US2426612A - Combined cracking and coking broad oven of the recuperator type - Google Patents

Combined cracking and coking broad oven of the recuperator type Download PDF

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US2426612A
US2426612A US597028A US59702845A US2426612A US 2426612 A US2426612 A US 2426612A US 597028 A US597028 A US 597028A US 59702845 A US59702845 A US 59702845A US 2426612 A US2426612 A US 2426612A
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cracking
oven
flues
heating
coking
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US597028A
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Charles H Hughes
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Hughes By-Product Coke Oven Corp
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Hughes By-Product Coke Oven Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B15/00—Other coke ovens
    • C10B15/02—Other coke ovens with floor heating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
    • C10G9/14—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils in pipes or coils with or without auxiliary means, e.g. digesters, soaking drums, expansion means
    • C10G9/18—Apparatus
    • C10G9/20—Tube furnaces
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of cracking or pyrolytically treating hydrocarbons to cause conversion thereof and to an improved cracking and coking oven for carrying out the said method, and, more particularly, the invention relates to a method of pyrolytically treating in a broad cracking and coking oven straight chain hydrocarbons, such as paraflin hydrocarbons occurring in petroleum and the like, to convert them into aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzol, toluol, xylol, naphthalene, anthracene, and the like, while evolving vapors containing straight chain hydrocarbons from a fluid hydrocarbon mass and carbonizlng the residue thereof into coke, and to the improved and novel apill paratus or coke oven combination for carrying the aforesaid methods into practice.
  • straight chain hydrocarbons such as paraflin hydrocarbons occurring in petroleum and the like
  • aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzol, toluol, xylol, naphthalene,
  • the present invention involves the discovery that in cracking hydrocarbon vapors evolved during the cokin of petroleum residue, for instance, for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons, it is necessary to control not only the direction of flow of the vapors and the temperature of the cracking fluids, but also the space velocity and the turbulence of the vapors. It has likewise been discovered that a cracking oven having a Although various endeavors were made to 2 special structure must be provided in order to properly carry out the pyrolytic conversion of hydrocarbons while at the same time heating fluid hydrocarbon masses to evolve hydrocarbon vapors and to carbonize the residue into good coke having acceptable qualities and properties.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a new and improved combination of a coking oven and cracking chamber in which refractory materials are employed within a single structure capable of heating a fluid hydrocarbon mass to evolve hydrocarbon vapors therefrom and to carbonize the resulting residue therefrom into coke, thereby effecting the pyrolytic treatment of the evolved vapors containing straight chain hydrocarbons and their conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • 'It is also within the contemplation of the invention to provide a new and improved broad sole fired coking oven in which tar and carbon resulting from the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbons can be made into a high carbon coke having a true specific gravity of 2 or more, and suitable for the manufacture of carbon electrodes.
  • the said combinations involving an arrangement of structural elements which are capable of causing the air being heated to flow through horizontallydisposed recuperator tubes and of causing the waste gas which is being cooled to flow around the recuperator tubes, whereby uniformity offlow and an effective change of temperature is imparted to the air from the sensible heat in the waste ases.
  • the invention likewise contemplates the provision of an oven structure'in which flues are employed below each floor heating flue for the recirculation of the waste hot gases from each heating flue, for the purpose of providing more uniform heating of the oven floor by extending the flame length by means of the recirculated waste gases.
  • Fig. 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view taken on the section line 44 of Fig. 1, in which the travel of the waste gases from the lower heating system into the recuperator is indicated;
  • Fig. 5 shows an end view of the even from the right in Fig. 1, taken from the section line 5-5, showing the gas and air piping to the lower and upper heating system, and air pipe connections to the vapor cracking flues;
  • Fig. 6 is a horizontal sectional view of the recuperators taken on the section line 6-6 of Fig. 1, in which the flow of waste gas and incoming air is indicated by arrows;
  • Fig. 7 depicts a horizontal sectional view taken on the ection line 1-1 of Fig. 1, in which the flow of waste gas into the recuperators is indicated by arrows;
  • Fig, 8 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line 8 8 of Fig. 1, showing the flues connecting the air flues from the recuperators with the lower heating flues;
  • Fig. 9 illustrates a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line 9-9 of Fig. 1, showing the waste gas recirculation flues, in which the flow of the waste gas to the preheated air flues is indicated by arrows;
  • Fig. 10 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line I 0lll of Fig. 1 directly below the floor of the oven and showing the lower heating flues;
  • Fig. 11 depicts a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line "-4! of Fig. 1, showing the longitudinal flues of the upper heating system dithe flow of the waste gases, through structural means for preheating the air.
  • Still another object Of the invention is to provide an improved oven construction for the production of coke and the cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in which cracking flues are so located that a separate long heating flue is directly below and parallel to each individual cracking flue, and in which each oil vapor cracking flue is supplied with an air jet for the purpose of burning out any carbon which might collect in each oil vapor flue.
  • Fig. 1 is a vertical longitudinal sectional view showing a coking oven, tubular recuperators, upper heating flues, lower heating flues. waste gas recirculation flues and other flues in which the oil or other hydrocarbon vapors are cracked, gas manifolds, and piping to the upper and lower longitudinal heating systems, waste gas outlets and cracked oil vapor oil-takes.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a vertical cross-sectional view of an oven showing the vertical recuperators' lower heating system, waste gas recirculation flues, upper heating flues. flues in which the oil vapors are cracked, the air supply to the recuperators, and the air and oilports leading into the oven;
  • Fig. 3 depicts a vertical cross-sectional view rectly below the floor of the oil vapor cracking flues
  • Fig. 12 shows a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line l2-l2 of Fig. 1, showing the.
  • a Fig. 13 illustrates a diagrammatic perspective view of my novel oven clearly showing the flow of gas, air, fuel, steam, oil or tar, etc., therein.
  • the present invention contemplates the pyrolytic conversion of hydrocarbons for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, by the heat treatment of petroleum residues or other hydrocarbon oils. tars, or materials to produce hydrocarbon vapors or gases in the manner hereinafter more fully set forth.
  • an apparatus including an oven structure and cracking chambers or flues in which the pyrolytic conversion can be controlled within a temperature range to effect the desired conversion.
  • Ahigh yield of aromatic hydrocarbons and the production of electrode coke can be obtained by the processing of 8% degree API residuum oil, for example, by charging the oil into the oven at 700 F. and cracking the hydrocarbon vapors produced therefrom at a temperature of about 1350 F., for instance, in the cracking chamber, or cracking flues,
  • the single novel structure or apparatus employed in carrying out the pyrolytic conversion of the hydrocarbons includes a broad cracking and coking oven which, in a commercial installation can be about 42 feet long and about 10)/ ⁇ preheated air from-recuperators-and mixed with recirculated hot waste gases.
  • the entire brick work'structure is preferably encased in a metal shell, such as a welded steel casing, whereby the interior of the oven may be operated under pressure or under sub-atmospheric. pressure, as desired.
  • the .-oven heating system below the ovenifloor preferably consistsof any suitable number of fines, depending upon the oven width employed, the fluesbeing preferably arranged longitudinally of the oven tosupport and heat the floor thereof. "Each longitudinal flue is preferably divided at its transverse center line so that the waste gas-from each half flue is diverted into the recuperators situated below and parallel to the corresponding half. of the oven. The two the floor heating dues and to constantly receive,
  • the hot waste products of combustion which, in turn, pass to the oven waste-gas stack.
  • the cracking and coking oven embodying my invention comprises an arched rectangular broad coking chamber O
  • ber are flues VF-l, in which vapors from the mass of fluid hydrocarbons are heat treated.
  • the hot oil or tar is charged into the coking chamber 0-! through charging ports Pi in both sides of the side Walls of the oven.
  • the oil vapors pass from the coking chamber O-
  • dampers D4 (see Fig. 2) in both of the ducts D, the dampers D-3 (see Fig. 3) in both of the ducts D-2 being open, thus permitting the vapors to flow directly to the breeching B-
  • dampers D4 in both of the ducts D may be opened, and the dampers D'-3 inboth of the ducts D-2 can be closed. The flow or travel of ,the oil vapors then takes place through.
  • the oven is sealed against the admission of air by means of oven doorsOD-l, provided at the coke pusher end (see leftendin-Fig. 1) and also at thecoke discharge end of the oven.
  • each half of the coking chamber 0-4 (see the left and right halves, referring to Fig. 1) and-running parallel to the length thereof are heating flues 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, Band 9 (see the left 'half 'of Fig. 1, and.Fig.- 3)'and l-F, 2'F, 3 F, ".4F, 5--F 61-h, and 9-1 (see the right half of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), which are preferably arranged horizontally, and each half flue is preferably independent of the adjoining fiues.
  • the fiues are separated from .each other by longitudinal partition walls as is indicated in Figs. 2 and.'3 of the drawings.
  • the heating flues I to 9 (Fig.
  • each floor heating flue is a recirculation flue RC, for the recirculation of hot waste gases from and to each floor heating flue, so as to produce, during the operation of the apparatus, a long flame and to provide uniform heating of the oven floor.
  • the tubes of the recuperators are preferably constructed of silicon carbide, which permits the almost instantaneous transfer of the sensible heat from the hot waste gas through the wall of the tubes to the air to be preheated.
  • the recuperator 13-3 is connected with the floor heating flues I to 9, inclusive, through ducts D-S (see Fig. 1), and the recuperator R
  • recuperators R-2 and R,-4- are connected with the waste gas flue C---! (see Fig. 1 and Fig.
  • the portion of the apparatus heretofore described in detail relates to the lower half of the oven unit, which is used primarily for the distillation of the hydrocarbon oil or tar and for the coking of the residue.
  • the upper portion of the apparatus is designed particularly for the treatment of oil vapors from the hydrocarbon oil or tar to effect cracking or the pyrolytic heat-treatment of the hydrocarbon vapors for the production of aromatic oils or compounds.
  • the oven sections or parts are designed to'be operated as a single unit, but the oil vapor" cracking flues VFI may be closed ofi, if desired, by means of dampers D- l (see Fig. 2) and the oven maythen be operated solely as a distillation andcoking oven for the production of coke and high B. t. u. oil gas.
  • the heat-treating flues VF-l (see Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 12) which may consist of any desired number of flues, as may be required to handle the volume and velocity of the oil vapors produced, are preferably arranged horizontally, or in a horizontal position longitudinally of the oven, and may be separated from each other by longitudinally arranged silicon carbide partition walls W Gee Fig. 12), each of which has a multiplicity of projections T which serve to cause turbulence of the oil vapors during passage of the vapors in contact therewith and to produce more intimate contact with the wall surfaces.
  • is preferably provided with regulating dampers D-'l (see Figs. 1 and 2) for the purpose of controlling the volume of oil vapors from the plenum chamber P2 to each of the vapor cracking flues VF-- -l.
  • Each vapor flue is preferably provided with an air inlet A-I from a manifold A for burning carbon in the cracking flues.
  • Beneath, each vapor cracking flue, and arranged in. a horizontal position longitudinally of v each vapor flue VF-l, is a heating flue CF--I (-see Figs. 1, 2 and 1-1).
  • ar preferably single and are separated by partition walls W-l, as shown in Fig. 11.
  • Each heating flue is preferably provided with a separate gas or oil .burner 3-4, which may be supplied with gas or oil from a manifold B.
  • discharge into a flue -4 (see Figs. 1 and 11) and through a stack flue C3 to a Waste-heat boiler, or to the atmosphere as desired.
  • the circulation of gases through the apparatus is as follows:
  • Hot waste gas from the floor heating flues I to 9 inclusive at the left side of the oven in Fig. l flows through ducts D-5, then 'around the silicon carbide tubes SQ in the recuperator R3, then around the tubes SC in the recuperator R-4 and into the stack flue Cl. Simultaneously, hot waste gas from the heating flues F-I to F-B, inclusive, at the right side of the oven in Fig.
  • the air then passes from the tubes in the recuperator R-l into the duct D-l0, from which it passes into duct D-H (see Figs. 2 and 8) and fromthence to ducts D-l2, then upward through ducts D-l3, then upward through the lateral ducts or passageways Dl4 (see Fig. 1) into the heating flues i to 9 inclusive, and l-F to 9-F inclusive, under the oven floor.
  • the volume of preheated air to each floor heating flue may be regulated as desired by means 'of dampers D-IS (see Fig. 1), the air serving to support combustion of the oil Or gas burned by the burners 13-2 at the right end of the oven in Fig. 1, and B'3 at the left end of the oven, as shown in Fig. 1.
  • Each of the burners B-2 and B3 is operated under pressure and has an inspirator action, which not only causes forward flow of the preheated air, but also draws a large volume of hot wastegas from each floor heating flue through openings or ducts CF-2 (see Fig. 1) into the recirculation flue RC and causes the hot Waste products to mix with theair in the duct D-'-l4 (see Figs. 1 and 9) directly below each burner 3-2 and B3.
  • projections PF see Fig. 1
  • the improved method embodying the present invention may be carried out in any appropriate oven.
  • a structure similar to that described and illustrated in my co-pending application Serial No. 510,760 may be used, but the novel system herein described, having oil vapor cracking flues located directly above separate heating flues longitudinally of the vapor flues and the oven, has demonstrated the value of the improved method in actual practice in the crack- 'to about 700 F. and is then continuously sprayed into the coking chamber at various points through ports Pl.
  • the oil rapidly covers the entire oven floor or the carbonized residue thereon, and vaporization of the hot oil begins substantially immediately, together with the carbonizing of the residue and the pyrolytic treatment of the oil vapors proceeds, as described,
  • the process can be advantageously conducted using an eight hour operating cycle divided substantially as follows:
  • the oven can be maintained on stream, that is, with oil being continuously fed into the oven, during a period of about flve and one-half hours; the timerequired for coking is about seven hours, including the time that the oven is on stream; and the time required for pushing the coke from the oven and for lutinB or sealing the oven doors and burning the deposited carbon in the cracking fines is about thirty minutes, thus requiring substantially eight hours to complete the cycle.
  • the carbon which is deposited over the surfaces of the vapor cracking fiues during the cracking operation is quite flufly and is readily burned off by blowing air into each vapor cracking flue through pipes A-
  • the coke which is produced has a true specific gravity, as distinguished from the apparent specific gravity, of about 2.0, or more, and may contain from upwards of about 90 to about 98% or so of fixed carbon, together with a small amount of volatile matter, and up toabout 0.5% of ash.
  • the following specification has been satisfied by my coke: 4
  • breeze certain percentageof fine or small particles of coke, known as breeze. This breeze is mixed with the petroleum residue referred to hereinbefore and is coked as previously described.
  • the product can be sold as electrode coke or as a fuel.
  • the control of the floor temperature of the oven is necessary in order to satisfactorily regulate the steps of the process from the point at which the oil, tar, or the like is sprayed over the oven floor surface.
  • the gas to the burners in the heating flues l to 9, and l--F to 9F, under the floor of the. oven is reduced in volume so as to reduce the temperatur of the floor from about 2,000 F. to about 1,350 F.
  • the tempera- 10 a -F.. and that contact of the oil vapors with the hot surfaces of the cracking flues VF-l is required in order to bring about the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • each of the'vapor fiues are preferably constructed of silicon carbide in order to attain almost instantaneous transfer of heat to the oil vapors, and to maintain the required uniform temperature of the vapor contacting surfaces.
  • the present invention provides a new design of a cracking and coking oven, which in actual practice can be from about thirty to forty feet long at the inside, between the oven doors OD-l about 10% feet in width, from the pusher end door to the discharge end side of the oven, and about 2 feet in height at the spring line of the arch over the coking chamber and about 4 feet 8 inches in height under the arch at the center of the oven.
  • the heating fines of the cracking chamber preferably have a free cross-sectional area of about square inches. It will be understood that although the cracking chamber VF-l is heated in part from the heat coming from the oven Ol, the independent heating flues CF--l provide the additional heat required for the cracking and heat-treating of the hydrocarbon vapors.
  • Each separate heating flue is also preferably provided with a means of control for the amount of fuel to be burned by means of the burners 3-4, and thus of the amount of heat evolved for radiation and conduction to the vapors in the vapor cracking flues VF-l.
  • the temperature of the floor and walls of the cracking lines are preferably maintained at about 1800" F., thus providing a cracking flue temperature of about 1350 F. for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons, such as light oils, from which benzol, toluol, and xylol can be obtained.
  • a controlled amount of heat is supplied by the heating flue system under the oven floor and any desired number of heating fiues may be employed as may be required in any given installation.
  • the present method, and the coking and cracking oven above described may be used for coking and the distillation of coal tar and coal tar pitches, for the recovery of a variety of compounds including creosote and tar acids, and for the recovery ofvolatile products including volatile oils.
  • the novel process and oven heretofore described may be used for heating of oil shales and for the recovery of various by-products including oil and fractions thereof.
  • a cracking and coking oven for the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbon material to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom which comprises a, longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, a series of heating fiues directly below the floor of said chamber arranged side by side on each half of the chamber, means for heating each of said heating fiues, a recirculation flue below each of said heating fiues and communicating therewith at the end portions thereof, a recuperator set below each longitudinal half of said main coking chamber, said recuperator sets having hollow heat-transmitting tubes therein adapted for the passage of air therethrough, said tubes extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of said main chamber, a passageway extending from said heating fiues through the recuperator sets around said tubes to a waste-gas discharge flue, means for passing air through said tubes into said heating fiues so as to preheat the air passing thereto, a series of cracking fiues above said longitudinallyextending main cokingchamber, a passageway for oil vapors
  • a refractory cracking and coking oven of the broad rectangular type for the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbon oils to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom which comprises a longitudinally-extending main refractory coking chamber having a width greater than its depth, refractory chamber heating fiues directly below the floor of said coking chamber on each longitudinal half thereof extending longitudinally of the chamber, means for heating each of said heating fiues, a refractory recirculation 5 flue below each of said heating fiues and communicating therewith at the end portions thereof, a refractory recuperator, set below each longitudinal half of the. said longitudinally-extending main chamber, said'recuperator sets having hollow heat-transmitting tubes therein and extendrefractory roof of said longitudinally-extending.
  • each of said cracking fiues extending longitudinally of said coking chamber for substantially its entire length, means for, passing a hydrocarbon oil into the main coking I chamber, a passageway for oil vapors from the series of cracking fiues, a series ofheating fiues said main chamber into the said series of refractory cracking fiues, means independent of the chamber heating fiues for maintaining the temperature underneath the cracking fiues such as to produce aromatic hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon vapors passing thereto during the porcarbon vapors are produced, means for discharging the hydrocarbon vapor product from said cracking fiues, means for condensing a portion of the said discharged vapor product, means for collecting the uncondensed portion thereof, means for discontinuing the flow of hydrocarbon oil to said main coking chamber to arrest the vaporgenerating portion of the pyrolytic treatment and means for passing air into the said cracking fiuesafter the vapor-generating portion of the treatment is arrested so as to burn on
  • a cracking and coking oven for the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbon oils to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom which comprises a longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, means for passing a hydrocarbon oil to be pyrolytically treated into said main coking chamber during the oil vaporizing portion of said treatment, heating fiues directly below the floor of said chamber on each longitudinal half thereof, means for heating each of said heating fiues to provide a coking temperature during the coke forming portion of said treatment, a recirculation flue below each of said heating flues'communicating' therewith at the end portions thereof, a recuperator set below each longitudinal half of the said longitudinally-extending main chamber,
  • recuperator sets having hollow heat-transmitting tubes therein extending transversely tion of the pyrolytic treatment in which hydrorecuperator set into said heating flues so as to preheat the air passing thereto, a series of cracking flues above said longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, said cracking flues having partition walls of uneven surfaces at the interior of the flues to cause turbulence of the oil vapors passing therethrough in contacting with the uneven surfaces, a passageway for oil vapors from said main chamber into said series of cracking flues, a series of cracking flues heating flues above said main coking chamber for independently heating said cracking flues, means for passing hot products of combustion through said crackingflue heating flues to control the temperature of said cracking flues during the oil vaporizing portion of said treatment, means for drawing off cracked hydrocarbon vapors from said cracking flues while the temperature thereof is maintained within temperature limits to produce substantial proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons during said coke-forming portion of said treatment,
  • a cracking and coking oven for the pyrolitic treatment of hydrocarbon oils to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom which comprises a longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, means for passing a hydrocarbon oil to be pyrolytically treated into the said chamber during a portion of said treatment, heating flues directly below the floor ofsaid chamber on each longitudinal half thereof, means for heating each of said heating flues to provide a temperature on the floor of said chamber sufiicient for the production of coke from said hydrocarbon oil and to vaporize the uncoked portion of said hydrocarbon oil, a recirculation flue below each of said heating flues communicating therewith, at the end portions thereof, a recuperator set below each longi-' tudinal half of said longitudinally-extending main chamber, said recuperator sets having hollow silicon carbide tubes therein extending transversely therethrough, a passageway extending from the heating flues on each longitudinal half of said main chamber through the adjacent rea!
  • off-take duct connecting said oven with said cracking flue for conducting gases and vapors from said oven to said flue, refractory heating flues independent of said oven heating flues and located in the roof of said coking oven and directly underneath said cracking flues to furnish independent heat thereto, and means to control said independent heat to regulate the temperature of said cracking flues to effect a maximum conversion of said straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of parafiins.
  • a refractory cracking and coking oven of the broad rectangular type for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons including the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of paraflins and the production of coke having a density of at least 2.0
  • thatimprovement which comprises a series of refractory heating fiues directly below the floor of the coking oven, a series of refractory recirculation flues below said heating flues and communicating therewith at the end portions of the recirculation flues, means for passing a hydrocarbon oil into the coking oven, an elongated refractory cracking flue incorporated in the roof above said oven and having an extended passage therethrough for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons intoaromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of parafiins, means for regulating the temperature of the floor of the coking oven so as to control the coking of said hydrocarbon oil, an refractory off-take duct connecting said oven with said cracking flu
  • a refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like containinga small amount of paraiflns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking oven for effectively volatillzing vapors of fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbonmasses into coke of high density, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said main heating flue system to recirculate gases therein, a refractory vapor cracking flue system associated with the roof of said coking the heating flues-and of said cracking flues to efiect a maximum conversion of said straight chain
  • an elongated refractory cracking flue incorporated in the roof above-said oven said cracking flue having walls of refractory material having a mul tiplicity of projections to cause turbulence of the oil vapors during passage of the vapors in contact therewith, said cracking flue having an extended passage therethrough for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of parafllns, a refractory ofl-take duct connecting said oven with said cracking flue for conducting oven for I pyrolytically treating hydrocarbon vapors volatilized from said hydrocarbon masses and for converting said vapors from'straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, 'x'ylol and the like, containing a small amount of paraffins, outlet means for removing said treated and converted vapors from said cracking flue system and for conducting said vapors to a by-product recovery system, a
  • a refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including ,benzol, toluol, xylol and the like containing a small amount of parafllns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, an oven door mounted at each end of said coking chamber to seal the same from the atmosphere, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking oven for effectively volatilizing vapors of fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said main heating flue system to re-circulate gases therein, a refractory vapor cracking flue system associated with the roofof said coking chamber for pyrolytically treating
  • a refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, containing a smalfamount of paramns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, a plurality of inlet pipes connected to and leading into the interior of said coking oven for introducing fluidhydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking chamber for effectively volatilizing vapors of fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke of high density, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said main heating flue system to recirculate gases therein, a refractory
  • a cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon .masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, and the carbonization of the residue into coke which comprises an elongated broad coking chamber having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, an oven door mounted at each end of said coking chamber to seal the same from the atmosphere, a plurality of inlet pipes connected to and leading into the interior of said coking chamher for introducing fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, a main heating flue system associated with said coking chamber for effectively volatilizing vapors 18 or fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke, a recirculating flue opera'tively astociated with said main heati flue system to recirculate gases therein, a vapor cracking flue system associated
  • a refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid-hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, containing a small amount of parafllns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, means provided at each end of said coking chamber and capable of sealing the same from the atmosphere and capable of permitting the removal of coke when said coking chamber is unsealed, means for introducing fluid hydrocarbon masses into said coking chamber, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking oven for efiectively volatilizing gases and vapors from fluid hydrocarbon masses contained in said coking oven and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said

Description

Sept. 2, 1947. c. H; HUGHES I COMBINED CRACKING AND COKING BROAD OVEN OF THE RECUPERATOR TYPE Filed June 1, 1945 6 SheetsSheet l IN VEN TOR. CHARLESKHHUG'HEE ATTORNEY P 1947- c. H. HUGHES 2,426,612
COMBINED CRACKING AND COKING BROAD OVEN OF THE RECUPERATOR TYPE Filed June 1, 1945 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 Fig E.
INVENTOR. cwAkzesuuuqne-s ATTDQA/F p 1947- c. H. HUGHES 2,426,612
COMBINED CRACKING AND COKING BROAD OVEN OF THE RECUPERA'IOR TYPE Filed June 1, 1945 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 ATTDRNEY p 2, 1947' I c. H. HUGHES 2,426,612
CQHBINED CRACKING AND COKING BROAD OVEN OF THE RECUPERATOR TYPE Filed June 1, 1945 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 I4mllgulzl llmualrluunulllzluzlu.rrmzlultgluulmw' lllmnlllllllllmlll m1 2 Fly]. 1
CfF 17-5 D16 10. 'INVENTOR.
DHARL EBJ-LHUGHES ATTDR'NEY Sept. 2, 1947. c. H. HUGHES COMBINED CRACKING AND COKING BROAD OVEN OF THE RECUPERATOR TYPE 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed June 1, 1945 X kh Bk Wkb mkhxs 3.
.E H H .5 m5 1 VU K W MG mw Patented Sept. 2, 1947 COMBINED CRACKING ANDCOKING BROAD OVEN OF THE RECUPERATOR TYPE Charles H. Hughes, Glen Ridge, N. J., assignor to Hughes By-Product Coke Oven Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of \New York Application June 1, 1945, Serial No. 597,028
(o1. fee-104) 13 Claims. 1
The present invention relates to a method of cracking or pyrolytically treating hydrocarbons to cause conversion thereof and to an improved cracking and coking oven for carrying out the said method, and, more particularly, the invention relates to a method of pyrolytically treating in a broad cracking and coking oven straight chain hydrocarbons, such as paraflin hydrocarbons occurring in petroleum and the like, to convert them into aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzol, toluol, xylol, naphthalene, anthracene, and the like, while evolving vapors containing straight chain hydrocarbons from a fluid hydrocarbon mass and carbonizlng the residue thereof into coke, and to the improved and novel apill paratus or coke oven combination for carrying the aforesaid methods into practice.
Heretofore, various methods have been used for converting hydrocarbons into other hydrocarbon reaction products. Generally speaking,- such conversions were formerly conducted in a variety of apparatus, including stills, cracking units, etc. In recent years, attempts have been made to conduct the pyrolytic conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons in ovens, such as coking ovens of the broad type. Various difficulties were encountered in these attempts and unsuccessful. results or unsatisfactory results were obtained, including failures in certain instances. The most serious difficulties encountered were the choking up of channels and conduits with carbon, carbon residues, soot, and the like, the production of low yields of aromatic hydrocarbons, the poor coking of the residue of fluid hydrocarbon masses, and the poor quality and low grade of the aromatic hydrocarbons and coke which were produced. In attempts at actual commercial operations of the pyrolytic conversion of hydrocarbons, the results obtained were so poor that the operations were discontinued and were given up as commercially inadvisable or as industrial failures. overcome the foregoing difliculties, none, as far as I am aware, has been wholly satisfactory for commercial operation conducted on a full industrial scale.
The present invention involves the discovery that in cracking hydrocarbon vapors evolved during the cokin of petroleum residue, for instance, for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons, it is necessary to control not only the direction of flow of the vapors and the temperature of the cracking fluids, but also the space velocity and the turbulence of the vapors. It has likewise been discovered that a cracking oven having a Although various endeavors were made to 2 special structure must be provided in order to properly carry out the pyrolytic conversion of hydrocarbons while at the same time heating fluid hydrocarbon masses to evolve hydrocarbon vapors and to carbonize the residue into good coke having acceptable qualities and properties.
It is an object of the present invention to provide for the pyrolytic conversion on a commercial or industrial scale of low cost hydrocarbon residual oils or the like to provide light oils, benzol, toluol, xylol and other aromatic hydrocarbons, together with coke, of a high quality and high yield.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved process for the cracking of straight chain hydrocarbons and their conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons with a sufficiently high yield to warrant industrial operation.
A further object of the invention is to provide a new and improved combination of a coking oven and cracking chamber in which refractory materials are employed within a single structure capable of heating a fluid hydrocarbon mass to evolve hydrocarbon vapors therefrom and to carbonize the resulting residue therefrom into coke, thereby effecting the pyrolytic treatment of the evolved vapors containing straight chain hydrocarbons and their conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons.
'It is also within the contemplation of the invention to provide a new and improved broad sole fired coking oven in which tar and carbon resulting from the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbons can be made into a high carbon coke having a true specific gravity of 2 or more, and suitable for the manufacture of carbon electrodes.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide a cracking and coking oven of novel and improved design providing a heating system for the distillation of heavy petroleum tar or the like and also a separate heating system within the same oven structure for the crackingof the oil vapors and the pyrolysis of parallins for the production of aromatic oils and other aromatic hydrocarbons.
It is also an object of the invention to provide an improved broad cracking and coking oven having the walls of the vapor flues constructed with uneven surfaces to produce turbulence of the oil vapors in such a manner as to cause the oil vapors to contact the hot wall surfaces, whereby efiective pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbons can be conducted.
Moreover, it is an object of the invention to provide a cracking and coking oven involving novel and improved combinations in which an increased.
and positive control of the flow and velocityof the oil vapors through the vapor flues is maintained, and in which positive control of the air to be preheated is provided, together with positive control of the waste gas from the oven, the said combinations involving an arrangement of structural elements which are capable of causing the air being heated to flow through horizontallydisposed recuperator tubes and of causing the waste gas which is being cooled to flow around the recuperator tubes, whereby uniformity offlow and an effective change of temperature is imparted to the air from the sensible heat in the waste ases. g Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to provide a broad cracking and coking oven having a multiplicity of straight, independent heating flues extending parallel to the oven and divided on the center line of the oven, so that the heating flues connect on each side of the center line of the oven with two separate recuperators, thus providing for a continuous stream of the heating gases throughout the whole heating system from each flue burner to the recuperators and the stack.
The invention likewise contemplates the provision of an oven structure'in which flues are employed below each floor heating flue for the recirculation of the waste hot gases from each heating flue, for the purpose of providing more uniform heating of the oven floor by extending the flame length by means of the recirculated waste gases.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a structure in which the recirculation of the waste gases passing through and around the flames from the floor burners reduces the flametemperature due to the presence of water vapor in the waste gas. It is a further object of the invention to provide a broad sole flred oven having a multiplicity of burners and heating flues under constant and uniform temperature without having to reverse taken on the section line 3-3 of Fig. 1, in which the flow of air is indicated through the tubular recuperators by means of arrows, and the flow of oil or other hydrocarbon vapors directly from the oven to the vapor off-take is also indicated by means of arrows:
Fig. 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view taken on the section line 44 of Fig. 1, in which the travel of the waste gases from the lower heating system into the recuperator is indicated;
Fig. 5 shows an end view of the even from the right in Fig. 1, taken from the section line 5-5, showing the gas and air piping to the lower and upper heating system, and air pipe connections to the vapor cracking flues;
Fig. 6 is a horizontal sectional view of the recuperators taken on the section line 6-6 of Fig. 1, in which the flow of waste gas and incoming air is indicated by arrows;
Fig. 7 depicts a horizontal sectional view taken on the ection line 1-1 of Fig. 1, in which the flow of waste gas into the recuperators is indicated by arrows;
Fig, 8 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line 8 8 of Fig. 1, showing the flues connecting the air flues from the recuperators with the lower heating flues;
Fig. 9 illustrates a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line 9-9 of Fig. 1, showing the waste gas recirculation flues, in which the flow of the waste gas to the preheated air flues is indicated by arrows;
Fig. 10 is a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line I 0lll of Fig. 1 directly below the floor of the oven and showing the lower heating flues;
Fig. 11 depicts a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line "-4! of Fig. 1, showing the longitudinal flues of the upper heating system dithe flow of the waste gases, through structural means for preheating the air. Still another object Of the invention is to provide an improved oven construction for the production of coke and the cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in which cracking flues are so located that a separate long heating flue is directly below and parallel to each individual cracking flue, and in which each oil vapor cracking flue is supplied with an air jet for the purpose of burning out any carbon which might collect in each oil vapor flue.
With these and other objects in view, the invention comprises the various features and combinations hereinafter more fully described and more particularly defined in the annexed claims. I
The invention is illustrated in and described in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 is a vertical longitudinal sectional view showing a coking oven, tubular recuperators, upper heating flues, lower heating flues. waste gas recirculation flues and other flues in which the oil or other hydrocarbon vapors are cracked, gas manifolds, and piping to the upper and lower longitudinal heating systems, waste gas outlets and cracked oil vapor oil-takes.
Fig. 2 illustrates a vertical cross-sectional view of an oven showing the vertical recuperators' lower heating system, waste gas recirculation flues, upper heating flues. flues in which the oil vapors are cracked, the air supply to the recuperators, and the air and oilports leading into the oven;
Fig. 3 depicts a vertical cross-sectional view rectly below the floor of the oil vapor cracking flues;
Fig. 12 shows a horizontal sectional view taken on the section line l2-l2 of Fig. 1, showing the.
oil vapor cracking flues extending longitudinally of the oven, the view showing in detail the irregular surfaces of the cracking flues; and a Fig. 13 illustrates a diagrammatic perspective view of my novel oven clearly showing the flow of gas, air, fuel, steam, oil or tar, etc., therein.
Broadly stated, the present invention contemplates the pyrolytic conversion of hydrocarbons for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, by the heat treatment of petroleum residues or other hydrocarbon oils. tars, or materials to produce hydrocarbon vapors or gases in the manner hereinafter more fully set forth. In accordance with themvention an apparatus is provided including an oven structure and cracking chambers or flues in which the pyrolytic conversion can be controlled within a temperature range to effect the desired conversion.
By controlling the direction of flow of the hy-' ducted within a single structure having a novel I Y combination of cooperating elements by which improved results are obtained, eliminating certain operating difficulties of prior operations and substantially reducing the cost of manufacture of the products obtained thereby. Ahigh yield of aromatic hydrocarbons and the production of electrode coke can be obtained by the processing of 8% degree API residuum oil, for example, by charging the oil into the oven at 700 F. and cracking the hydrocarbon vapors produced therefrom at a temperature of about 1350 F., for instance, in the cracking chamber, or cracking flues,
hereinafter described and the sub-sequent recovery and separation of components of the reaction produced.
The single novel structure or apparatus employed in carrying out the pyrolytic conversion of the hydrocarbons includes a broad cracking and coking oven which, in a commercial installation can be about 42 feet long and about 10)/{ preheated air from-recuperators-and mixed with recirculated hot waste gases. Housed Within the upper part of the oven structure'is a cracking chamber provided withan independent heating system which can be so controlled as to obtain the desired temperature in the floor and side walls of the oil cracking fiues, The entire brick work'structure is preferably encased in a metal shell, such as a welded steel casing, whereby the interior of the oven may be operated under pressure or under sub-atmospheric. pressure, as desired.
Generally speaking, the .-oven heating system below the ovenifloorpreferably consistsof any suitable number of fines, depending upon the oven width employed, the fluesbeing preferably arranged longitudinally of the oven tosupport and heat the floor thereof. "Each longitudinal flue is preferably divided at its transverse center line so that the waste gas-from each half flue is diverted into the recuperators situated below and parallel to the corresponding half. of the oven. The two the floor heating dues and to constantly receive,
the hot waste products of combustion which, in turn, pass to the oven waste-gas stack.
Referring more in detail to the drawings, it Will be understood that the cracking and coking oven embodying my invention comprises an arched rectangular broad coking chamber O| in which the fluid hydrocarbon mass, such as oil residue, tar or the like, is heat treated and distilled, leaving carbon, which is one of the products of the reaction or heat treatment, on the oven floor to be coked. ber are flues VF-l, in which vapors from the mass of fluid hydrocarbons are heat treated. The hot oil or tar is charged into the coking chamber 0-! through charging ports Pi in both sides of the side Walls of the oven. The oil vapors pass from the coking chamber O-| through damper-controlled off-take ducts D, at both sides of the oven, into a top plenum chamber P-2, and thence through ducts D-l, controlled by dampers D-l, into vapor heat-treating flues VFI and Superimposed upon the coking chain 7 out of the oven structure through breaching 3-! and wash-oil valve V-2. into a. vapor flue V--3 to a conventional or standard by-product recove y apparatus well known to those skilled in the art.
At the beginning of the distillation Process,-
dampers D4 (see Fig. 2) in both of the ducts D, the dampers D-3 (see Fig. 3) in both of the ducts D-2 being open, thus permitting the vapors to flow directly to the breeching B-|, through the wash-oil valve V2,- to the vapor main V-3, and from thence to the by-product recovery apparatus. After the floor of the oven is covered with the hydrocarbon oil or tar to be treated, and coking has started, dampers D4 in both of the ducts D may be opened, and the dampers D'-3 inboth of the ducts D-2 can be closed. The flow or travel of ,the oil vapors then takes place through. the oil cracking vapor fiues VF--l to the breeching B-l, through the wash-oil valve V--2, to the vapor main V-3, and to the by-product recovery apparatus. During the entire oil cracking operation, the oven is sealed against the admission of air by means of oven doorsOD-l, provided at the coke pusher end (see leftendin-Fig. 1) and also at thecoke discharge end of the oven.
Beneath each half of the coking chamber 0-4 (see the left and right halves, referring to Fig. 1) and-running parallel to the length thereof are heating flues 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, Band 9 (see the left 'half 'of Fig. 1, and.Fig.- 3)'and l-F, 2'F, 3 F, ".4F, 5--F 61-h, and 9-1 (see the right half of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), which are preferably arranged horizontally, and each half flue is preferably independent of the adjoining fiues. The fiues are separated from .each other by longitudinal partition walls as is indicated in Figs. 2 and.'3 of the drawings. The heating flues I to 9 (Fig. 3) and l-F-to 9F (Fig. 2) are provided at the outer ends thereof with suitable heat- (see Fig. 1), which can be supplied with fuel in a manner to be hereinafter described. Below each floor heating flue is a recirculation flue RC, for the recirculation of hot waste gases from and to each floor heating flue, so as to produce, during the operation of the apparatus, a long flame and to provide uniform heating of the oven floor.
Below the recirculation flues RC on each half of the oven are located two sets of recuperators Ri, R-2 and R-3, R-4, the recuperators R-l and R-2 being in series, and R-3 and R 4 beiug also in series, but the two sets in series operate independently of each other, as will be apparent from the detailed description of the operation of the apparatus hereinafter more fully set forth. The tubes of the recuperators are preferably constructed of silicon carbide, which permits the almost instantaneous transfer of the sensible heat from the hot waste gas through the wall of the tubes to the air to be preheated.
The recuperator 13-3 is connected with the floor heating flues I to 9, inclusive, through ducts D-S (see Fig. 1), and the recuperator R| is connected with the floor heating flues l--F to 9F, inclusive, through ducts D-6 (see Fig. 1).
The recuperators R-2 and R,-4- are connected with the waste gas flue C---! (see Fig. 1 and Fig.
It will be.understood that the portion of the apparatus heretofore described in detail relates to the lower half of the oven unit, which is used primarily for the distillation of the hydrocarbon oil or tar and for the coking of the residue. The upper portion of the apparatus is designed particularly for the treatment of oil vapors from the hydrocarbon oil or tar to effect cracking or the pyrolytic heat-treatment of the hydrocarbon vapors for the production of aromatic oils or compounds. The oven sections or parts are designed to'be operated as a single unit, but the oil vapor" cracking flues VFI may be closed ofi, if desired, by means of dampers D- l (see Fig. 2) and the oven maythen be operated solely as a distillation andcoking oven for the production of coke and high B. t. u. oil gas.
The heat-treating flues VF-l (see Figs. 1, 2, 4 and 12) which may consist of any desired number of flues, as may be required to handle the volume and velocity of the oil vapors produced, are preferably arranged horizontally, or in a horizontal position longitudinally of the oven, and may be separated from each other by longitudinally arranged silicon carbide partition walls W Gee Fig. 12), each of which has a multiplicity of projections T which serve to cause turbulence of the oil vapors during passage of the vapors in contact therewith and to produce more intimate contact with the wall surfaces.
Each duct D-| is preferably provided with regulating dampers D-'l (see Figs. 1 and 2) for the purpose of controlling the volume of oil vapors from the plenum chamber P2 to each of the vapor cracking flues VF-- -l. Each vapor flue is preferably provided with an air inlet A-I from a manifold A for burning carbon in the cracking flues. Beneath, each vapor cracking flue, and arranged in. a horizontal position longitudinally of v each vapor flue VF-l, is a heating flue CF--I (-see Figs. 1, 2 and 1-1). These heating flues CF| ar preferably single and are separated by partition walls W-l, as shown in Fig. 11. Each heating flue is preferably provided with a separate gas or oil .burner 3-4, which may be supplied with gas or oil from a manifold B. The products of combustion from all of the heating flues CF| discharge into a flue -4 (see Figs. 1 and 11) and through a stack flue C3 to a Waste-heat boiler, or to the atmosphere as desired.
When hydrocarbon vapors from the charge of residue oil or tar have been evolved and there are substantially no more vapors to heat-treat in the flues VF-l, and the carbonaceous residue has been thoroughly coked, then the cok product is ready to be pushed from the oven into a standard quenching car or other suitable container.
The circulation of gases through the apparatus is as follows:
Hot waste gas from the floor heating flues I to 9 inclusive at the left side of the oven in Fig. l, flows through ducts D-5, then 'around the silicon carbide tubes SQ in the recuperator R3, then around the tubes SC in the recuperator R-4 and into the stack flue Cl. Simultaneously, hot waste gas from the heating flues F-I to F-B, inclusive, at the right side of the oven in Fig. 1,- flows through the ducts D-G into the recuperator R-I, around the silicon carbide tubes SC therein, then through the passageway at th right into the recuperator R2 around the sillcon carblide tubes therein and then into the stack flue C-- The air required for combustion in the floor heating flues enters the apparatus through the duct A2 (se Fig. 2) and passes through duct D-8, from which it is distributed through the silicon carbide tubes SC in the recuperator R-I, where it is preheated, and then passes into the duct or passageway D9 and is distributed therefrom into the silicon carbide tubes SC oi the recuperator R-l, where the temperature is normally raised to about 1500 F. The air then passes from the tubes in the recuperator R-l into the duct D-l0, from which it passes into duct D-H (see Figs. 2 and 8) and fromthence to ducts D-l2, then upward through ducts D-l3, then upward through the lateral ducts or passageways Dl4 (see Fig. 1) into the heating flues i to 9 inclusive, and l-F to 9-F inclusive, under the oven floor.
The volume of preheated air to each floor heating flue may be regulated as desired by means 'of dampers D-IS (see Fig. 1), the air serving to support combustion of the oil Or gas burned by the burners 13-2 at the right end of the oven in Fig. 1, and B'3 at the left end of the oven, as shown in Fig. 1. Each of the burners B-2 and B3 is operated under pressure and has an inspirator action, which not only causes forward flow of the preheated air, but also draws a large volume of hot wastegas from each floor heating flue through openings or ducts CF-2 (see Fig. 1) into the recirculation flue RC and causes the hot Waste products to mix with theair in the duct D-'-l4 (see Figs. 1 and 9) directly below each burner 3-2 and B3. At the inner end of the recirculation flues are projections PF (see Fig. 1)
which extend upwardly into each heating flue and serve to deflect a volume of the hot waste gas into each recirculating flue RC.
The improved method embodying the present invention may be carried out in any appropriate oven. For instance, a structure similar to that described and illustrated in my co-pending application Serial No. 510,760 may be used, but the novel system herein described, having oil vapor cracking flues located directly above separate heating flues longitudinally of the vapor flues and the oven, has demonstrated the value of the improved method in actual practice in the crack- 'to about 700 F. and is then continuously sprayed into the coking chamber at various points through ports Pl. The oil rapidly covers the entire oven floor or the carbonized residue thereon, and vaporization of the hot oil begins substantially immediately, together with the carbonizing of the residue and the pyrolytic treatment of the oil vapors proceeds, as described,
The process can be advantageously conducted using an eight hour operating cycle divided substantially as follows: The oven can be maintained on stream, that is, with oil being continuously fed into the oven, during a period of about flve and one-half hours; the timerequired for coking is about seven hours, including the time that the oven is on stream; and the time required for pushing the coke from the oven and for lutinB or sealing the oven doors and burning the deposited carbon in the cracking fines is about thirty minutes, thus requiring substantially eight hours to complete the cycle. The carbon which is deposited over the surfaces of the vapor cracking fiues during the cracking operation is quite flufly and is readily burned off by blowing air into each vapor cracking flue through pipes A-| (see Figs. 1 and 5) during the last thirty minutes of operation of the cycle. The coke which is produced has a true specific gravity, as distinguished from the apparent specific gravity, of about 2.0, or more, and may contain from upwards of about 90 to about 98% or so of fixed carbon, together with a small amount of volatile matter, and up toabout 0.5% of ash. The following specification has been satisfied by my coke: 4
Maximum percentage Moisture 0.0 Volatile matter 0.5 Ash 0.45 Silicon 0.06 Iron 0.06 Calcium 0.00 Sulphur 0.40 Soluble salts 0.05 Carbon 98.48
Total 100.00
Real density or true specific gravity minimum 2.00
In the coking of any carbonaceous material, a
certain percentageof fine or small particles of coke, known as breeze, is produced. This breeze is mixed with the petroleum residue referred to hereinbefore and is coked as previously described. The product can be sold as electrode coke or as a fuel.
The control of the floor temperature of the oven is necessary in order to satisfactorily regulate the steps of the process from the point at which the oil, tar, or the like is sprayed over the oven floor surface. In order to maintain control of the oven floor temperature, the gas to the burners in the heating flues l to 9, and l--F to 9F, under the floor of the. oven is reduced in volume so as to reduce the temperatur of the floor from about 2,000 F. to about 1,350 F. The tempera- 10 a -F.. and that contact of the oil vapors with the hot surfaces of the cracking flues VF-l is required in order to bring about the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons. To insure contact of the hot hydrocarbon vapors with the hot cracking and heattreating surfaces of the cracking flues, means are provided on the surfaces thereof for causing turbulence of the hot oil vapors. To provide for an average temperature of about 1350 F. within the cracking flues VF-I, the floor and side walls of each of the'vapor fiues are preferably constructed of silicon carbide in order to attain almost instantaneous transfer of heat to the oil vapors, and to maintain the required uniform temperature of the vapor contacting surfaces. It has been found as a result of experiments and tests that it is necessary to cause the hydrocarbon vapors to intimately contact the hot surfaces of the oil cracking flues in order toeffect the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into the desired aromatic hydrocarbons, The upper heating system heretofore described, including the superimposed vapor cracking lines. has been designedly incorporated in connection with the oven structure of my invention as a means of heating each vapor cracking flue by means of heat radiated into each vapor cracking flue. By means 1 of the structure as shown and described, turbuture of the oven floor drops rapidly as the volume of fuel gas' is reduced, and as the oil covers the floor of the oven, the volume of fuel gas to the heating flues is increased. Furthermore, as the depth of the coke over the floor of the oven in creases, more gas is used at the burners to raise the temperature as required for coking the incoming oil which is being deposited, until at the end of the oil input, when the coke bed is about seven inches thick on the average, then the temperature in the heating flues is raised to an average of about 2750 F. which is necessary to complete the coking of the oil carbon residue on the top surface of the coke.
Referring now more particularly to the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from the straight chain hydrocarbons evolved in the oven during the distillation process, it has been found in actual practice in a broad oven of my invention that the exothermic reaction temperature relating to the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons will average about 1350 lence of the oil vapors in passing through the oil vapor cracking flues is produced, resulting in the intimate contact of the oil vapors with the hot wall surfaces.
The present invention provides a new design of a cracking and coking oven, which in actual practice can be from about thirty to forty feet long at the inside, between the oven doors OD-l about 10% feet in width, from the pusher end door to the discharge end side of the oven, and about 2 feet in height at the spring line of the arch over the coking chamber and about 4 feet 8 inches in height under the arch at the center of the oven. The heating fines of the cracking chamber preferably have a free cross-sectional area of about square inches. It will be understood that although the cracking chamber VF-l is heated in part from the heat coming from the oven Ol, the independent heating flues CF--l provide the additional heat required for the cracking and heat-treating of the hydrocarbon vapors. Each separate heating flue is also preferably provided with a means of control for the amount of fuel to be burned by means of the burners 3-4, and thus of the amount of heat evolved for radiation and conduction to the vapors in the vapor cracking flues VF-l.
In carrying the process into practice, the temperature of the floor and walls of the cracking lines are preferably maintained at about 1800" F., thus providing a cracking flue temperature of about 1350 F. for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons, such as light oils, from which benzol, toluol, and xylol can be obtained.
For the purpose of evolving hydrocarbon vapors from the oil residues, tar, and the like, in the oven O- l, a controlled amount of heat is supplied by the heating flue system under the oven floor and any desired number of heating fiues may be employed as may be required in any given installation.
The theory underlying the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons is not completely understood at the present time and the mechanism of the chemical reactions involved is very complex. In the converthose of the endothermic type as well as those of the exothermic type. Generaly speaking, the decomposition of hydrocarbons belongs to the endothermic type, whereas those relatingto poly- 'merization belong to the exothermic type. In the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons it appears that the flrst reactions are of the decomposition variety and are subsequently followed by those of a polymerizing'variety which may also be accompanied with various side reactions. Although many factors are involved, it appears that the more important are temperature,. time or space velocity, turbulence of the vapors, pressure, concentration, and contacting surfaces, Under certain conditions, including the use of appropriate catalysts, such products as butadiene and other hydrocarbons may be formed. By controlling the-conditions in the cracking and heat treating chamber a variety of products can be produced. It is understood, however, that the present invention is not to be restricted to and dependent upon any theory including the foregoing.
Although the present invention has been disclosed in connection with'a preferred embodiment thereof, variations and modifications may be resorted to by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as disclosed in the foregoing specification and defined by the appended claims. Thus, for instance, the present method, and the coking and cracking oven above described, may be used for coking and the distillation of coal tar and coal tar pitches, for the recovery of a variety of compounds including creosote and tar acids, and for the recovery ofvolatile products including volatile oils. Moreover, the novel process and oven heretofore described may be used for heating of oil shales and for the recovery of various by-products including oil and fractions thereof.
Having thus described the invention, what claimed as new is:
1. A cracking and coking oven for the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbon material to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom, which comprises a, longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, a series of heating fiues directly below the floor of said chamber arranged side by side on each half of the chamber, means for heating each of said heating fiues, a recirculation flue below each of said heating fiues and communicating therewith at the end portions thereof, a recuperator set below each longitudinal half of said main coking chamber, said recuperator sets having hollow heat-transmitting tubes therein adapted for the passage of air therethrough, said tubes extending transversely to the longitudinal direction of said main chamber, a passageway extending from said heating fiues through the recuperator sets around said tubes to a waste-gas discharge flue, means for passing air through said tubes into said heating fiues so as to preheat the air passing thereto, a series of cracking fiues above said longitudinallyextending main cokingchamber, a passageway for oil vapors from said main chamber into said above said main coking chamber and immediately below said cracking fiues for heating said cracking fiues, means for discharging cracked hydrocarbon vapors from said cracking fiues,
means for condensing a portion of said vapors,
and means for recovering the uncondensed portion of the vapors.
2. A refractory cracking and coking oven of the broad rectangular type for the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbon oils to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom, which comprises a longitudinally-extending main refractory coking chamber having a width greater than its depth, refractory chamber heating fiues directly below the floor of said coking chamber on each longitudinal half thereof extending longitudinally of the chamber, means for heating each of said heating fiues, a refractory recirculation 5 flue below each of said heating fiues and communicating therewith at the end portions thereof, a refractory recuperator, set below each longitudinal half of the. said longitudinally-extending main chamber, said'recuperator sets having hollow heat-transmitting tubes therein and extendrefractory roof of said longitudinally-extending.
main coking chamber, each of said cracking fiues extending longitudinally of said coking chamber for substantially its entire length, means for, passing a hydrocarbon oil into the main coking I chamber, a passageway for oil vapors from the series of cracking fiues, a series ofheating fiues said main chamber into the said series of refractory cracking fiues, means independent of the chamber heating fiues for maintaining the temperature underneath the cracking fiues such as to produce aromatic hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon vapors passing thereto during the porcarbon vapors are produced, means for discharging the hydrocarbon vapor product from said cracking fiues, means for condensing a portion of the said discharged vapor product, means for collecting the uncondensed portion thereof, means for discontinuing the flow of hydrocarbon oil to said main coking chamber to arrest the vaporgenerating portion of the pyrolytic treatment and means for passing air into the said cracking fiuesafter the vapor-generating portion of the treatment is arrested so as to burn on collected carbon in the said cracking ues.
3. A cracking and coking oven for the pyrolytic treatment of hydrocarbon oils to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom which comprises a longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, means for passing a hydrocarbon oil to be pyrolytically treated into said main coking chamber during the oil vaporizing portion of said treatment, heating fiues directly below the floor of said chamber on each longitudinal half thereof, means for heating each of said heating fiues to provide a coking temperature during the coke forming portion of said treatment, a recirculation flue below each of said heating flues'communicating' therewith at the end portions thereof, a recuperator set below each longitudinal half of the said longitudinally-extending main chamber,
said recuperator sets having hollow heat-transmitting tubes therein extending transversely tion of the pyrolytic treatment in which hydrorecuperator set into said heating flues so as to preheat the air passing thereto, a series of cracking flues above said longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, said cracking flues having partition walls of uneven surfaces at the interior of the flues to cause turbulence of the oil vapors passing therethrough in contacting with the uneven surfaces, a passageway for oil vapors from said main chamber into said series of cracking flues, a series of cracking flues heating flues above said main coking chamber for independently heating said cracking flues, means for passing hot products of combustion through said crackingflue heating flues to control the temperature of said cracking flues during the oil vaporizing portion of said treatment, means for drawing off cracked hydrocarbon vapors from said cracking flues while the temperature thereof is maintained within temperature limits to produce substantial proportions of aromatic hydrocarbons during said coke-forming portion of said treatment, means for condensing a condensible. portion of said cracked hydrocarbon vapors, means for collecting the uncondensed portion of said vapors, means for removing coke from said main coking chamber and means for passing air into said cracking flues to burn collected carbon therein during the remaining portion of said treatment.-
4. A cracking and coking oven for the pyrolitic treatment of hydrocarbon oils to produce aromatic hydrocarbons and coke therefrom which comprises a longitudinally-extending main coking chamber, means for passing a hydrocarbon oil to be pyrolytically treated into the said chamber during a portion of said treatment, heating flues directly below the floor ofsaid chamber on each longitudinal half thereof, means for heating each of said heating flues to provide a temperature on the floor of said chamber sufiicient for the production of coke from said hydrocarbon oil and to vaporize the uncoked portion of said hydrocarbon oil, a recirculation flue below each of said heating flues communicating therewith, at the end portions thereof, a recuperator set below each longi-' tudinal half of said longitudinally-extending main chamber, said recuperator sets having hollow silicon carbide tubes therein extending transversely therethrough, a passageway extending from the heating flues on each longitudinal half of said main chamber through the adjacent rea! cuperator sets around said tubes therein to a waste-gas discharge flue, means for passing air into and through said tubes of the recuperator sets to preheat the air passing into said heating flues, damper means for independently controlling the passage of air through said tubes in the recuperator sets on each longitudinal half of said main chamber, a series of cracking flues above said longitudinally-extending main coking chamber extending longitudinally thereof, said cracking flues having projections on the interior walls thereof to cause turbulence of oil vapors passing therethrough and to provide intimate contact thereof with said projections to produce rapid heat transfer to said vapors, a passageway for oil vapors from the said main chamber into said series of cracking flues, means for controlling the volume of vapors through said passageway to each of said cracking fiues, a series of cracking-flue heating flues above said main coking chamber and immediately below said cracking flues for heating the same, means for passing hot products ofcombustion through said cracking-flue heating flues to provide a temperature therein within a range sufficient for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from said oil vapors, means for discharging hydrocarbon vapors from the said cracking flues, means for controlling the pressure within said main chamber and said cracking flues during said pyrolytic treatment so as to provide for maximum production of aromatic hydrocarbons at the temperature of operation within said cracking flues, means for condensing a condensible portion of said hydrocarbon vapors, means for collecting the uncondensed portion of said hydrocarbon vapors and means for passing into said cracking flues to burn collected carbon therein during a portion of the cycle after the pyrolytic treatment of said hydrocarbon oils.
5. In a refractory cracking and coking oven of the broad rectangular type-for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons including the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of paraffins and containing only a small amount of paraflins, an
off-take duct" connecting said oven with said cracking flue for conducting gases and vapors from said oven to said flue, refractory heating flues independent of said oven heating flues and located in the roof of said coking oven and directly underneath said cracking flues to furnish independent heat thereto, and means to control said independent heat to regulate the temperature of said cracking flues to effect a maximum conversion of said straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of parafiins.
6. In a refractory cracking and coking oven of the broad rectangular type for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons including the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of paraflins and the production of coke having a density of at least 2.0, thatimprovement which comprises a series of refractory heating fiues directly below the floor of the coking oven, a series of refractory recirculation flues below said heating flues and communicating therewith at the end portions of the recirculation flues, means for passing a hydrocarbon oil into the coking oven, an elongated refractory cracking flue incorporated in the roof above said oven and having an extended passage therethrough for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons intoaromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of parafiins, means for regulating the temperature of the floor of the coking oven so as to control the coking of said hydrocarbon oil, an refractory off-take duct connecting said oven with said cracking flue for conducting gases and vapors from said oven to said flue, refractory heating flues independent of said oven heating fiues and located in the roof of said coking oven and directly underneath said refractory cracking flues to furnish independent heat thereto, and means to independently control the heating of said latter heating flues to regulate the temperature of said cracking flues to effect a maximum conversion of said straight chain hy- Y of refractory recirculation flues positioned below said heating flues so asto communicate therewith at the end portions of the,recirculation flues, means for spraying a hydrocarbon oil onto the floor of said coking chamber, an elongated cracking flue, incorporated in the roof above the said oven, having walls of refractory material with uneven surfaces therein and having an extended passage therethrough for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydro carbons containing only a small amount of paraffins, means for regulating the temperature of the floor of the coking oven so as to control the coking of said hydrocarbon oil, a refractory ofitake duct connecting said ovenwith said cracking flue for conductinggases an vapors from said oven to said flue, auxiliary refractory heating flues independent of said main oven heating flues'and located in the roof of said coking oven and directly underneath said cracking flues to furnish heat'thereto and means to control said independent heat to regulate the temperature of 1 o. 1300 F. to 1800" F. in said cracking flues to ef-. fect a maximum conversion of said straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of paraflins.
9. A refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like containinga small amount of paraiflns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density, which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking oven for effectively volatillzing vapors of fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbonmasses into coke of high density, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said main heating flue system to recirculate gases therein, a refractory vapor cracking flue system associated with the roof of said coking the heating flues-and of said cracking flues to efiect a maximum conversion of said straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of paraflins and the production of coke having a density of at least 2.0, that improvement which comprises a series of separated main refractory heating fiues directly below the floor of said coking oven on each longitudinal half thereof and a series of refractory recirculation flues positioned directly below said heating flues so as to communicate therewith at the end portions thereof, means for feeding a hydrocarbon oil onto the floor of said coking chamber, means for regulating the tempera ture of said floor during operation of the coking chamber between about 1350 F. and 2,000 F., an elongated refractory cracking flue incorporated in the roof above-said oven, said cracking flue having walls of refractory material having a mul tiplicity of projections to cause turbulence of the oil vapors during passage of the vapors in contact therewith, said cracking flue having an extended passage therethrough for the conversion of straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons containing only a small amount of parafllns, a refractory ofl-take duct connecting said oven with said cracking flue for conducting oven for I pyrolytically treating hydrocarbon vapors volatilized from said hydrocarbon masses and for converting said vapors from'straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, 'x'ylol and the like, containing a small amount of paraffins, outlet means for removing said treated and converted vapors from said cracking flue system and for conducting said vapors to a by-product recovery system, a controllable auxiliary heating flue system mounted under said cracking flue system and capable of providing a desired and controlled cracking temperature in said cracking flue system, and a, recuperator system operatively connected to said main heating flue system for effecting an exchange of heat-from said hot products of combustion going from said main heating flue system to a stack to air coming from the atmos- Phere and going to said main heating flue system to support combustion of fuel therein.
10. A refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including ,benzol, toluol, xylol and the like containing a small amount of parafllns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density, which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, an oven door mounted at each end of said coking chamber to seal the same from the atmosphere, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking oven for effectively volatilizing vapors of fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said main heating flue system to re-circulate gases therein, a refractory vapor cracking flue system associated with the roofof said coking chamber for pyrolytically treating hydrocarbon vapors volatilized from said hydrocarbon masses and for converting said vapors from straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, containing a small amount of parafflns, outlet means for removing said treated and converted vapors from said cracking flue system and for conducting said vapors to a by-product recovery system, a controllable auxiliary heating flue system mounted under said cracking flue system and capable of providing a desired and controlled cracking temperature in said cracking flue system, and a recuperator system operatively connected to said main heating flue system for eflecting an exchange of heat from said hot products of combustion going from said main heating flue system to a stack to air coming from the atmosphere and going to said main heating flue system to support combustion of fuel therein.
11. A refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon massesincluding residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, containing a smalfamount of paramns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density, which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, a plurality of inlet pipes connected to and leading into the interior of said coking oven for introducing fluidhydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking chamber for effectively volatilizing vapors of fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke of high density, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said main heating flue system to recirculate gases therein, a refractory vapor cracking flue system associatedwith the roof of said coking chamber for pyrolytically treating hydrocarbon vapors volatilized from said hydrocarbon masses and for converting said vapors from straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, containing a small amount of parafllns, starting vapor outlets for removal or vapors at the commencement of the operation of volatilizing vapors from said fluid hydrocarbon masses contained in said coking chamber, outlet means for removing said treated and converted vapors from said cracking flue system and for conducting said vapors to a by-product recovery system, a controllable auxiliary heating flue system mounted under said cracking flue system and capable of providing a desired and controlled cracking tem perature in said cracking flue system, and a recuperator system operatively connected to said main heating flue system for effecting an exchange of heat from said hot products of combustion going from said main heating flue system to a stack to air coming from the atmosphere and going to said main heating flue system to support combustion of fuel therein.
12. A cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid hydrocarbon .masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, and the carbonization of the residue into coke, which comprises an elongated broad coking chamber having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, an oven door mounted at each end of said coking chamber to seal the same from the atmosphere, a plurality of inlet pipes connected to and leading into the interior of said coking chamher for introducing fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, a main heating flue system associated with said coking chamber for effectively volatilizing vapors 18 or fluid hydrocarbon masses contained therein and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke, a recirculating flue opera'tively astociated with said main heati flue system to recirculate gases therein, a vapor cracking flue system associated with the root of said coking chamber for pyrolytically treating hydrocarbon vapors volatilized fromsaid hydrocarbon masses and for converting said vapors from straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, starting vapor outlets for removal of vapors at the commencement of the operation of volatilizing vapors from said fluid hydrocarbon masses contained in said coking chamber, outlet means for removing said-treated and converted vapors from said cracking flue system and for conducting said vapors to a by-product recovery system, a gas main for the removal of vapors coming front said coking chamber and said cracking flue system, a controllable auxiliary heating flue system mounted under said cracking flue system and capable of providing a desired and controlled cracking temperature in said cracking flue system, means to conduct hot waste gas from said auxiliary heating flue system to a pre-heater for preheating the fluid hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, prior to introducing thesame into said coking chamber, and a recuperatorsystem operatively connected to said main heating flue system for effecting an exchange of heat from said hot products of combustion going from said main heat ing flue system to a stack to air coming from the atmosphere and going to said main heating flue system to support combustion of flue therein.
13. A refractory cracking and coking oven for the combined pyrolytic treatment of fluid-hydrocarbon masses including residual petroleum oil, tar and the like, to convert straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like, containing a small amount of parafllns, and the carbonization of the residue into coke of high density, which comprises an elongated broad refractory coking oven having a length greater than its width and a height less than its width, means provided at each end of said coking chamber and capable of sealing the same from the atmosphere and capable of permitting the removal of coke when said coking chamber is unsealed, means for introducing fluid hydrocarbon masses into said coking chamber, a main heating flue system located directly underneath and associated with said coking oven for efiectively volatilizing gases and vapors from fluid hydrocarbon masses contained in said coking oven and for thoroughly carbonizing residue from said hydrocarbon masses into coke, a recirculating flue operatively associated with said main heating flue system to recirculate gases therein, an air inlet connected to the atmosphere to provide air for combustion of fuel in said main heating flue system, a refractory vapor cracking flue system associated with the roof of said coking chamber for pyrolytically treating hydrocarbon vapors volatilized from said hydrocarbon masses and for converting said vapors from straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the like containing a relatively small amount of paraffins, off-take means connecting said coking oven with said cracking flue system for conducting gases and vapors from said coking oven to said cracking flue, a controllable auxiliary heatin flue system mounted under said cracking flue 19, system and capable of providing a desired and controlled crackifig temperature insaid cracking flue system, heat exchange means operatively connected to said main heating flue system for efiecting an exchange of heat from hot products of combustion going from said main heating flue system to a stack to air coming from the atmosphere and going to said main heating flue system to support combustion of fluel therein, and outlet means for removing from said cracking flue system treated vapors which have been converted from straight chain hydrocarbons into aromatic hydrocarbons including benzol, toluol, xylol and the'likeand containing a relatively small amount of parafiins.
CHARLES H. HUGES,
20 REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,885,920 Knowles et a1. Nov. 1, 1932 1,907,029 Andrews et a1. May 2, 1933 2,116,641 Reppekus May 10, 1938 2,234,173 Hughes I Mar. 11, 1941 2,259,380 Hughes II Oct. 14, 1941 2,267,447 Curran Dec. 23, 1941 2,347,076 I Boynton et a1. Apr. 18, 1944 2,199,841 Saleh May 7, 1940
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