut the other plate .and is Alimited thereto, ,the crimps .extending from the' 'edgecf the .plate .which vis -secured 'to the ,Wall Il .of .the collector .l5 to the edge which'is .secured to the .wall .l 2 .of 7the .trunk "I I, vfl'hereois therebyprovideda .unit Whichcoln- .prises Ya plurality -of .ducts side-byside open .at one end to the nteriorcf'the collector .I Eand at the other .end to .a coldfair chamber I3 or a lnotairchamber I8. `.Since each unit .or .pairQo Aplates extends.along'fthelengthcf the trunk Jl.. it provides a row of ductsivhohare placedone -behind ,the a,other .viewed .endwise of the trunk.
` jIt Wllbeobv'ious that with'this arrangement also,
.the units wllllprvide straight-.through passages 'I9 -for .the .exhaust gases.l these ypassages Jo'eing jorlm'edbetween thelad-jacent plate units. The preferred :embodiment of the present .n- `ventfion isshown 'in Eigures ,7, .8 ,and ,.9 of the accompanying ,drawings I f Referring 'toFigure 8:i't Willjbe .notedthat .the ends of .the 'heaterare closed'by v.Dlates..".l be- Ltween .whjch Va,plurality-of parallel tubes 21 extend. 'lhelexhaust gaseslfrom the .turbine pass 'through said'tubes to the discharge nozzle. The end lplates .246.'are for-.med around 4.their circumference :witha pluraltyof .spaced Vears 3| each of whichfis adapted `t'osupport a hood.-33 that .eX-tends :trom an ear ,associated-with ...one plate to-a correspondingyear associated with the other end plate. fhood :assemblage constitutes ,fonesof the :hotecr'ifcold-a-ir chambers vil!! sand #|13 refe-fred@ to above. air lrom'zthecompressor (and to the turbine) isrcafnred by l'ips met shown) which are attached to nanges i The air chambers lI1! and then passes inwardly between the tubes 21 to a collector I5 disposed at the middle of the heat-exchanger. The partially heated air then flows outwardly from the collector between another series of the tubes 21 to the hot-air chamber I8 which is in communication with the turbine.
As shown in Figure 7 thetubers 21 are arranged side by side in a pluralityV of rows generally indicated at 36. Each row is formed by locating the.Y
centres of a number of said tubes upon an involute curve as viewed in the direction of ilow of the exhaust gases through the tubes. The plurality of tubes 21 which constitutes one of the rows 3-6 is equivalent to the passage I9 referred to in the descriptions of Figures 1 to 6 whilst the spaces between the rows (along which Vis conveyed the cold air from the chambers I3 and the partially heated air moving towards chambers I8) are equivalent to the ducts I4 and I6. It will be appreciated from Figure '7 that the passage width b being predetermined is uniform throughout the length of the rows. With this uniform passage width and with the tubes 21 disposed in involute rows the width a of the ducts I4, I6 is also uniform throughout their length.
The tubes 21 are oval in cross-section the shorter distance between opposite walls being equal to the passage width b. In order to pro- Vide adequate support for the multiplicity of tubes the end plates 26 are ,formed with involute slots 28 and a flange 29 bounding said slots. The ends of the tubes 26 are received by the slots 28 and flanges 29. The abutting faces of adjacent tubes in the rows are maintained in contact by a packing piece 30 which is inserted if required at the outer end of the slots 28. So that the tubes 21 lmay form a gas tight connection with the involute slots 28 by which they are carried the ends-of the tubes are upset into a trapezoidal cross-section (see Figure 9). As a consequence 'the abutting faces of adjacent tubes 21 are broughtinto intimate contact with each other whilst the faces of the tubes which engages the sides of the involute slots 28 make good contact therewith. When the trapezoidal ends ofthe tubes 21 are brazed or welded into the slots 28 a gas-tight vjoint is obtained. For convenience there has been shown in Figure 7 an involute slot 28 which is devoid of the pipes 21, and an involute slot 28 showing the disposition of the trapezoidal ends of the tubes 21 therein.
The plates 26 (as shown in Figure 8) extend completely across the ends of the heat-exchanger so that the exhaust gas is constrained to flow along the tubes 21 being prevented by said plates from mixing with theair passing along either the ducts I4, I6 or with the air in the collector I5.
In the construction shown in Figures 7 and 8 the tubes 21 may -be replaced by pairs of plates .bent to an involute shape as described inv one of the constructions above, the plate being crimped and united with the crimps extending parallel with the flow of the exhaust gases through the heat-exchanger.
Although in each of the embodiments described above the collector I is coincident with 'the base from which the curve for the ducts is generated this need not be so. The collector may be of greater or less diameter than said base. Moreover, the regular geometrical figure forming the base for the generation of said curve may in `certain cases be different from the geometrical Aoutline of the collector.
I claim:V 4LA heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends ofthe remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
2. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality `of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another uid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the curvature of said walls conforming to the locus of a point on a line that rolls without sliding around a regular geometrical gure in a plane at right angles to the axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in comlmunication with said inlet headers.
3. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid ows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, said walls having an involute curvature, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger 'and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers `disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
4. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts-and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of Substantially uniform width when measured l in planes at right angles to said axis, the curvature of said walls conforming to the locus of a astanti disposed around'sad heat-'exchanger and cornniunioaing with the outer end 'of some olf said ducts', and a plurality' of outlet headers disposed around said heatfexchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remain- Y ing ducts and-said'last namedducts communieating with the inner ends of the d cts in `cemmunication With said inlet headers. s
5. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts forone fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward thef'axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another rluidllows axially ofA said exchanger,y the walls separating .said ducts and passages being .so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniformi width when measured irl-planes at right angles to ysaid axis, the curvature `of said walls conforming too'ircular arcs that approximate to the locus of a point on aline that rolls without sliding around a regular geometrical figure in a plane at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
6; A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one iluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid Hows axially of said exchanger, the Walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform Width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the curvature of said walls conforming to the locus of a point on a circle that rolls Without sliding around a regular geometrical ligure in a plane at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
7. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the Walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the passages between said ducts being composed of axially extending tubes disposed side by side to constitute chains, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said l0 last named uuctsccmmunicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headersl, U f
8.A Az heat-exchanger 'comprising a plurality of spaced 'ducts "for 'one fluid extending from the periphery -of ysaid exchanger'toward Vthe axis thereof and' forming passages between saidV ducts through which aho'theriiuidflows axially of said exchanger, the lwalls separatingsaid ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles4 to saidk axis 'that saidjductsahd passages are of substantialiy uniform width lwhen `n ieasured in planes atright angles to said/axis, the passages between said ducts'being composed of axially 'extending tubes disposed sid-e by side to constitute chains, a'pluralitypf, inlet vheaders disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the louter endlof some of said ducts, a plurality of 'outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercaia'ted with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating'with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers, and plates provided with curved slots in which the ends of said tubes are disposed.
9. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one uid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform Width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, the passages between said ducts being composed of axially extending tubes disposed side by side to constitute chains, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated With said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers, and plates provided with curved slots in which the ends of said tubes are disposed With the walls of the adjacent tubes in contact.
10. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one fluid extending from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger, the Walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width When measured inV planes at right angles to said axis, said walls being crimped together in pairs to form tubes constituting axially extending passages and disposed in a side by side chain-like arrangement, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heatexchanger and communicating With the outer end of some of said ducts, and a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said inlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers.
1l. A heat-exchanger comprising a plurality of spaced ducts for one uid extending `from the periphery of said exchanger toward the axis thereof and forming passages between said ducts through which another fluid flows axially of said exchanger,. the walls separating said ducts and passages being so curved in planes at right angles to said axis that said ducts and passages are of substantially uniform width when measured in planes at right angles to said axis, a plurality of inlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and communicating with the outer end of some of said ducts, a plurality of outlet headers disposed around said heat-exchanger and intercalated with said Vinlet headers, said outlet headers communicating with the outer ends of the remaining ducts and said last named ducts communicating with the inner ends of the ducts in communication with said inlet headers, and an inner axially extending chamber consituting a means of communication between the ducts respectively communicating with the inlet and the outlet headers.
12 12. A heat-exchanger asv defined in claim 8 wherein at least the ends of the tubes are of trapezoidal cross section to completely ll the slots. Y
ALEC GEORGE HENSTRIDGE.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of le of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS record in the
US545161A 1943-04-27 1944-07-15 Heat exchanger Expired - Lifetime US2479071A (en)

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GB581742A (en) 1946-10-23
CH253090A (en) 1948-02-15
FR932306A (en) 1948-03-18

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