US2431153A - Electronic device - Google Patents

Electronic device Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US2431153A
US2431153A US594016A US59401645A US2431153A US 2431153 A US2431153 A US 2431153A US 594016 A US594016 A US 594016A US 59401645 A US59401645 A US 59401645A US 2431153 A US2431153 A US 2431153A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
heat
temperature
gap
core
cathode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US594016A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
John E White
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CBS Corp
Original Assignee
Westinghouse Electric Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Westinghouse Electric Corp filed Critical Westinghouse Electric Corp
Priority to US594016A priority Critical patent/US2431153A/en
Priority to ES175313A priority patent/ES175313A1/es
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2431153A publication Critical patent/US2431153A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J13/00—Discharge tubes with liquid-pool cathodes, e.g. metal-vapour rectifying tubes
    • H01J13/02—Details
    • H01J13/04—Main electrodes; Auxiliary anodes
    • H01J13/06—Cathodes
    • H01J13/14—Cooling, heating, circulating, filtering, or controlling level of the liquid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J13/00—Discharge tubes with liquid-pool cathodes, e.g. metal-vapour rectifying tubes
    • H01J13/02—Details
    • H01J13/04—Main electrodes; Auxiliary anodes
    • H01J13/16—Anodes; Auxiliary anodes for maintaining the discharge
    • H01J13/18—Cooling or heating of anodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J19/00—Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group H01J21/00
    • H01J19/28—Non-electron-emitting electrodes; Screens
    • H01J19/32—Anodes
    • H01J19/36—Cooling of anodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2893/00—Discharge tubes and lamps
    • H01J2893/0001—Electrodes and electrode systems suitable for discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J2893/0012—Constructional arrangements
    • H01J2893/0027—Mitigation of temperature effects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2893/00—Discharge tubes and lamps
    • H01J2893/0072—Disassembly or repair of discharge tubes
    • H01J2893/0073—Discharge tubes with liquid poolcathodes; constructional details
    • H01J2893/0074—Cathodic cups; Screens; Reflectors; Filters; Windows; Protection against mercury deposition; Returning condensed electrode material to the cathodic cup; Liquid electrode level control
    • H01J2893/0075—Cathodic cups
    • H01J2893/0081—Cooling means

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electronic devices and more particularly to heat transfer means associated with one or more of the electrodes thereof.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide improved heat exchange control between thermally conductive elements.
  • an object of the ⁇ invention is to provide automatic regulation ot the heat exchange.
  • an object of the invention is to provide an automatic heat control for electrodes f.
  • a further object of the invention isvto permit the electrode with which the invention is asso-f l,
  • Another object is to maintain the temperature', after reaching the substantially desired tempera- ⁇ ture, at a substantially constant level over a relatively wide operating range.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to' provide for substantially no heat transfer' under starting conditions and to provide for very large heat transfer under operating conditions which are productive of excessive heat on the electrode.
  • Figure 3 is a cross sectional view on line III-III section II o1' borosilicate glass with two metallic end cups I2, I3 sealed thereto.
  • the said cups may Well be a' nickel-cobalt-iron alloy described in Patent 2,062,335 of Howard Scott, dated December 1, 19,36, that alloy being sold under the trade name of Kovar.”
  • Cup I2'toward the bottom end of the device functions as a container for a cathode pool I4 and shown at the middle of the bottom or end wall I5 of said cup is a depression' I6 for obtaining adequate depth thereatof the pool for immersionv of the tip of a starter electrode or ignitor I'I.
  • Said ignitor is suspended within the envelope by a suitable transverse lead-in connection I8 extending through one side of saidv cup with a vacuum tight insulative seal I9 between the ignltor and lower cup.
  • the upper cup I3 functions asthe anode and is shown with a hat end wall 20.
  • Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of an ignitron, representative of an electronic device, embodying the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a detail cross section on line II-l-IIv of Fig. 1, and showing clip mounting for the device; f y
  • each said body is shown as having a diameter substantially the same as the cup to which it is secured, and is shown solid to provide a mass considerably greater than the cup, and furthermore shown of greater length than the cup and as having a convex or rounded outer end.
  • , that is, the end next to and xed on the end .wall of the cup is preferably slightly greater in diameter than the majority of the length of said body to provide a projecting or peripheral rim to which is attached one end of a collar 22.
  • Said collar is coaxial with said body and of greatlili er length than said body so as to project beyond the-said rounded end of the body. Except for the end margin of the collar which attaches to the end rim of the body, said collar is spaced from the body leaving a peripheral air gap 23 between ycollar and body for most of the length of said body. Secured by the outer end of each collar which projectsv beyond the body, is a radiator core 2l, theend of said core toward the body being concave in parallelism to the convex contour of the end 01' the body 2l. Beyond the collar, said atmosphere transmitted by conduction from the core to the iins.
  • the convex and concave surfaces of body and core are spaced apart with a gap 2S of predetermined dimension.
  • a gap 2S of predetermined dimension.
  • and collars 22 may be included coaxially within an enclosing insulative tube 28 spaced radially outward by means of end rings 30 lling the gap between the end margins of the said tube and the end margins of the collars.
  • These rings 30 may be of metal and soldered or otherwise secured to the collars.
  • Aorementioned set screws 28 extendthrough the tube wall and collars and thereby also retain the tube from longitudinal displacement.
  • the device may then 'both be supported and given circuit connection to the anode and cathodethereof by spring clip xture members 33 shown in Figure 2.
  • the construction above described yconstitutes a plug-type temperature regulator having utility in connection with many devices -involving the problem of heat exchange, of which the ignitron shown is the selected example for this disclosure.
  • Heat is generated in operation of the device of the present exemplication from arc discharge and ionic and electronic bombardment. By conduction, that heat raises the temperature of bodies 2
  • Those bodies are preferably of a material, such as copper orv aluminum, having a larger coefficient of expansion than the material comprising collars 22, which may be the aforementioned alloy, namely Kovar or other alloy or metal having a lower coenlcient of thermal expansion than said bodies.
  • heat developed will expand the body 2
  • the action closing the gap is gradual as the temperature rises and at the first instant of closure of the gap a cold wave will start back along the body from the contacted cooler core which breaks the contact due to resultant contraction.
  • ignitrons of which an example is specifically shown, or in other electronic devices of similar nature, such as thyratrons
  • a gaseous medium for ionization is employed.
  • Mercury vapor in the envelope, evolved from a mercury pool cathode is a common expedient.
  • the invention is not limited to a mercury pool, and is indeed, intended more particularly for use with potassium, sodium, cadmium, tin or other pools which at room-temperature are not fluid but are of a solid nature, and have tool low a vapor pressure to operate a gas iilled electronic device but which may be used at higher temperatures than mercuryand are more susceptible to the control of temperature by air cooling as above described, By use of the structure above described and. for instance, a potasf ture.
  • an ignitron with a potassium pool or cathode may carry 60 amperes average at 30 C. ambient tempera- The potassium will supply a vapor pressure of one micron, favorable for ignitron operation, at approximately C. As another example, cadmium will supply one micron pressure at 210 C. and the radiator fins would therefore be somewhat smaller than the device employing a potassium cathode.
  • the cathode temperature begins at a lower temperature than the one associated '(5 a quite favorable operating pressure, corresponding to pressure at about 40 C. for a mercuryvapor device. It may be further mentioned that the device can be adjusted to operate at other critical or constant temperatures than those shown on the graph.
  • Adjustment for desired temperature constant is first made by screwingr the radiator cores into contact with the heat-exchange bodies, and then unscrewing by the amount necessary to give the desired temperature in operation.
  • a gap of .0026 inch was found acceptable. In practice this gap is obtained by using sixty threads per inch on the radiator core and the sleeve, and backing the radiator core away from body contact by unscrewing fty seven angular degrees.
  • Use of aforementioned Kovar to comprise the sleeve and copper to constitute the heat exchange body obtain the results shown by the graph. It may also be emphasized that the invention makes use of an alkali metal, such as potassium or sodium as the cathode pool instead of mercury, is not only practical but highly advantageous, and obtains increased power output and a reduced arc drop over use of a mercury pool.
  • An electronic device inherently productive of heat means external to the device constituting a heat transmitting body for heat produced in said device, heat radiating means proximate to said body, said body also constituting a proximityvarying means maintaing a gap between the body and radiating means up to a predetermined temperature and automatically closing ⁇ said gap by heat expansion of said body and thereby promoting conduction of heat from said body to said radiating means above a predetermined temperature.
  • An electronic device having an electrode subject to increase of temperature in use, means external to said electrode and device in lheat-conductive contact with said device for transmitting heat therefrom, and heat radiating means normally spaced from said heat transmitting means and contactable therewith as the result of heat expansion of said heat transmitting means.
  • An electronic device having an enclosed envelope and electrodes of which one is subject to increase of temperature in use, a body external to the envelope and integral with said electrode subject to increase of temperature, said body being heat conductive and expandable due to heat, and a radiator having a core in proximity to said body and normally providing a gap between said core and body, said core being' relatively fixed and the gap adapted to be closed by expansion of the body due to heat increase in the body whereby the core receives heat from the said body by conduction at and above a predetermined temperature of the said electrode subject to increase of temperature.
  • An electronic device having an electrode subject to increase of temperature, a body in constant and extensive contact withsaid electrode for transmitting by conduction heat from said electrode, said body being heat-expandable in a direction perpendicular to said extensive contact of the electrode and body, a radiator core opposed to the said body in the path of expansion of the said body, and means supporting said core substantially xed with respect to the said electrode and with a gap normally between said core and body whereby expansion of the body obtains contact thereof with said core.
  • Anelectronic device comprising an envelo having headers at opposite ends thereof, a heat conductive body on each said header projectingnormally therebetween. said body being expandable from heat of conduction from the header an amount equal to the normal gap distance between said body and core for closing the gap and enabling heat of the body to be transmitted by conduction to said core and radiator.
  • An electronic device comprising an envelope having headers at opposite ends thereof, a heat conductive body on each said header projecting outwardly therefrom, a radiator for each said body, said radiator having a core as a substantial continuation of the said body in the same outwardly projecting direction of the projection of said body from the respective header, and means holding said core and body with a gap normally therebetween, said body being expandable from heat of conduction from the header an amount equal to the normal gap distance between said body and core for closing the gap and enabling heat of the body to be transmitted by conduction to said core and radiator.
  • An electronic device comprising an envelope tial continuation of the said body in the same i outwardly projecting direction of the projection of said body from the respective header, and a collar coaxial to each said body and core secured thereto at opposite ends of the collar and holding said core and body with a gap normally therebetween, said body being expandable from heat of conduction from the header an amount equal tothe normal'gap distance between said body and core for closing the gap and enabling heat of the body to be transmitted by conduction to said core and radiator.
  • An ignitron having an anode and pool cathode of low vapor pressure material. as a vapor source, said cathode requiring a considerable use of temperature above room temperature for attaining normal operating temperature and said anode being heated by discharge between the cathode and anode, radiators for both the anode and cathode, and two heat-operated means interposed one between the anode and its radiator and another between the cathode and its radiator, the two said heat-operated means being constructed and arranged to automatically connect the anode and cathode with their respective radiators at different temperatures of the cathode and anode.
  • a temperature regulator of the character described comprising in combination with a source of heat, a iirst element receptive of heat from said source and conductive thereof and expandable due thereto, and a second element normally spaced by a gap from said rst element and contactable over an extensive surface area by the rst element upon expansion of the first element aonucad away fram th ontacting surfaces o said elemems.

Landscapes

  • Lasers (AREA)
US594016A 1945-05-16 1945-05-16 Electronic device Expired - Lifetime US2431153A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US594016A US2431153A (en) 1945-05-16 1945-05-16 Electronic device
ES175313A ES175313A1 (es) 1945-05-16 1946-10-16 Un dispositivo electrónico

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US594016A US2431153A (en) 1945-05-16 1945-05-16 Electronic device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2431153A true US2431153A (en) 1947-11-18

Family

ID=24377170

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US594016A Expired - Lifetime US2431153A (en) 1945-05-16 1945-05-16 Electronic device

Country Status (2)

Country Link
US (1) US2431153A (es)
ES (1) ES175313A1 (es)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2594851A (en) * 1947-04-17 1952-04-29 Bertele Hans Carl Metal vapor electric discharge apparatus
US2650318A (en) * 1951-01-13 1953-08-25 Products And Licensing Corp Rectifier tube and system
US2679611A (en) * 1951-01-17 1954-05-25 Westinghouse Electric Corp Vapor-arc device
US2724785A (en) * 1952-01-26 1955-11-22 Reliance Electric & Eng Co Envelope structure for mercury pool rectifier tubes
US2773211A (en) * 1955-01-14 1956-12-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp Large sealed ignitron-tube
US3735922A (en) * 1971-02-10 1973-05-29 K Fujiwara Combination air vent-vacuum breaker
US4052854A (en) * 1974-07-22 1977-10-11 North American Philips Corporation Heat transfer interface between a high temperature heat source and a heat sink
US20210040004A1 (en) * 2018-01-25 2021-02-11 Tecnica Mineral S.A. De C.V. Liquid organic nutrient for agricultural use and production method thereof

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2045561A (en) * 1932-09-01 1936-06-23 M O Valve Co Ltd Evacuated electric discharge vessel
US2176657A (en) * 1937-02-17 1939-10-17 Rca Corp Air cooling for thermionic tubes
US2289984A (en) * 1940-07-12 1942-07-14 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Air cooler for power tubes
US2302373A (en) * 1941-01-21 1942-11-17 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Ignitor firing tube
US2348852A (en) * 1940-01-27 1944-05-16 Scharfnagel Rudolf Electron tube
US2398609A (en) * 1941-09-27 1946-04-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrode and means and method of making the same

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2045561A (en) * 1932-09-01 1936-06-23 M O Valve Co Ltd Evacuated electric discharge vessel
US2176657A (en) * 1937-02-17 1939-10-17 Rca Corp Air cooling for thermionic tubes
US2348852A (en) * 1940-01-27 1944-05-16 Scharfnagel Rudolf Electron tube
US2289984A (en) * 1940-07-12 1942-07-14 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Air cooler for power tubes
US2302373A (en) * 1941-01-21 1942-11-17 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Ignitor firing tube
US2398609A (en) * 1941-09-27 1946-04-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electrode and means and method of making the same

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2594851A (en) * 1947-04-17 1952-04-29 Bertele Hans Carl Metal vapor electric discharge apparatus
US2650318A (en) * 1951-01-13 1953-08-25 Products And Licensing Corp Rectifier tube and system
US2679611A (en) * 1951-01-17 1954-05-25 Westinghouse Electric Corp Vapor-arc device
US2724785A (en) * 1952-01-26 1955-11-22 Reliance Electric & Eng Co Envelope structure for mercury pool rectifier tubes
US2773211A (en) * 1955-01-14 1956-12-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp Large sealed ignitron-tube
US3735922A (en) * 1971-02-10 1973-05-29 K Fujiwara Combination air vent-vacuum breaker
US4052854A (en) * 1974-07-22 1977-10-11 North American Philips Corporation Heat transfer interface between a high temperature heat source and a heat sink
US20210040004A1 (en) * 2018-01-25 2021-02-11 Tecnica Mineral S.A. De C.V. Liquid organic nutrient for agricultural use and production method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES175313A1 (es) 1946-11-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3309565A (en) Light output of fluorescent lamps automatically held constant by means of peltier type coolers
US2431153A (en) Electronic device
US3989970A (en) Metal halide high-intensity discharge lamp having improved restart capability
US2829271A (en) Heat conductive insulating support
US2722733A (en) Method of making heat exchanger tube
US2135696A (en) Lamp unit
US2353668A (en) Electric discharge device
US2404953A (en) Electric discharge lamp
US2492619A (en) Electrical discharge tube
US2203550A (en) Electric lamp
US3605074A (en) Electrical connector assembly having cooling capability
US1920649A (en) High amperage rectifier
US2091915A (en) Electric discharge device
US2572320A (en) Low impedance oscillator
US2292081A (en) Electric discharge device
GB1237948A (es)
US2152987A (en) Gaseous electric discharge lamp device
US1715151A (en) Composite anode for x-ray tubes
US3222561A (en) Gaseous reservoir
US1900138A (en) Therapeutic lamp
US2155138A (en) Mercury cathode discharge tube
US2352893A (en) Cooling of vacuum devices
US1655966A (en) Arc incandescent lamp
US1630056A (en) Water-cooled lamp
US2409668A (en) Heat transfer means and method of assembly