US2409694A - Electron discharge device - Google Patents

Electron discharge device Download PDF

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Publication number
US2409694A
US2409694A US448555A US44855542A US2409694A US 2409694 A US2409694 A US 2409694A US 448555 A US448555 A US 448555A US 44855542 A US44855542 A US 44855542A US 2409694 A US2409694 A US 2409694A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cylinder
electrons
resonator
cylindrical
walls
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US448555A
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English (en)
Inventor
Alfred H Laidig
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE471575D priority Critical patent/BE471575A/xx
Application filed by Westinghouse Electric Corp filed Critical Westinghouse Electric Corp
Priority to US448555A priority patent/US2409694A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2409694A publication Critical patent/US2409694A/en
Priority to GB2476/47A priority patent/GB620859A/en
Priority to FR944986D priority patent/FR944986A/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators
    • H01J25/10—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator
    • H01J25/18—Klystrons, i.e. tubes having two or more resonators, without reflection of the electron stream, and in which the stream is modulated mainly by velocity in the zone of the input resonator with radial or disc-like electron stream perpendicular to the axis of the resonators

Definitions

  • the type of electron discharge device with which the present invention may be classified consists essentially of two hollow conducting circuit members or resonators within which fields, comprising standing electromagnetic waves, are adapted to be set up by the passage of a stream of electrons through a restricted part thereof.
  • the said members are so constructed that they have or may be adjusted to have the same resonant frequency. They are also so Aconstructed that electrons pass completely through the field of said restricted part of each member preferably within the period of a minute portion of a half-cycle of the operating resonant frequency ofthe cavity members.
  • V With the electric vector of the'electromagnetic field of each member acting along the line of travel of the electrons and upon the latter for a time preferably equal to a minute portionof one-half cycle, successive electrons of the stream will emerge from the restrict- ⁇ ed part of the initial hollow resonant member, referred to as the buncher, with minute variable velocities and will move through the eld-'free space separating the restricted parts of thetwo members, whereby a concentration o f electrons will form around electrons of normal velocity, that are preceded by slightly slower electrons and followed by slightly faster electrons.
  • the high electron stream impedance is obtained by means of a high potential, but low stream current.
  • This procedure in the microwave region of a few centimeters wavelength encounters difficulties by seriously limiting the output of the oscillators, etc. to i almost useless levels. Since practically there is a denite limit to the stream electron density the only other factor in increasing current is to increase the cross section area of thestream.
  • the resonators are scaled down to such an extent that the oriiice area through which the stream passes is much restricted. This reduces the stream current.
  • An object of the present invention is accordingly to improve upon prior art structures to overcome effectively the deficiencies therein and particularly to increase power output in the microwave range with an increase rather than decrease in the size of mechanism employed.
  • a further object of the invention is to provide for a central collector toward which electrons converge from a ring-like cathode.
  • Another object of the invention is to enable the collector to be adequately cooled notwithstanding its central position.
  • Figure 5 is a longitudinal sectional view similar to Figure 2 showing a modification
  • the structure provides a generally cylindrical housing I0 the outward assembled form of which presents an outer cylinder I I of short length with a somewhat smaller cylinder I2 projecting axially therefrom at both ends and yet smaller cylinders I3 projecting from both ends of cylinder I2.
  • the outer cylinder II constitutes the cathode and cathodeheater region, the next smaller or intermediate cylinder I2 provides the resonator and field-free area, whereas the small cylinders I3 afford a region for collection of the electrons.
  • These several cylindrical portions of the housing as a group are vacuum sealed so that the entire interior may be an evacuated region with the housing constituting the envelope maintaining the vacuum.
  • outer cylindrical wall I5 of the inner cylinder I3 in part is the inner cylindrical wall for the annular resonator cylinder
  • annular ring of insulation I6 outwardlj7 flanged for supporting purposes and to provide an outer region fora vpair -of bus-bars Il engirdling the ring of insulation and held thereby from contact with each other or with the cylinder walls.
  • Sealed input connections I8 are provided for said bus bars from the exterior of said outer cylinder.
  • the diameter of the inner circumference of the cathode is only slightly greater than the outside diameter of the next adjacent outer curved wall I4 of cylinder I2 which is provided with a circumferential opening 2I directly in front of the cathode.
  • annular field-free space 22 Inwardly of the said circular or circumferential opening in said cylindrical wall I4 is an annular field-free space 22 defined by a pair of washer-like plates 23, spaced apart substantially the width of said opening.
  • the field-free space v22 is entirely within the confines of the resonator cylinder and the plates 23, accordingly divide the end portions of the cylinder from the middle portion forming the field-free space except for small circular gaps 24, 25 between the peripheries of the plates and cylindrical walls I4 and I5 respectively.
  • Resonator cylinder I2 has a washer-like or annular end wall 26 at each end thereof hermetically sealed with respect to cylindrical walls I4, I5 and parallel to each other and to the plates 23, within that cylinder. Between each said end wall and plate 23 nearest thereto, perpendicular to both is an intermediate wall 21 which is cylindrical and situated such that the volume of the resonator cylinder, exclusive of the area occupied by the field-free space, is substantially divided in half. Thus are provided two resonator chambers 28, 29 of which one, as 29, is radially within the other, each chamber being annular and the full length of cylinder I2 with a restricted central portion at gaps 24 and 25 respectively. Intermediate wall 21 is common to both of these resonator chambers and has an ⁇ aperture 30 through which extends a coupling loo'p 3l for maintaining resonance in the outer chamber from resonance of the inner one.
  • Cylindrical wall I5 .between resonator cylinder I2 and smaller cylinder I3 is peripherally slotted providing an opening 32 therethrough in close proximity to the space included between fieldfree space conning plates 23 so that electrons emitted from cathode 20 after passing through field-free space 22 continue into the smaller cylinder I3 through said opening 32.
  • and 32 in the outer and inner cylindrical walls I4 and I5 of the resonator cylinder, as well as the openings to and from the eld-free space at the outer and inner peripheries of the aforementioned washer-like plates 23 have appropriate grids 33 thereacross. These grids may eachbe fabricated as a unit, appearing as a cage shown in detail perspective, view by Figure 4.
  • the grids are of generally cylindrical construction, having end hoops 34 ⁇ and transverse stays 35 edgewise to the electron flow with desired interpositioning of grid wires 36 parallel to the stays to give appropriate grid area by wires and stays.
  • the electrons accordingly representl a concentration of energy in the said gap area 25 and are capable .of giving up energy to the second resonator chamber 29 when acted on byoscillating electric fields between the grids in the proper phase in accordance with classical theory. A small amount of this energy is utilized, as indicated above, as feed back through loop 3
  • This coupling is preferably constructed as a copper tube 45 within a sleeve 4E. soldered or otherwise vacuum sealed through the resonator wall.
  • the outer end of this sleeve is vacuum sealed to a sleeve 41 which virtually constitutes a continuation of the first sleeve 416 but of a material such as that sold under the trade name of Kovar which has a coeliicient of expansion substantially equivalent to that of borosilicate glass.
  • a glass cap 48 is sealed to the outer end of this Kovar sleeve and completes the vacuum-tight enclosure.
  • Copper tube 45 preferably extends from the resonator wall to the outer end of the Kovar sleeve and constitutes a good electrical conductor.
  • a coaxial wire 49 extends through the tube, projecting at opposite ends thereof and providing a loop 5
  • Other output connection may be employed, as found desirable or expedient.
  • adjusting knob ⁇ 56 internally threaded at 51 to .mesh with threads 52 of the collar 53 is provided in the form of a ring concentric with the axis of the device.
  • adjusting knob 58 of smaller diameter and having external threads v59 to mesh with threads 55 of collar 54 is also provided concentric with the axis of the device.
  • a flat ring 6B is carried at its inner periphery in an appropriate peripheral groove in knob 5B, said knob being shown as of split nature for enabling the ring 60 to be inserted and retained within the groove.
  • the knob may be rotated with respect to the ring, but since rotation of the knob moves the knob axially by virtue of the threaded mounting thereof, rotation of said knob will accordingly move the ring laterally without necessitating rotation of said ring.
  • is provided in conjunction with smaller knob 58.
  • slidable posts 63 perpendicular to and interconnecting said yband and ring. Consequently movement of the ring in a direction longitudinally of its axis also moves the band and since the band engages the sloping surface of the resonator cylindrical wall, such movement in an inward direction willcompress that Wall and move its grid inwardly, whereas movement of the band axially outward Will enable ,the resonator wall to resiliently expand radially and thus adjust the grid to a new position.
  • the grid in this instance is composed of transverse stays and wires secured directly to the resonator wall so that the expansion and contraction above mentioned may take place.
  • the inner resonator wall I5' has a band f 64 in engagement therewith, said .band being parallel to and of substantially the same diameter as inner adjusting .ring 6
  • This band and ring are connected at intervals by posts 65 thus enabling the inner resilient wall I5 of the resonator to be adjusted and to obtain adjustment of its grid 33'.
  • All of said posts 53 and 65 are slidably mounted in rigid bearings 66 and are rendered vacuum tight and yet movable by virtue of appropriate flexible diaphragms 61. It is intended that each revolution of the respective knob shall transmit very slight movement to the end of the grid associated with the ,particular knob. As a result, very'ne tuning .may -be obtained and maintained. Equal manipulation ⁇ of corresponding knobs at opposite ends .of the device keeps the grids yparallel, butit will vbe found that fractional tuning can lbe obtained by turning only-one knob a short ways and thus have .the grid very slightly out of parallel with its companion grid.
  • An electron discharge device comprising a cylindrical cathode, cylindrical and coaxial grids within and coaxial to the cathode, means between said grids for providing a eld-free space therebetween, and said cathode .being spaced radially outward from said means so the electrons from the cathode pass therethrough as a radially converging beam, and a collector coaxial within said grids for receiving said electrons.
  • An electron discharge rdevice comprising eylindrical means for producing an electron stream in a path converging substantially perpendicular to the axis of said cylindrical means, a second cylinder constituting a resonator and of less diameter than and coaxial with the first said cylindrical means, said resonator having a radial passage for electrons therethrough radially inward from said first cylindrical means and having radially extending means therein shielding a part of said electron path through the resonator and adapted to provide a eld free passage for the electrons through said shielded part of the path, said resonator and said radial means adapted to cooperate for bunching electrons from said cylindrical means and extracting energy therefrom, a collector centrally disposed about said axis and in the path of convergence of said electrons, and means extending from and for cooling said collector.
  • An electron discharge device comprising a cylindrical cathode, a heater next said cathode, said heater comprising a plurality of heater coil sections end to end and electrically spaced apart, said sections beingr connected in parallel for simultaneous use, and a central collector within said cathode, whereby electrons from the cathode converge radially therefrom to the collector.
  • An electron discharge device comprising a resonator cylinder of annular cross-section having two fixed coaxial cylindrical walls forming a resonator cylinder of annular cross section, said cylinder being divided medially by a third coaxial cylinder thereby forming outer and inner resonators of which one is larger than and encircles the other, parallel plates in said annular resonator cylinder supported by said third cylinder and vleaving gap openings of fixed dimension at the peripheries of said plates between said plates and the said two fixed coaxial cylindrical walls, and cathode means outside of the outer one of the said two fixed concentric cylindrical walls for producing converging streams of electrons through said two cylindrical walls and through the region between said plates, whereby electrons in most separated relation pass the gap of the larger resonator and the electrons in more concentrated relation pass the gap of the smaller resonator and whereby the larger one of said resonators aiects the electron velocity to bunch the electrons while in separated relation and the other resonator absorbs more
  • An electron discharge device comprising a resonator cylinder of annular cross-section having two coaxial cylindrical walls of flexible and resilient material and of which one is within the other, said cylinder being divided medially by a third coaxial cylinder thereby forming outer and inner resonators each of which has one of said flexible walls as a wall thereof, parallel plates in said annular resonator cylinder supported by said third cylinder and leaving gap openings of variable dimension at the peripheries of said plates between said plates and the said two ilexible and resilient walls, cathode means girdling said cylinder for passing a modulated stream of electrons through the said cylinders and through the region between said plates for enabling energy to be derived from said stream by one of said resonators, and adjustable means .connected to said walls for flexing said flexible walls and thereby tuning the device.
  • cathode means girdling said cylinder for passing a modulated stream of electrons through the said cylinders and through the region between said plates for enabling energy to be derived from said stream by one of said resonators, and adjustable means connected to said walls for flexing said exible walls and thereby turning the device, said means for flexing said flexible walls providing knobs on the exterior of the device and pressure-applying means on the flexible walls operatively connected to said knobs.
  • An electron discharge device comprising a resonator cylinder of annular cross-section having two coaxial cylindrical walls of flexible and resilient material and of which one is within the other, said cylinder being divided medially by a third coaxial cylinder thereby forming outer and inner resonators each of which has one of said flexible walls as a wall thereof, parallel plates in said annular resonator cylinder supported by said third cylinder and leaving gap openings of variable dimension at the peripheries of said plates between said plates and the said two flexible and resilient walls, cathode means girdling said cylinder for passing a modulated stream of electrons through the said cylinders and through the region between said plates for enabling energy to be derived from said stream by one of said resonators, and adjustable means connected to said walls for flexing said flexible walls and thereby tuning the device, said means for flexing said flexible walls providing bands on the flexible walls movable axially and adapted thereby to flex said walls, and said means for flexing said ilexible walls also providing exterior rings connected
  • An electron discharge device comprising a resonator cylinder of annular cross-section having two coaxial cylindrical walls of flexible and resilient material and of which one is within the other, said cylinder being divided medially by a third coaxial cylinder thereby forming outer and inner resonators each of which has one of said flexible walls'as a wall thereof, parallel plates in said annular resonator cylinder supported by said third cylinder and leaving gap openings of vai'- iable dimension at the peripheries of said plates between said plates and the said two flexible and resilient walls, cathode means girdling said cylinder for passing a modulated stream of electrons through the said cylinders and through the region between said plates for enabling energy to be derived from said stream by one of said resonators, and adjustable means connected to said walls for flexing said flexible walls and thereby tuning the device, and threaded knobs having grooves receiving said rings and adapted to move ksaid rings and bands axially by rotation of said knobs.

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  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
  • Microwave Tubes (AREA)
US448555A 1942-06-26 1942-06-26 Electron discharge device Expired - Lifetime US2409694A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE471575D BE471575A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1942-06-26
US448555A US2409694A (en) 1942-06-26 1942-06-26 Electron discharge device
GB2476/47A GB620859A (en) 1942-06-26 1947-01-27 Improvements in or relating to electron discharge devices
FR944986D FR944986A (fr) 1942-06-26 1947-04-10 Dispositif à décharges électroniques

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US448555A US2409694A (en) 1942-06-26 1942-06-26 Electron discharge device

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US2409694A true US2409694A (en) 1946-10-22

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BE (1) BE471575A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR944986A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB620859A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2482452A (en) * 1943-08-19 1949-09-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Concentric line cavity resonator device
US2506752A (en) * 1944-07-22 1950-05-09 Rca Corp Electron discharge device employing cavity resonators
US2564385A (en) * 1944-03-25 1951-08-14 Csf Electronic transmitting valve of great power for ultra short waves
US2614234A (en) * 1946-02-02 1952-10-14 Voge Jean Paul Oscillating and amplifying vacuum tube for very short waves
US2630546A (en) * 1942-12-07 1953-03-03 Sperry Corp Velocity modulation tube
US2653273A (en) * 1951-04-14 1953-09-22 Research Corp High-frequency amplifier
US2805361A (en) * 1946-07-17 1957-09-03 Raytheon Mfg Co Electron-discharge devices
US2866122A (en) * 1950-09-15 1958-12-23 Machlett Lab Inc Electron discharge tubes
US2890375A (en) * 1954-11-18 1959-06-09 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Collector electrodes for klystron tubes
US2892963A (en) * 1953-12-30 1959-06-30 Edward C Dench Traveling wave oscillator

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2630546A (en) * 1942-12-07 1953-03-03 Sperry Corp Velocity modulation tube
US2482452A (en) * 1943-08-19 1949-09-20 Westinghouse Electric Corp Concentric line cavity resonator device
US2564385A (en) * 1944-03-25 1951-08-14 Csf Electronic transmitting valve of great power for ultra short waves
US2506752A (en) * 1944-07-22 1950-05-09 Rca Corp Electron discharge device employing cavity resonators
US2614234A (en) * 1946-02-02 1952-10-14 Voge Jean Paul Oscillating and amplifying vacuum tube for very short waves
US2805361A (en) * 1946-07-17 1957-09-03 Raytheon Mfg Co Electron-discharge devices
US2866122A (en) * 1950-09-15 1958-12-23 Machlett Lab Inc Electron discharge tubes
US2653273A (en) * 1951-04-14 1953-09-22 Research Corp High-frequency amplifier
US2892963A (en) * 1953-12-30 1959-06-30 Edward C Dench Traveling wave oscillator
US2890375A (en) * 1954-11-18 1959-06-09 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Collector electrodes for klystron tubes

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB620859A (en) 1949-03-31
FR944986A (fr) 1949-04-21
BE471575A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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