US2442550A - Method of and apparatus for casting - Google Patents

Description

June 1, 1948.

G. A. RUBISSOW METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR QASTING Filed April 19, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 M Lv ow N Si mull!!! INVENTOR June 1, 1948. G. A. RuBlssow METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR CASTING Filed April 19, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 June 1, 1948. umssow 2,442,550

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR CASTING Filed April 19, 1945 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 June 1, 1948. s. A. RUBISSQW METHOD OF AND ARPARATUS FOR C'KSTING 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed April 19, 1945 INVENTOR June I, 1948. s. A. RUBISSOW METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR CASTING Filed April 19, 1945' 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 QQ @Q@ 09 .6 30 E0 mvzmon max Fatented June 1, 1 948 NHTED STATES METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR CASTING 16 Qlai ns. 1

This invention comprises a new method and new apparatus for casting and/or molding, and particularly for casting of metals, metal alloys, glass, plastics and any other fusible substances, such method comprising subjecting such sub.- stances simultaneously to the action of two pendulum movements: a first pendulum movement and a second pendulum movement, and provided that the plane in which the secondary pendulum movement takes place being perpendicular to the plane in which the first perpendicular movement takes place. The frequency of first and/or SEC? 0nd pendulum movement maybe chosen of any suitable order or orders as well as the lengths of respective arms or swing-links, and of the resultant compound arm (which latter becomes a slightly variable unit) may be chosen as desired. The lengths of the arms and the length of the resultant compound arm may be independent of their physical lengths and this may be achieved by providing adjustable weights between the centers of the respective pendulum arms and the bot.- tom lengths of such pendulum arms.

The apparatus, as herein described and illustrated, is indispensable for such method to be achieved. Therefore, the method and the apparatus are dependent upon one another and are created by one another.

The products obtained as resultant castings or moldings have very satisfatcory technical and strutural specifications and provide very homogeneous, tight and dense castings, free from air and/or gas bubbles.

Although this invention is described particularly in regard to casting, the same apparatus and method may be used for other treatments, for instance for subjecting to such method by means of such apparatus, various fluids (fluid at room temperature), such as, for example, milk, blood, serum, oils, etc.

This invention will be more clearl understood by the following description of the-figures, which do not limit the invention thereto, but describe some of the preferred embodiments only.

Like references will be used throughout this application to designate like characters.

In the figures:

Fig. l is a side view, partly in cross-section,-with parts broken out, of one embodiment of this in: vo i i n- Figure 2 is another side view of Fig. 1, partly n cr s -section, with parts broken out.

ig- 3 i a diaerammatical representation of the two planes of swing.

Fla i s ano her embodiment of this invention, in side view, partly in cross-section, with parts broken out.

Fig. 5 is a cressasectional plane view in the plane 4-:4 of Fig. 4. i

Fig. 6 is a side view with parts broken out, of another embodiment of this invention.

Fig. 7 is another side view of Fig. 6.

Fig. 8 is another side view with parts broken out, of another embodiment of this inveniton.

Fig. 9 is another side View of Fig.

Figs. 1c, 11, l2, l3 and 14 are diagrammotical plane views of swingdmk positions of the first or second endulum in respective embodiments- Eig. i5 is a diasrammatical interpreta on .of pendulumraction depending upon their swin s.

Fig. 16 is a diagram representing the compound resultant action of two simultaneously operatin pendulum forces.

F 1'7 is a side view with parts broken out, of one .of the pendulum suspensions used for one of these embodiments.

Fig. 1.8 is a schematical representation of a pendulum action combined with inertia forces in a horizontal plane.

subjecting of fusible solids in molten state to an action of centrifugal force and their solidifi: cation under the influence of such action is well: knownin the art and particularly was disclosed in Rubissows S. Eatents Nos. 2208,2230, 2,2 ,256 nd ,3 5,619-

This inventoin provides a new method where instead of constantly applied centrifugal force, the force created by two simultaneous pendulum movements is used, eachofsaid movements being in planes at a. right angle to one another.

Fig. 15 shows diagrammatically a pivotingcem ter oraxis I, around which a lever gllll is pivoted as a pendulum and a mold 192 .representeddiagrammatically as having a weight .of WI, is at.- tached. When such lever till .is in the position at 90 and is then set free to swing, the maximum pressure PX which the weight W of the molten or solid material will exercise on the walls in the cavities of such mold on which it rests will be app o imately:

wherein W is the weight of the metal per given surface, r is the radius of swing or the pendulum lengths, h is the height from the highest-point of swing to the lowest point of swing." lnthe case ch90, h is equal to I, therefore Pm90 =3W-; in the case of'fifl h=uA r therefore Px60 =2W',' in the case of $.52 h=. (l.t r, therefore Pe30;1.66W and compound pendulum apparatus comprising a sup port 30 with a shaft 3| mounted rotatably therein (if deisred, through the intermediary of roller or other bearings). A lever 33 is mounted on said 4 angle a (for instance 90 or less) and thereafter the swing of the lever 33 may be started around the axis ZZ; thus the mold 4| with the molten material 41 being simultaneously subjected to two swinging actions. It is also possible to first attach the arm 33 in its position of a as shown in Fig. l to a locking member 48 mounted in a support 49 which when actuated by handl 50 will release the swinging of the lever 33. With this arrangement it is possible first to start .to swing the casing 40 and the arm 31 around "the axis ZZ and immediately thereafter by releasing the handle 50 submit the whole device shaft 3| and, if desired, thrust bearings 34 may be inserted in between the support and/or the bearing 32 on one side and the lever 33 on the other side. The shaft 3| may also be made rigid with the support in which latter case the lever 33 has to be mounted rotatably on such shaft and preferably provided with hearings to enable it to swing around such non-rotating shaft.

The use of the thrust bearing 34 in combination with the radial load bearing 32 may be substituted by one combined bearing. Such bearings are of importance to reduce the frictions during the compound swinging actions of these two pendulum movements. I

The lower part 35 of the lever 33 is provided with a shaft 36 for secondary pendulum movement and the use of respective bearings 34 and 32 or any combination thereof may also be made therewith if desired. A second pendulum lever 31 interconnected through any suitable member, for instance, a forked support 38, may be mounted on the shaft 36 as shown on these Figures 1 and 2.

The lower part 39 of the lever 31 comprises a casing 40 in which a mold 4| is mounted, shown schematically, such mold, if desired, having a pouring gate 42 and an air vent or riser 43. An interconnection between them, such as passage 34 inclined in respect to horizontal plane from the air vent towards the gate 42, may be used if desired, although not being indispensable. The height 45 of the gate should be equal or smaller than the height 46 of the air vent. This, however, although desired, is not indispensable.

The most essential feature of this invention comprises the simultaneous use of two pendulum movements, one around the shaft 3| and the other around the shaft 36, the axis YY of the latter shaft 35 being obligatory in the plane parallel or the same plane as the plane in which the lever 33 is swinging. In other words, the resultant swinging of the lever 31 and mold 4| around the shaft 36 to be in a plane -(vertical plane when looking at Fig. 1) obligatory perpendicular to the plane in which the lever 33 is swinging.

In Fig. 1 the axis YY of the shaft 36 is shown at right angle to the axis X-X passing through the axis ZZ of the shaft 3|. However, as shown in Fig. 3, the position of YY is not limited to being at the right angle to the axis XX and the position such as Y|Y| or Y2Y2 may be chosen; this, however, still maintains the hereinbefore mentioned obligatory conditions of each pendulum movement to be in planes perpendicular to one another.

The swinging may start after the molten metal or the fluid is poured into the mold or into an appropriate receptacle. For instance, first the casing 40 with the lever 31 may be swung for the to a simultaneous two-pendulum swinging action.

. It should be remarked that in Figs. 1 and 2 the axis YY remains at a constant angle with the axis X X during the simultaneous swing,

this being one of the characteristics of this particular embodiment.

In Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 and Figs. 10-14 inclusive are shown respectively, embodiments and diagrams of another aspect of this invention which differs from the herein described embodiments of Figs. 1 and. 2 by maintaining the axis YY during the swinging movement around the axis ZZ in a continuously horizontal position; i. e., compared with Figs. 1 and 2, this embodiment comprises means for gradually changing the angle between YY and XX during the swing.

In Fig. 4, the support 5| is provided with two or more swing- links 52, 53 each of the same length and parallel to one another in at least one plane. For instance, in the plane of the drawing, Fig. 4. These swing-links, being attached to the support 5|, by respective shaft or pivot 54, 55 and on their bottom ends to a bottom plate or support 58 by shaft or pivot 56, 51. The distance between the axes Z|Z| and Z2Z2 being equal to the distance between the axis Z3-Z3, Z4Z4.

When the bottom support 58 is swung at an angle 11, the swing-links (arms) 52, 53 take the respective positions 52A, 53A as shown by dotted lines. The slight overlapping of arms 52A and 53A is possible due to spacing provided in between them in respective plane of swing, as shown on Feb. 5, for arms 52, 53 and 522, 53-2.

Should such spacing not be provided, the sides of swing- links 52, 53 will touch one another, thus limiting the swing amplitude to a smaller degree.

If desired, only 52, 53; i. e., only two arm are used: if desired, four arms, 52, 53, 52-2, 53-2 may be used. To avoid this touching of arms, when swings of or slightly more than 90 are desirable, the swing-links 59, 60 (Fig. 17) may be provided with cutouts or with curvatures 6|, 52, so that when they swing such curvature prevents the shafts 63 and 64 from touching the arms 59, 60 as shown by dotted lines for arms 59A and 60A.

It is obvious that such positions may be used also for four-arm suspension when spacing is provided between each of respective two arms as shown in Fig. 5 for spacing between 52 and 53, 52-2 and 53-2 respectively.

In Figs. 4 and 5 a shaft or pivot 65 is mounted on the bottom support 58 by means of one or more supporting members 66 and/or '61. Bearing means 68, preferably thrust and radial load combined bearing may be used. A single arm or forked arms 63, 10 may be pivotally mounted in respect to the shaft 65 and a receptable or a mold casing 1| may be attached thereto, or form an integral part thereof. I

At least one mold 12 with mold cavities 13, each 5. mold having at least one pouring gate I4 and. if desired, at least one air vent or riser I5 is provided.

During the swing of swing- links 52, 53 around their shafts 54, 55, the mold center I6 is moved into position 15A as it follows the movement around axis 11, with the same pendulum length I8 as the pendulum length I9 of the swing- link 52 or 53. The bottom support 58 remains continuously horizontal, thus imparting on the mold and the molten material therein, a new and most peculiar compound triple action composed of a first action of a pendulum movement combined with a second action of horizontal inertia force, (due to continuous horizontal displacement of the bottom support 58) and combined further with a third action due to the secondary pendulum movement of the mold around the axis Y- -Y.

To illustrate, with approximation, the action of these forces, Fig. 18 is used which shows in simplified forms, a mold receptacle 80 (or a mold casing) in which a fluid (or a molten material) 8| is placed. If this receptacle is attached rigidly on the bottom support 58 (in the same way as is the mold casing 82 attached to the bottom plate 8-3 of Fig. 7) and if it is subjected to a pendulum swing around the axis 84 (Fig. 18) while remaining horizontal due to being attached to the bottom plate 83-. The fluid material (or molten metal) will thus be subjected simultaneously to a centrifugal force due to pendulum action and to a horizontal inertia force due to forced movement in horizontal plane, the liq- .u-id will take a respective position as shown with approximation by dotted lines.

When swinging in the reverse direction, 1. e. to the left (Fig. 18), the top part of the liquid will displace itself and become horizontal when passing through the 85-85 axis and thereafter continuing the swing towardthe left will again be displaced on its top, and this forming a liquid -level which will be reverse to the level shown in the dotted line for the right swing. Thus, this peculiar pendulum swing movement provides this new peculiar pulsating pendulum force, the application of which, pertaining particularly to casting and molding, is of extreme importance and provides great economical and technical advantages, substituting the costly centrifuge machinery with a more economical one and permitting the use of less expensive molds. The castings so made are of high technical specifications.

In addition to this compound-action of two actions; thefirst a pendulum movement and the second a horizontal displacement during such pendulum movement another aspect of this invention adds an additional third action--of a secondary pendulum movementand if this additional secondary pendulum movement com- ;pris'e'salso a horizontal displacement for the mold, then "a fourth action is thus added:

Two Actions Three Actions Four Actions Single pendulum First pendulum First pendulum- 'a ion action 7 action Sifigle-hm izontal First horizontal d is- First horizontal displacement ,placement displacement Second pendulum Second pendulum action action Second horizontal displacement The compound resultant action, according to the number of such actions, is composedas shown in the above table.

. Fig. 16 shows a simplified approximate diagram representing the pressure forces PI and P2 caused respectively by the first and second pendulummovement, and the resultant force R :P1+P2 The frequency of second pendulum is chosen for this example about some three times larger than that of the first pendulum. The resultant R shows that the pressures of such a compound double pendulum are about six times the weight W at their respective 0 culminatingpoints.

This diagram does not show the vector" direction of such resulting forces but only their magnitude projectedon some plane. Although the horizontal inertia forces are not included in this diagram, it showswith relative approximation the character of forces acting on the molten material in a mold subjected to such compound double swing action.

Figs. 6 and I show another embodiment similar to that for the first pendulum movement of Figs.- 4 and 5, and having for the second pendulum movement the same movement as the first one but proceeded in a plane at to the plane of first movement.

The arms 86, 81, 8'8, 89 operate similar to arms 52, 53 of Figs. 4 and 5 but the diameter between 88-86 and 81-89 are the same.

Such secondary pendulum movement is achieved by providing at least two swing- link arms 99, 91 or four of them 90, 9!, 92, 93. The second bottom support 94 comprising a mold casing 95 remains continuously horizontal while the device is swinging, as first pendulum, the second inactive; or as second pendulum, the first inactive; or simultaneously as first and second pendulum.

Such a device has a compound action composed of four actions-first and second pendulum action and first and second horizontal inertia action.

The number of arms and their positions in re spect to one another may be difierent, and may be as shown schematically in Figs. 10, ll, 12, 13, and 14 where the squares represent the arms in cross-section viewed in a plane.

Fig. 10 represents the distribution of arms as I shown on Figs. 6 and I; Fig. 12- as shown on Figs. 4- and 5-. Figs. 1-1 and 13 have only three arms and Fig.- 14 has six arms.

Figs. 8 and 9 show another pendulum embodiment which produces the same horizontal movement of bottom support during its swinging as described for Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7'.

The support 96 has a sprocket wheel 91 attached to it rigidly. Another sprocket wheel 98 of same dimensions as 91 is mounted on a rotating shaft 99-, which shaft is mounted in the bottom part of the arm [01, preferably through bearing H3. The top'part of arm IllI is mounted r'o'tat'ably on a shaft I through a'forked connection I98, I 99 and bearing H0. Thearin' IU'I may pivot around 'a'xis' I |2-| I2. 7

A chain or belt or like interconnection I96 is provided in between the non rotating wheel 91 and the rotatingone whereby when the arm I91 pivots, the bottom plate 1 M rigidly attached in respect to the rotatable wheel 98 is swinging to and :iro but is remaining constantly horizontal.

The secondary pendulum is provided by means of ashaft H5 mounted on supports iii-H4- and ing actioniis approximately the same as shown in Figs. 4 -and5. f i

The swinging of either. of these devices maybe done either by hand' or with, the assistance of mechanical and/or electromechanical and/or pneumatic and/or hydraulic means or by any combination thereof. Such means are not shown on the drawings since they are self-explanatory and well-known'to those skilled in the art.

The swinging may start while each of the pendudum masses is in its respective position; for instance by first starting the swinging of the secondary pendulum and immediately thereafter of the first pendulum or starting them simultaneously or with a predetermined interval.

If desired, the two pendulum systems may each be attached by suitable holding means to a support so that before the swinging is started they are in their respective maximum swing positions; for instance at 90 of swing and thereafter filling the mold or the container with the molten material and then subjecting first the first'pendulum and then the second pendulum of both to the swinging action or actions simultaneously by releasing the holding means. This enables the masses to start swinging due to gravity.

During the swinging of either pendulum, bolster means may be applied to maintain the swings for a longer time and at higher amplitudes of swing.

If desired, the swinging may be made in a hermetically sealed chamber either filled with a suitable neutral or other gas or having a substantially high or high vacuum.

Having now ascertained and particularly described the nature of my invention and the manner in which it is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is:

1. A method of casting in a mold comprising filling said mold with the molten material, subjecting thereafter such mold simultaneously to two independent pendulum movements, a first pendulum movement of said mold and a second pendulum movement of said mold, said second pendulum movement of said mold being made in a plane perpendicularto the plane of said first pendulum movement of said mold.

2. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to the simultaneous action of: 1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, (2) a second pendulum movement, said first and second movements being made in planes perpendicular to one another. 7

3. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to the simultaneous action of: (1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, '(2) a second pendulum movement, comprising also another movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said second and said first pendulum movements.

4. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to a simultaneous action of: 1) a-first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, (2) a second pendulum movement, said first and second movements being madein planes perpendicular to one another, said enumerated first and second pendulum movements starting resepctively each at a dulum movements, said first enumerated first and second pendulum amplitude movements starting at their maximum swing positions.

6. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to the simultaneous action of: (1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, -(2)" a second pendulum movement, said first and'sec- 0nd movements being made in planes perpendicular to one another, at least one of said pendulum movements being activated from time to time boosted in order to maintain the amplitude of at least one of said pendulum movements.

7. An apparatus for compound pendulum casting of the character herein described comprising two operatively interconnected to one another first and second groups of swing links, being so provided that the plane of swing for the first group is perpendicular to the plane of swing of the second group, and comprising a mold casing operatively interconnected to said second group, each of said swing links group comprising at least two swing links parallel to one another in at least one plane and spaced from one another, the bottom ends of each of said group bein provided with two respectively horizontal bottom plates pivotally mounted on said respective ends of each of said group, the bottom plate of said second group carrying said mold casing.

8. An apparatus for compound pendulum casting of the character herein described comprising a support, at least two first shafts mounted parallel to one another on said support, at least two arms of the same length mounted rotatably by their upper ends on said shafts and with their bottom ends being provided with at least two second shafts on which a horizontal bottom plate is pivotally mounted, a third shaft provided on said bottom plate with at least one arm pivotally mounted thereon by its one end and having its other end provided with a mold casing. I 9. A method of casting in a mold comprising filling said mold with the molten material, subjecting thereafter such mold simultaneously to two independent pendulum movements, afirst pendulum movement of said mold and a second pendulum movement of said mold said second pendulum movement of said mold being made in a plane perpendicular to the plane of said first pendulum movement of said mold continuing said subjecting of said mold filled with molten material until said molten material is solidified.

10. A method of casting comprising filling a mold with molten material, subjecting said mold to a first pendulum movement and simultaneously to a second pendulum movement, and thereafter thus continuing to subject said mold simultaneously to said two pendulum movements, said first pendulum movements of mold being made in a plane which is perpendicular to the plane of said second pendulum movement continuing said subjecting of said mold filled with molten material until said molten material is solidified.

11. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to the simultaneous action of: (1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, (2) a second pendulum movement, said first and second movements being made in planes perpendicular to one another continuing said subjecting of said mold filled with molten material until said molten material is solidified.

12. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to the simultaneous action of (1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, (2) a second pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said second and said first pendulum movements continuing said subjecting of said mold filled with molten material until said molten material is solidified.

13. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to a simultaneous action of: (1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, (2) a second pendulum movement, said first and second movements being made in planes perpendicular to one another, said enumerated first and second pendulum movements starting respectively each at a position of their maximum pendulum amplitude, continuing said subjecting of said mold filled with molten material until said molten material is solidified.

14. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to a simultaneous action of (1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, (2) a second pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said second and first pendulum movements, said enumerated first and second pendulum movements starting respectively each at a position of their respective maximum pendulum amplitude, continuing said subjecting of said mold filled with molten material until said molten material is solidified.

15. A method of casting comprising subjecting a mold filled with molten material to the simultaneous action of: (1) a first pendulum movement, comprising also a movement which maintains said mold continuously in a horizontal position during said first pendulum movement, (2) a second pendulum movement, said first and second pendulum movements being made in planes per-' pendicular to one another, at least one of said pendulum movements being from time to time boosted in order to maintain the amplitude of at least one of said pendulum movements, continuing said subjecting of said mold filled with molten material until said molten material is solidified.

16. A method of casting in a mold comprising filling said mold with the molten material, subjecting thereafter such mold simultaneously to two independent pendulum movements, a first pendulum movement of said mold and a second pendulum movement of said mold, said second pendulum movement of said mold being made in a plane perpendicular to the plane of said first pendulum movement of said mold continuing said subjecting until said material has solidified to the degree that it is at least incapable of flowing.

GEORGE A. RUBISSOW.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,501,338 Henry July 15, 1924 2,118,468 Jungersen May 24, 1938 2,208,230 Rubissow July 16, 1940 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 290,833 Germany Mar. 20, 1916

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