US2459805A - Electron discharge device of the velocity modulation type - Google Patents

Electron discharge device of the velocity modulation type Download PDF

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Publication number
US2459805A
US2459805A US462029A US46202942A US2459805A US 2459805 A US2459805 A US 2459805A US 462029 A US462029 A US 462029A US 46202942 A US46202942 A US 46202942A US 2459805 A US2459805 A US 2459805A
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Prior art keywords
electron
potential
high frequency
energy
discharge device
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Expired - Lifetime
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US462029A
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English (en)
Inventor
Fremlin John Heaver
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International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/06—Tubes having only one resonator, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly velocity modulation, e.g. Lüdi-Klystron
    • H01J25/08—Tubes having only one resonator, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the modulation produced in the modulator zone is mainly velocity modulation, e.g. Lüdi-Klystron with electron stream perpendicular to the axis of the resonator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/22—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone
    • H01J25/28—Reflex klystrons, i.e. tubes having one or more resonators, with a single reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the modulator zone in which the electron stream is perpendicular to the axis of the resonator or resonators and is pencil-like before reflection

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electron discharge devices of the kindin which a beam of electrons is directed across a first high frequency 3 Claims. (Cl. 3156) electric field to be velocity modulated thereby and then across a drift space and then across a second high frequency electric field which abstracts energy from the modulated beam.
  • the two electric fields may be coupled together to produce oscillations in known manner.
  • these arrangements comprise means. ior producing alon'gjhe portion of the path or the electron beamraiter passin the second high frequency electric field or energy abstracting field, a substantially constant potential positive with respect to the electron source of the beam and at the end of said portion of the beam path a .sudden drop in potential to substantially the potential of said electron source.
  • the present invention does not relate, namely, a field in which the potential distribution gradually decreases from a positive potential at the second high frequency field to zero or slightly positive or negative potential with respect to the electron source of the beam at some distance from the said second high frequency field.
  • the slower electrons take the shorter time to reach the reflecting point and return to the second high frequency field, and the behaviour of an electron may be likened to the behaviour of a ball thrown vertically into the air, a constant retardation occurring due to gravity, and the faster the ball is thrown up.
  • Figs. 1a and 11 show diagrammatically in plan and elevation an electron discharge device of the velocity-modulation type described in patent specification No. 2,320,860 issued'to John Heaver Fremlin on June 1, .1943.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 are graphs showing the relationship between the beam current and the efliciency of electron velocity modulated devices of known yp and Fig. 4 is a similar graph of a device accordint, to the invention.
  • one embodiment of the invention comprises .a coaxial line type resonator consisting of a length of a coaxial line formed by inner conductor 1 and outer con-1 ductor 2.
  • An axial slot is provided through the inner conductor 1 and at diametrically opposite positions in the outer conductor, the slots in the two conductors being inalignment. to allow the passage of an electron beam therethrough.
  • This beam is produced by a cathode 3 and controlling grid 4 situated opposite the slots on one side of the outer conductor.
  • a reflecting electrode 5 is located at the diametrically opposite side of the outer conductor.
  • a and B are adjusted by means of tips or flanges 6, 1, 8 and 9 as shown.
  • the drift path for the electrons is across the inner conductor I.
  • the collecting electrode is replaced by a reflecting electrode, so that the beam is reflected back across the gaps 'A and B and the transit time from the gap B to the reflecting electrode 5 and back again to the gap B is arranged to be an odd number of halfcycles of the high frequency field so that the reflected bunch of electrons in the beam will occur at the gap B alternately with the bunches of electrons in the incident beam.
  • B this means the bunching is efiectively improved-and the output is increased by the energy extracted from the reflected beam. Oscillation will then be produced by very much smaller current than used without reflection. .-This is dueto the fact that an appreciable bunchin'g' of the beam is produced by very small oscillatory fields which cause correspondingly small losses.
  • the reflection bunching mechanism comprises the flanges 9 which produce a constant potential along the portion of thebeam path passing between the flanges, the resonator being maintained at a positive potential with respect to cathode 3 and the sudden drop in potential is produced by the electrode 5 which is maintained substantially at cathode potential and maybe slightly. positive zero or negative in potential with respect to cathode.
  • the output due to this reflected beam of course, likewise increases at first and then begins to fall off as the incident beam is .overbunched. In this condition, however, the amplitude of the oscillation will be sufilcient to cause'considerable bunching of the incident electron stream during its first passage through the drift tube and the energy transfer on the first transit will be appreciable.
  • Fig. 2 represents the variation with beam current of the efficiency of a coaxial line type device in which the electron beam is collected after a single transit, the starting current, In, being considerable, and the efliciency increasing towardsalimiting value e1.
  • Fig. 3 represents the efiiciency for the energy extraction from the beam after reflection showing the much smaller starting current IsZ (this may easily be made one twentieth of I51 in 'a'practical system) and the ultimate efliciency e2.
  • Fig. 4 shows the efliciency curve actually obtained in practice from the embodiment of the invention described hereinbefore showing both thelow starting current of Fig. 3 and the high flnal efficiency of'Fig. 2.
  • Each aperture may be in ,anindividual; chamber in which case, the chambers are coupled to produce and maintain the electric high frequency oscillations as is well known to those well versed in the art.
  • An' .ultra high frequency apparatus comprising an electron discharge device of the velocity modulation. type including an electron gun for producing and directing a beam of electrons along a beam path, said gun including a cathode, and pliu'ality of means mounted in the order named along said beam path from said gun, means for producing an ultrahigh frequency electricfield for velocity modulating electrons injsaidbeam, means providing a first drift space, means for extracting ultra high frequency energy from said velocity modulated beam and an electrode spaced along said beam from said energy extracting mea'ns for reflecting'the electrons in said beam back throu h said extractin means, the space between said' extractingme'ans and, said reflecting electrode.
  • said ultra high ,fiidquency apparatus further. comprising means connected to said energy "extracting means for applying 'a potential thereto and means con-j ne'ctedtosaid cathode and said reflecting electrode for applying ac'ommon potential thereto, said last-mentioned ⁇ potential being negative with respect to said firstmientioned potential and providing an electron transit-time from said; energy extracting means :to said reflecting electrode and return corresponding to an odd number of half cycles of the. high frequency field whereby. the. rd' s. a bu h h e the arrive th energy'extracting means and arrive atsaidene sy extracting means cluring the intervals'between the arrival of bunches in the incident beam,
  • An oscillation' gen erator apparatusof highl efficiency c omprisi'ng ,ar' electron discharge "dcvice" of the velocity'modulation type including an electron gun-tori producing and directing a beam of electrons along ajbleam path, said g'un'inc'ludg. ing a cathode, and a; plurality. zoi 'meansinouned in theorder named along said b eam path from said gun, meansfor producing anu1trahigh ire quencyielect'ric. field for velocity modulating elec-j trons in said beam, means providing a.
  • first drift space means for extracting ultra high frequency energy from said velocity modulated beam
  • saidoscillation generator further comprising means connected to said cathode and said re fleeting electrode for applying a common potential thereto and .means connected-to said means providing said second drift space for applying, thereto a potential positive with respect to that, of said cathode, said potentials providing an electrontime .irom said; energy extracting means, to salctweflecting electrode and return corres ond:
  • An oscillation generator apparatus of high eificiency wherein said means for producing an ultra high frequency electric field, said means providing a first drift space, and said extracting means comprise a coaxial line type resonator with diametrically arranged slots therein aligned with said beam path, said beam path extending through first and second gaps between the inner and outer conductors of said resonator and wherein said means providing a second drift space comprise flanges at the slot in the outer conductor adjacent said second gap, said flanges being parallel to said beam path.

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US462029A 1941-12-12 1942-10-14 Electron discharge device of the velocity modulation type Expired - Lifetime US2459805A (en)

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BE (1) BE479787A (xx)
FR (1) FR932706A (xx)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2570289A (en) * 1946-04-12 1951-10-09 Int Standard Electric Corp Velocity modulated beam tubes with reflector electrodes
US2630545A (en) * 1950-08-14 1953-03-03 Rothstein Jerome Electron discharge device
US2640172A (en) * 1947-11-15 1953-05-26 Int Standard Electric Corp Hyperfrequency vacuum tube
US2848649A (en) * 1952-01-24 1958-08-19 Itt Electromagnetic wave generator

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2093151A (en) * 1931-08-03 1937-09-14 Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co Pressure compensating gas meter
US2170219A (en) * 1936-10-16 1939-08-22 Telefunken Gmbh Ultra high frequency oscillator
US2190515A (en) * 1938-07-15 1940-02-13 Gen Electric Ultra short wave device
US2190511A (en) * 1938-03-01 1940-02-13 Gen Electric Ultra short wave system
US2216169A (en) * 1939-03-21 1940-10-01 Roscoe H George Oscillator
US2242275A (en) * 1937-10-11 1941-05-20 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Electrical translating system and method
GB537518A (en) * 1939-12-22 1941-06-25 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Improvements in or relating to electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulated type
US2250511A (en) * 1938-09-02 1941-07-29 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Oscillator stabilization system
US2259690A (en) * 1939-04-20 1941-10-21 Univ Leland Stanford Junior High frequency radio apparatus
US2278210A (en) * 1940-07-05 1942-03-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2289846A (en) * 1940-07-16 1942-07-14 Int Standard Electric Corp Half-wave velocity modulation tube
US2338306A (en) * 1940-07-05 1944-01-04 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge device
US2383343A (en) * 1940-08-13 1945-08-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Two-cylinder short-wave resonator apparatus

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2093151A (en) * 1931-08-03 1937-09-14 Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co Pressure compensating gas meter
US2170219A (en) * 1936-10-16 1939-08-22 Telefunken Gmbh Ultra high frequency oscillator
US2242275A (en) * 1937-10-11 1941-05-20 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Electrical translating system and method
US2190511A (en) * 1938-03-01 1940-02-13 Gen Electric Ultra short wave system
US2190515A (en) * 1938-07-15 1940-02-13 Gen Electric Ultra short wave device
US2250511A (en) * 1938-09-02 1941-07-29 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Oscillator stabilization system
US2216169A (en) * 1939-03-21 1940-10-01 Roscoe H George Oscillator
US2259690A (en) * 1939-04-20 1941-10-21 Univ Leland Stanford Junior High frequency radio apparatus
GB537518A (en) * 1939-12-22 1941-06-25 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Improvements in or relating to electron discharge apparatus of the velocity modulated type
US2278210A (en) * 1940-07-05 1942-03-31 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2338306A (en) * 1940-07-05 1944-01-04 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge device
US2289846A (en) * 1940-07-16 1942-07-14 Int Standard Electric Corp Half-wave velocity modulation tube
US2383343A (en) * 1940-08-13 1945-08-21 Westinghouse Electric Corp Two-cylinder short-wave resonator apparatus

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2570289A (en) * 1946-04-12 1951-10-09 Int Standard Electric Corp Velocity modulated beam tubes with reflector electrodes
US2640172A (en) * 1947-11-15 1953-05-26 Int Standard Electric Corp Hyperfrequency vacuum tube
US2630545A (en) * 1950-08-14 1953-03-03 Rothstein Jerome Electron discharge device
US2848649A (en) * 1952-01-24 1958-08-19 Itt Electromagnetic wave generator

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Publication number Publication date
FR932706A (fr) 1948-03-31
BE479787A (xx)

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