US2476823A - Method of treating polonium plated metal - Google Patents
Method of treating polonium plated metal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2476823A US2476823A US635108A US63510845A US2476823A US 2476823 A US2476823 A US 2476823A US 635108 A US635108 A US 635108A US 63510845 A US63510845 A US 63510845A US 2476823 A US2476823 A US 2476823A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- polonium
- solution
- foil
- plated
- treating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 28
- HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N polonium atom Chemical compound [Po] HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 15
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title description 10
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 13
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001622 bismuth compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000854 Po alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005260 alpha ray Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000416 bismuth oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010960 commercial process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HWSZZLVAJGOAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-L lead(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Pb]Cl HWSZZLVAJGOAAY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-AKLPVKDBSA-N lead-210 Chemical compound [210Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-AKLPVKDBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/14—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with alkaline solutions
- C23G1/20—Other heavy metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C7/00—Purification; Separation; Use of additives
- C07C7/04—Purification; Separation; Use of additives by distillation
Definitions
- Polonium occurs in commercially significant quantities in-radio-lead compounds which are a by-product of the radium refining industry.
- Radio-lead consists mainly of lead, but contains small amounts of radium D and polonium.
- the usual commercial process of isolating polonium comprises forming a solution of a soluble salt, preferably the chloride, of radio-lead and then plating the polonium from this solution onto the art of platingthe sparking characteristics of another metal. Electroplating with applied voltage is not necessary, as the polonium will plate onto most other metals by adsorption or chemical displacement. According to a preferred procedure polonium is plated by chemical displacement from a hot solution of radio-lead chloride onto nickel foils.
- the plated nickel foils may be used directly, melted with or without the addition of other metal to form a polonium alloy, or treated to drive ofi the free polonium (e. g., by vaporization) so that it may thereafter be isolated in a more concentrated form.
- the radio-lead chloride for the plating solution is generally prepared by treating radio-lead oxide with hydrochloric acid.
- the resulting lead chloride solution contains small amounts of impurities, chief of which is bismuth compounds and finely divided, suspended, unconverted lead oxide; iron and copper are also occasionally present.
- impurities particularly the bismuth and lead oxide
- these impurities are co-deposited with the polonium on the foil to a degree which appreciably affects the usefulness of the plated foil.
- these impurities prevent requisite adhesion of the deposit to the foil and permit the deposit to fratzcleims. (Cl. 134-2) ture and break away when the plated foil is cut, bent, or otherwise manipulated.
- the principal commercial utility of a polonium plated foil at the present time is its introduction into spark plug electrodes, it is desirable not to introduce these impurities into the nickelmanganese-silicon alloy from which the spark plug electrodes wires are drawn.
- This invention comprises broadly the removing of surface impurities from a polonium plated metal by means of a solution containing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium persulfate.
- This solution is used in place of the nitric acid solution heretofore used.
- the optimum solution presently indicated contains in the neighborhood of '7 to 8% by weight of ammonium hydroxide and 4 to 5% by weight of ammonium persulfate.
- a solution of this character may be prepared by mixing onepart of 26 Baum commercial aqua ammonia (about 29% ammonia solution) and one part of ammonium persulfate solution (6 ounces of ammonium persulfate to the gallon of water) with 3 parts of water.
- Example 1 The cleansing solution herein prescribed may be successfully employed if the following procedure is observed.
- the source of heat is removed and the plating solution is chilled.
- the polonium plated nickel foils are left in the plating solution during this cooling process,usually until the following day.
- the operator then removes the foils individually giving each a swish in the plating solution to mechanically remove the adhering crystals of radio-lead chloride.
- the foils are thereafter suspended in a-tank of fresh running water for at least minutes to remove all traces of the water soluble radio-lead chloride.
- each foil separately, they are now immersed for a few seconds (usually 10 or seconds are suflicient) in the ammonium persulfate dipping solution, at room temperature.
- the foils are again suspended in fresh running water to remove the adhering bright dip solution. Foils are hung in the air to drain and dry. If on drying,- any or all of the foils show areas of discoioration indicating impurities, the dipping procedure just described may be repeated.
- the appearance of the deposit on the foil is satisfactory, it is either returned to the plating solution for a further coating of polonium plate, or if the requisite thickness of polonium, as indicated by a known method of measuring alpha ray emission, has been obtained, the foils may be packaged for shipment to an alloy manufacturer.
- ammonium persulfate solution herein recommended renders it more suitable than any known method of surface impurity removal for the commercial production of polonium plated metal foil, in that, preciseness as to timing has been made unnecessary and the operation may be trusted to relatively unskilled personnel. Moreover, as the solubility of the polonium in the said solution is low, greater yields of metal plated foil are now obtainable from plating solutions than formerly.
Description
Patented July 19, 1949 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE METHOD OF TREATING POLONIUM PLATED METAL Terrence A. O'Neil, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, assignor to The Firestone Tire Akron, Ohio,
& Rubber Company,
a corporation of Ohio No Drawing. Application December 14, 1945, Serial No. 835,108
ments. It has a half-life period of about 138 days and is a powerful emitter of strong alpha rays. It emits practically no beta rays or. gamma rays, and, during the course of its relatively short life it gradually changes directly into an inactive isotope of lead. By virtue of its unique properties polonium is utilized, both scientifically and commercially, as a convenient and efllcient agent for ionizing gases. An example of an important commercial use of polonium is the incorporation of an extremely small amount of the metal in an internal combustion engine spark plug near the spark gap thereof for the purpose of substantially improving the plug.
Polonium occurs in commercially significant quantities in-radio-lead compounds which are a by-product of the radium refining industry. Radio-lead consists mainly of lead, but contains small amounts of radium D and polonium. The usual commercial process of isolating polonium comprises forming a solution of a soluble salt, preferably the chloride, of radio-lead and then plating the polonium from this solution onto the art of platingthe sparking characteristics of another metal. Electroplating with applied voltage is not necessary, as the polonium will plate onto most other metals by adsorption or chemical displacement. According to a preferred procedure polonium is plated by chemical displacement from a hot solution of radio-lead chloride onto nickel foils. The plated nickel foils may be used directly, melted with or without the addition of other metal to form a polonium alloy, or treated to drive ofi the free polonium (e. g., by vaporization) so that it may thereafter be isolated in a more concentrated form.
The radio-lead chloride for the plating solution is generally prepared by treating radio-lead oxide with hydrochloric acid. The resulting lead chloride solution contains small amounts of impurities, chief of which is bismuth compounds and finely divided, suspended, unconverted lead oxide; iron and copper are also occasionally present.
These impurities, particularly the bismuth and lead oxide, are co-deposited with the polonium on the foil to a degree which appreciably affects the usefulness of the plated foil. Primarily, these impurities prevent requisite adhesion of the deposit to the foil and permit the deposit to fratzcleims. (Cl. 134-2) ture and break away when the plated foil is cut, bent, or otherwise manipulated. Secondly, as the principal commercial utility of a polonium plated foil at the present time is its introduction into spark plug electrodes, it is desirable not to introduce these impurities into the nickelmanganese-silicon alloy from which the spark plug electrodes wires are drawn. Fractional percentages of bismuth and/or lead in nickel alloys have deleterious effects on the physicalproperties of the alloy. For instance, as little as 0.005% of bismuth will have a noticeable efiect on the physical properties of a nickel alloy. The usual practice in removing the said impurities has been to dip the freshly plated foils momentarily in a cleansing solution-of approximately 35% nitric acid solution at room temperature, thereafter rinsing promptly in water. This procedure, though successful in removing the impurities, must be executed with considerable skill and speed or a significant portion of the polonium is removed. With foil on which the percentage of impurities in the deposit is unusualy high, complete removal of the polonium may accompany obtaining of the necessary degree of cleanliness.
It is an object of this invention, therefore, to remove impurities from a polonium containing deposit on metal foil without measurably reducing the polonium concentration on the foil. It is also an object to obtain greater yields of polonium from the polonium plating process than have heretofore been obtained, through the reduction of the amount of polonium lost through discarded cleansing solutions. Another object is to provide a method less sensitive and more operable by unskilled personnel. Other objects will become apparent as the invention is described.
This invention comprises broadly the removing of surface impurities from a polonium plated metal by means of a solution containing ammonium hydroxide and ammonium persulfate. This solution is used in place of the nitric acid solution heretofore used. In the experience of the inventor, the optimum solution presently indicated, contains in the neighborhood of '7 to 8% by weight of ammonium hydroxide and 4 to 5% by weight of ammonium persulfate. A solution of this character may be prepared by mixing onepart of 26 Baum commercial aqua ammonia (about 29% ammonia solution) and one part of ammonium persulfate solution (6 ounces of ammonium persulfate to the gallon of water) with 3 parts of water.
Immersion 0f plated foil in this solution at process.
i to 15 minutes. ,Time, within these approximate limits, and temperature are, therefore? not critical. The operator is relieved of the haste and precision which is involved in the nitric acid In the latter process some sacrifice of polonium is usually entailed and is approximately proportional to the time of immersion. The operator, therefore, in the nitric acid process is continually confronted with the decision of whether he should again immerse the foil to remove the remaining traces of impurities and sacrifice still more polonium. In employing the solution of the present invention, dipping of the foil can be prolonged or repeated until the desired results are obtained.
Example The cleansing solution herein prescribed may be successfully employed if the following procedure is observed. At the conclusion of the plating cycle the source of heat is removed and the plating solution is chilled. The polonium plated nickel foils are left in the plating solution during this cooling process,usually until the following day. The operator then removes the foils individually giving each a swish in the plating solution to mechanically remove the adhering crystals of radio-lead chloride. The foils are thereafter suspended in a-tank of fresh running water for at least minutes to remove all traces of the water soluble radio-lead chloride. Handling each foil separately, they are now immersed for a few seconds (usually 10 or seconds are suflicient) in the ammonium persulfate dipping solution, at room temperature. The foils are again suspended in fresh running water to remove the adhering bright dip solution. Foils are hung in the air to drain and dry. If on drying,- any or all of the foils show areas of discoioration indicating impurities, the dipping procedure just described may be repeated. When the appearance of the deposit on the foil is satisfactory, it is either returned to the plating solution for a further coating of polonium plate, or if the requisite thickness of polonium, as indicated by a known method of measuring alpha ray emission, has been obtained, the foils may be packaged for shipment to an alloy manufacturer.
The selective action of the ammonium persulfate solution herein recommended renders it more suitable than any known method of surface impurity removal for the commercial production of polonium plated metal foil, in that, preciseness as to timing has been made unnecessary and the operation may be trusted to relatively unskilled personnel. Moreover, as the solubility of the polonium in the said solution is low, greater yields of metal plated foil are now obtainable from plating solutions than formerly.
Modificationmay be resorted to and proportions varied without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. The method of removing surface impurities including lead and bismuth compounds from REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,484,690 Walker Feb. 26, 1924 1,535,124 Laughlin Apr. 28, 1925 2,339,545 Dillon Jan. 18, 1944
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US635108A US2476823A (en) | 1945-12-14 | 1945-12-14 | Method of treating polonium plated metal |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US635108A US2476823A (en) | 1945-12-14 | 1945-12-14 | Method of treating polonium plated metal |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2476823A true US2476823A (en) | 1949-07-19 |
Family
ID=24546482
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US635108A Expired - Lifetime US2476823A (en) | 1945-12-14 | 1945-12-14 | Method of treating polonium plated metal |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2476823A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2567835A (en) * | 1949-08-29 | 1951-09-11 | Dow Chemical Co | Removing copper-containing incrustations from steam generators |
| US2626879A (en) * | 1950-06-12 | 1953-01-27 | Lazar Arthur | Process of removing deposits containing lead compounds |
| US3447965A (en) * | 1966-10-31 | 1969-06-03 | Dow Chemical Co | Removal of copper containing scale from ferrous surfaces |
| US4381204A (en) * | 1980-05-22 | 1983-04-26 | The General Tire & Rubber Company | Adhesion of rubber to brass |
| EP0247933A1 (en) * | 1986-05-27 | 1987-12-02 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Process for decontaminating solid materials contaminated by contaminating elements, especially by radioactive elements such as ruthenium |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1484690A (en) * | 1919-02-27 | 1924-02-26 | Percy H Walker | Material for and method of cleaning metal surfaces |
| US1535124A (en) * | 1918-09-21 | 1925-04-28 | Commercial Electrolytic Corp | Gun-cleaning compound and method of preparing same |
| US2339545A (en) * | 1940-10-21 | 1944-01-18 | Firestone Tire & Rubber Co | Method of plating polonium |
-
1945
- 1945-12-14 US US635108A patent/US2476823A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1535124A (en) * | 1918-09-21 | 1925-04-28 | Commercial Electrolytic Corp | Gun-cleaning compound and method of preparing same |
| US1484690A (en) * | 1919-02-27 | 1924-02-26 | Percy H Walker | Material for and method of cleaning metal surfaces |
| US2339545A (en) * | 1940-10-21 | 1944-01-18 | Firestone Tire & Rubber Co | Method of plating polonium |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2567835A (en) * | 1949-08-29 | 1951-09-11 | Dow Chemical Co | Removing copper-containing incrustations from steam generators |
| US2626879A (en) * | 1950-06-12 | 1953-01-27 | Lazar Arthur | Process of removing deposits containing lead compounds |
| US3447965A (en) * | 1966-10-31 | 1969-06-03 | Dow Chemical Co | Removal of copper containing scale from ferrous surfaces |
| US4381204A (en) * | 1980-05-22 | 1983-04-26 | The General Tire & Rubber Company | Adhesion of rubber to brass |
| EP0247933A1 (en) * | 1986-05-27 | 1987-12-02 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique | Process for decontaminating solid materials contaminated by contaminating elements, especially by radioactive elements such as ruthenium |
| FR2599543A1 (en) * | 1986-05-27 | 1987-12-04 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | PROCESS FOR DECONTAMINATING SOLID MATERIALS CONTAMINATED BY CONTAMINANT ELEMENTS, IN PARTICULAR BY RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS SUCH AS RUTHENIUM |
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