US2403795A - High-frequency apparatus - Google Patents

High-frequency apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US2403795A
US2403795A US390527A US39052741A US2403795A US 2403795 A US2403795 A US 2403795A US 390527 A US390527 A US 390527A US 39052741 A US39052741 A US 39052741A US 2403795 A US2403795 A US 2403795A
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Prior art keywords
chamber
resonant
gaps
conductive
stream
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Expired - Lifetime
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US390527A
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English (en)
Inventor
William C Hahn
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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Publication date
Priority to BE476814D priority Critical patent/BE476814A/xx
Priority to BE475000D priority patent/BE475000A/xx
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US390527A priority patent/US2403795A/en
Priority to US489129A priority patent/US2463267A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2403795A publication Critical patent/US2403795A/en
Priority to FR952544D priority patent/FR952544A/fr
Priority to FR58605D priority patent/FR58605E/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/02—Tubes with electron stream modulated in velocity or density in a modulator zone and thereafter giving up energy in an inducing zone, the zones being associated with one or more resonators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to ultra high frequency apparatus utilizing the principles of velocity modulation and is considered useful in connection with high frequency oscillators, amplifiers, detectors, etc.
  • an important feature of the invention consists in an arrangement in which a stream of charged particles (e. g. electrons) is caused to traverse an elongated chamber which is of continuously conductive character and which is subdivided into a number of intercommunicating and mutually coupled sections each of which is individually resonant at a common frequency. It is shown herein that by properly correlating the velocity of the charged particles tothe longitudinal dimensions of the various chamber sections, useful high frequency energy conversion effects may be obtained by the mutual reaction of the charged particles and the structural elements of the chamber. For example, in accordance with one mode of use of the invention, the charged particles may be made to maintain the chamber in a condition of continuous resonant excitation such that it may be used as a fixed frequency oscillator for the generation of high frequency waves,
  • the charged particles may be made to maintain the chamber in a condition of continuous resonant excitation such that it may be used as a fixed frequency oscillator for the generation of high frequency waves
  • FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a discharge apparatus suitably embodying the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a cross section taken on line 2-2 of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3 represents a single section of the discharge chamber of Fig. 1, modified in a manner which assists in explaining the operation of the invention
  • Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view representing the circuit analogue of the structure of Fig. 3
  • v Fig, 5 is a fragmentary view also useful in explaining the invention
  • Fig. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a discharge apparatus suitably embodying the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a cross section taken on line 2-2 of Fig. 1
  • Fig. 3 represents a single section of the discharge chamber of Fig. 1, modified in a manner which assists in explaining the operation of the invention
  • Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view representing the circuit analogue of the structure of Fig. 3
  • v Fig, 5 is a fragmentary view also useful in explaining the invention
  • Fig. 1 is a
  • FIG. 6 is a longitudinal section of a modified embodiment of the invention
  • *-Fig. 7 is a cross section taken on line 1-1 of Fig. 6
  • Fig. 8 shows a further modification
  • Fig. 9 is a cross section taken on line 99 of Fig. 8
  • Fig. 10 illustrates astill further modification
  • Figs. 11 and 12 joint- 1y illustrate a still further modification
  • Fig. l3 shows the application of the invention to an amplifier.
  • the present invention makes use of the phenomena describedabove in that it employs the expedient of successively producing velocity modulation. of anelectron stream and thereafter converting the velocity modulation into chargedensity modulation for the accomplishment of certain desired results.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown an exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of an elongated evacuated discharge tube terminating at one end in a bulbous glass portion in.
  • the part II) includes a reentrant stem H which terminates in a press [2 for supporting a V filamentary cathode I4 and a pair of aligned conductivelmetallic) cylinders l6 and H.
  • the former of the two cylinders serves primarily to confine the electrons released from the cathode [4 to 'aiconcentratedbeam and to this end may be either connected directly to the cathode as shown or maintained a few volts negative or positive with respect to it.
  • the cylinder ll acts to accelerate the electron stream and is accordingly biasled to'a'f suitable positivepotential, say several hundred volts, with respect to the cathode,
  • the tube envelope includes an elongated hollow conductive structurewhichis designated as a whole by the numeral 20 and which is joined to the part In by means of a hermetic seal indicated at 2
  • a conically shaped metallic member 22 covers the seal between the glass and metal parts of the ub and r es to hi ld i from the fl pt o t e high potentials which may be developed within the tube during its use.
  • the tube part is of continuously conductive character, being preferably constituted of an assembly of copper or brass rings, and is characterized internally by a series of recurrent discontinuities.
  • these discontinuities comprise a number of perimetrically complete (e. g. annular) wall parts to 2! which efiectivel subdivide the main body of the tube into a series of identical sections.
  • These wall parts define between them a succession of gaps 3D to 33 which are successivel traversed by the stream of charged particles projected from the cathode 14. After traversing the gaps, the stream is collected by'a metallic end wall 35 which closes the extremity of the tube.
  • the structure 20 may be maintained at ground potential and the cathode at one to several thousand volts below ground. This may be accomplished by the use of a D. C. voltage source which is illustrated conventionally as a battery 36 and which also serves to bias th electrode I! to the desired potential.
  • the electron stream developed by the coaction of the various tube elements may, if desired, be maintained in focused condition by the provision of a direct current excited magnetic focusing coil 31.
  • the part 20 may be viewed in two aspects. In the first it comprises a series of electrode elements for influencing the electron stream traversing it. In the second it may be considered as a unitary resonant system adapted to be maintained in continuous oscillation by the reaction of the electron stream.
  • the relative dimensions of the various parts of the structure should be such as to permit it to function satisfactorily in both of these capacities.
  • the structure 2'0 may be maintained in a condition of sustained oscillation (resonance) such that cyclicall reversible potential gradients appear across the gaps 30 to '33 inclusive.
  • the circumstances of operation are such as to cause the gradients existing in the various gaps tobe of similar magnitude and to have a common direction at any given time. (It will be pointed out at a later point that this represents only one of several equally possible modes of operation.)
  • the electron stream traversing the various gaps necessarily undergoes some degree of velocity modulation.
  • modulation is most pronounced if the electron transit time between corresponding points in two adjacent gaps corresponds at least approximately to an integral number of complete cycles of potential variation at the operating frequency of the apparatus.
  • 0b represents the part of a cycle (one complete cycle being equal to 360 degrees) which is required for the transit of an electron from a given point in one gap to a corresponding point in the next succeeding gap.
  • the section in question comprises a closed chamber including a cylindrical spaceB which is surrounded by and merges-(at the boundary X) into an annular space A.
  • This chamber lik any confined space bounded by'a conducting medium, is electrically resonant at various'frequencies determined'by the dimensionsand configuration of the space.
  • Fig. 1 may be regarded as a modified form of resonant wave guide, analogous to'the wave-guiding systems described by G. C. Southworth at Journal for April 1936. 'In the publication referred to it is pointed out that a continuous conductive tube filled with a dielectric medium may be used for the guided propagation of high frequency electromagnetic waves in spite of the apparent absence of a conductive return cir-, cult of the character usually regarded as necessary to any channelized fiow of electrical energy.
  • the waves which may be propagated in this way include, among others, waves having electric force components which are-confined to the axial and radial directions and ;magnetic force components which are wholly azimuthal; such wavesbeing arbitrarily designated as -Eowaves.
  • waves of definite frequency may be caused to For the Moreover, for theexist in a standing wavepattern within a wave guide of given dimensions,- this condition being taken to define resonance of the waveguide for the particular 1 frequency involved.
  • the diameter of the' tube is diminished at periodically spaced regions. 46 to 43, for examplaby inward deformation of the tube wall. Due to the relationship .of the magnetic and electric force components in E0 waves, asdefined above, the volume afiected by the proposed change is that in which magnetic energy storage is predominant. Consequentl'y, the change reduces the inductance of the system without correspondingly varying its capacitance and thus tends .to raise the resonant frequency of the structure of a Whole.
  • the diameter of the remaining p01- tions of the tube may be increased as indicated at 49', 56, and 52 so as to provide added volume for magnetic energy storage; With'this change the wave guide ought to function essentially as it did inits original condition in so far asresonant operation is concerned.
  • a resonant structure such as, that shown in Fig, 1 and having an even number of gaps may be expected to resonate not only under such circumstances that the potential gradients inthe various gaps are at any-given time unidirectional (as above explained), but alsoin an alternative condition such that the gradients in alternate gaps are oppositely directed.
  • fl h-is represents a useful condition of oper ation the scope-or thepresent-invention provided the electron transit time between successive' gaps is made to correspond approximately to an-oddnumbe'r (including unity) of'h'al'f-cycles of'potential variation so that cumulative acceleration anddeceleration effects are realized at the various gaps;
  • the design may .be accepted as a practical one.
  • An alternative type of oscillator shown in Fig. 6, comprises a bulbous glass envelope portion which is joined at its open end to an elongated metal tube 6
  • Areentrant stem 62 provided in connection with the glass part 60 supports the combination of a'cathode 63, a focusing electrode 64 and an accelerating electrode 65, these elements being adapted to project a stream of electrons axially of the envelope. Focusing and energizing means similar to those shown in Fig, -1 may be employed.
  • Themetal tube I is closed at its extremity by :a transverse metal wall 66 which serves to collect the electrons after their traversal of the tube.
  • the tube further surrounds and supports a series of, metallic partition-forming elements which subdivide the enclosed space in a manner analogous-to the parts 25 to 21 of Fig. 1.
  • the partition-forming elements comprise a series of abutting rings 68 to H of relatively large diameter having smaller coaxial tubular elements 13 to 16 joined thereto by thin imperforate annular webs 18 to 8
  • a passage for electron into the sectionalized chamber defined by the elements-just referred to is provided through" a tubular member 82 which connects with-thefirst-sectionof the chamber.
  • a system such as that shown in Fig. 6 may be made to-operate in much the same manner as the-apparatus of Fig. 1. That'isto say, assuming proper correlation of the electron velocity with the spacin of the rings and with the desired operating frequency, efiective mutual reaction of the-' electron stream-and the structure traversed by-itmay be expected to occur at the gaps be- 9 tween the rings 13-16 in .such a manner as to produce concurrent modulation of the former and excitation of the latter.
  • the oscillations thus established in the space within the tube BI may be caused to produce useful external efi'ects'by means of a coupling loop 85 .which'connects with coaxial conductors 86 and 81 extending outwardly through the wall 66.
  • J a f l It is found upon analysis that an annular space such as thatbounded'by thefl opposed webs I8 and I9 and the various conductive surfaces which are continuous therewith. presents a greaterfap+ parent inductance at its inner boundary than does a chamber such as the space A of Fi -3+ assuming like radial dimensions and spacing of partition centers. On the other hand, the'apparent capacitance.
  • tageous'to employ the construction of Fig 6.
  • the optimum design in this connection is believed to. be that in which the wa1l ;parts.13-f-8l..are made'as thin as is reasonably possiblesince this permits the radial dimensionsof these parts required for resonance to be made a minimum.
  • the subdivision of the resonant chamber may advantageously be accomplished by other means than inwardly extending partitions such as are illustrated in Figs .'1 -'7.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates only the resonant structure, the remaining components of the discharge tube being omitted in the interest of simplicity;
  • the chamber within which oscillations are to be developed is in the form of an elongated conductive cylinder 90 which at one end is joined through a smaller cylinder 9! to a glass envelope, of which only a fragmentary portion 92 is illustrated. It is assumed that the envelope 92 contains means. (not showmffor projecting an annular streamrof electrons longitudinally of the chamber 90 as indicated by the arrows D.
  • the electron source employed in this connection may comprise, for example, an arrangement of the type'described in application Serial No. 347,- 744 of Louis Tonks, filed July 26, 1940, Patent No. 2,276,806, dated March 17,1942 and assigned to th'esame assignee as the present application.
  • an elongated conductive shaft 95 Arranged coaxially within the chamber 90 there is provided an elongated conductive shaft 95 having mounted thereon a series of equally spaced conductive cylinders- 91l02, the cylinders being mounted on and electrically connected to the shaft by means of imperforate diaphragms as'indicated at I03.
  • the cylinder 9-1 occupies a substantial portion of the'cross-section of the entrance tube SI and projects somewhat into the in terior of "the chamber 90.
  • f The annular space between the cylindrical parts 91 and 9
  • aportion of the oscilla; tory energy developed Within the chamber may be abstracted for external use by means of an appropriate coupling loopjl05.
  • the'loop I05 connects with an antenna I06 which is wholly within thevacuum space, being terminally confined by a glass closure member 101.
  • the resonant system comprisesan elongated cylindrical chamber H0 having an axially extendingconductive shaft I I I which bears afse- V 'ries of conductive cylindersjl I 3-H 6 inclusive.
  • Each of the cylinders is surrounded by an annular conductive partition I20-I23 which still-further increases the degree of subdivisionof the cham ber.
  • the annular passagesbetween the outer'surfaces of the member I] 5-416 and the inner surfaces of the members I20--'I'23 permit an electron stream to be projected longitudinally of the chamber.
  • the electron stream' comprises a single pencil of electrons E whichis injected into the chamber through'a tubular opening I28 and'which leaves the chamher at its opposite extremity through an aligned opening I29, being intercepted upon its issuance from the chamber by a collecting electrode I30.
  • the electrode-3H0 is insulatingly supportedwith respect to the chamber from an insulating (e; g. glass) wall'l3l and isassumed to'be maintained at a potential adapted to assure the collectionof allth'e electrons.
  • Figs. 11 and 12 represent, respectively, a crosssectional view and a partial longitudinal section of a chamber which, externally viewed, is of square configuration. It comprisesv a conductive enclosure I40 and a pluralityof transverse conductive partitions, of which those shown are numbered I 4
  • This construction which in its complete form may be assumedt'to be generally similar to the tube shown in Fig. l (except for its cross-sectional configuration), may be expected' to operate in a manner generally analogous to that specified in-connection with the former construction, due allowance being made in the calculation of resonant frequency for the different boundary conditions imposed by the shape involved.
  • Fig. '13 for example,,schematical- 1y illustrates an amplifier embodying a resonant system of the general character of 'thatillustrated in Fig. 1.
  • the structure'referred to comprises an elongated glass shaft portion I50 which encloses a cathode II, afocusing electrode I52 and a series of aligned cylindrical electrodes I53'-I55,inclusive. These latter electrodes are maintained atincreasingly positive potentials. by appropriate connection-to a battery 'I 51.
  • the central electrode I54. is subjected toahigh frequency signal which may be-derived, for example, from an. antenna I59 and which is applied to the electrodethrough an appropriate .circuit; illustrated diagrammatically as. comprising the. parallel combination of an inductance. I60 and a capacitance IBI.
  • an appropriate .circuit illustrated diagrammatically as. comprising the. parallel combination of an inductance. I60 and a capacitance IBI.
  • potential variations of the electrode I54, the electron stream proceeding from the cathode. I5I will obviously become velocity' modulatedas .it traverses the-gaps between thiselectrode-and the electrodes I 53 and I 55. With appropriate dimensions of the electrode I54 the modulating effects may be made cumulative at the twov gaps.
  • the modulated electron stream- is projected into a chamber I64 which is similar in structural form to the chamber of Fig. 1.
  • the longitudinal dimensions of the various subdivisions of the chamber I64. are preferably'made such as to assure. that the electron transit time between corresponding points in adjacent sections corresponds as nearl as possible to-an integral-number of complete. cycles of potential variation, at the resonant frequency of the chamber.
  • the amplifiedenergy developed within. the chamber may be effectively utilizedby the provision of a couplingloop 1.66 Provided at an appropriate locationv within-the chamber'and having an external connection I61 adapted ,for coupling toa. suitable utilization de-. vice such asa detector (not shown).
  • an elongated hollow conductive'structure a succession of discontinuities within the structure subdividing the enclosed space into. a series of spacer-resonant sections which are individually resonant. at a common frequency, all-the bounding surfacesof the varioussections being electricallyinterconnected by low resistance paths and there being a passageway extending longitudinally of the; structure for spatially interconnecting the-sections, andmeans for projecting. charges through the said. passageway to produce energy conversion effects by mutual reaction of, the said charges and the said resonant sections.
  • a hollow continuously con-v ductive structure providing an elongated chamber, a plurality of conductive partitioning elements positioned at regularlyspaced, intervals along the length of the chamber and providing gaps between the. elements, the said elements subdividing thechamber into a plurality orsim- 13 ilar space-resonant sections each 'of which is individually resonant at thesame frequency, and means for projecting charged particles successively through the various sections and across the said gaps to produce energy conversion effects by virtue of the mutual reaction of the said resonant sections and the said particles.
  • an elongated hollow con-v ductive structure having inwardly projecting conductive wall parts at regularly spaced intervals along the length of its interior surface, said wall parts effectively dividing the space enclosed by the structure into a series of similar spaceresonant sections each of which is individually resonant at the same frequency, and means for projecting a stream of charged particles successively through the various sections to produce energy conversion effects by the mutual reaction of the said structure and the said stream.
  • a high frequency oscillator comprising means defining an elongated chamber of continuously conductive character, a succession of electrically connected conductive elements providing recurrent discontinuities within the chamber along its length, said elements effectively dividing the chamber into a plurality of space-resonant sections each of which is individually resonant at the same frequency, the various sections being connected by a passageway extendthe resultant wave energy for use external to the said chamber.
  • an elongated hollow conductive structure a series of axially aligned tubular conductive elements positioned within the structure and extending longitudinally thereof, the said elements being mutually spaced to provide gaps between their adjacent extremities, conductive wall partsextending between the said elements and the lateral walls of the said structure for supporting the elements and for connecting them electrically to the structure, said wall parts dividing the structure into a series of similar resonant cavities which are connected through the axial openings in the said tubular elements, and means for projecting charged particles successively through the said tubular elements and across the said gaps so as to produce energy conversion effects by the mutual reaction of the particles and'the said resonant cavities.
  • High frequency apparatus including a hollow conductive structure defining an elongated chamber, a series of axially aligned electrically connected conductive bodies supported centrally within the said structure and extending longitudinally thereof, the said bodies being mutually produce energy conversion efiects resulting in the generation within the structure of high frequency electromagnetic waves.
  • High frequency apparatus including a hollow conductive structure defining an elongated chamber, a series of axially aligned cylindrical me the space enclosed by the structure into a v series of similar space-resonant sections each of which-is individually resonant at a common freelongatedchamber, a succession of conductive ele- V ments providing recurrent discontinuities within the chamber along its length, said elements effectively dividing the chamber intow'a plurality of space-resonant sections each of which is individually resonant at the same frequency, thevarious sections being connected'by a passageway extending longitudinally of the chamber, and there being an opening in the said chamber of such constricted dimensions as to inhibit the propagation through the opening of electromagnetic waves of the said frequency, means including a cathode outside the chamber for projecting electrons longitudinally ofthe chamber through the said opening and passageway, thereby to maintain the chamber as a whole in a state of resonant excitation by the generation within it of electromagnetic waves of the said frequency.
  • High frequency apparatus comprising a hollow conductive structure defining an elongated chamber and having inwardly projecting conductive wall parts at regularly spaced intervals along the length of its interior surface, a series of electrically connected conductive bodies supof resonant excitation.

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US390527A 1941-04-26 1941-04-26 High-frequency apparatus Expired - Lifetime US2403795A (en)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE476814D BE476814A (fr) 1941-04-26
BE475000D BE475000A (fr) 1941-04-26
US390527A US2403795A (en) 1941-04-26 1941-04-26 High-frequency apparatus
US489129A US2463267A (en) 1941-04-26 1943-05-31 High-frequency apparatus
FR952544D FR952544A (fr) 1941-04-26 1947-08-28 Tube à haute fréquence à modulation de vitesse
FR58605D FR58605E (fr) 1941-04-26 1948-02-26 Tube à haute fréquence à modulation de vitesse

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US390527A US2403795A (en) 1941-04-26 1941-04-26 High-frequency apparatus

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US2403795A true US2403795A (en) 1946-07-09

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2466064A (en) * 1943-06-28 1949-04-05 Sperry Corp Velocity modulation apparatus
US2487656A (en) * 1943-11-22 1949-11-08 Rca Corp Electron discharge device of the beam deflection type
US2496378A (en) * 1942-06-27 1950-02-07 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Cavity resonator device for ultra-short waves
US2508645A (en) * 1945-10-23 1950-05-23 Rca Corp Frequency changer
US2512887A (en) * 1941-10-29 1950-06-27 Gen Electric Electron discharge device of the velocity modulation type
US2610306A (en) * 1947-06-14 1952-09-09 Int Standard Electric Corp Velocity modulation tube
US2622225A (en) * 1948-12-31 1952-12-16 Rca Corp Electron beam device and system employing space charge neutralization
US2768322A (en) * 1951-06-08 1956-10-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Interdigital filter circuit
US2785335A (en) * 1946-05-15 1957-03-12 Robert H Dicke Multi-cavity klystron
US2859374A (en) * 1952-12-18 1958-11-04 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave tube
US2888596A (en) * 1952-08-08 1959-05-26 Raytheon Mfg Co Traveling wave tubes
US2892121A (en) * 1954-03-25 1959-06-23 Varian Associates Electron discharge device

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2512887A (en) * 1941-10-29 1950-06-27 Gen Electric Electron discharge device of the velocity modulation type
US2496378A (en) * 1942-06-27 1950-02-07 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Cavity resonator device for ultra-short waves
US2466064A (en) * 1943-06-28 1949-04-05 Sperry Corp Velocity modulation apparatus
US2487656A (en) * 1943-11-22 1949-11-08 Rca Corp Electron discharge device of the beam deflection type
US2508645A (en) * 1945-10-23 1950-05-23 Rca Corp Frequency changer
US2785335A (en) * 1946-05-15 1957-03-12 Robert H Dicke Multi-cavity klystron
US2610306A (en) * 1947-06-14 1952-09-09 Int Standard Electric Corp Velocity modulation tube
US2622225A (en) * 1948-12-31 1952-12-16 Rca Corp Electron beam device and system employing space charge neutralization
US2768322A (en) * 1951-06-08 1956-10-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Interdigital filter circuit
US2888596A (en) * 1952-08-08 1959-05-26 Raytheon Mfg Co Traveling wave tubes
US2859374A (en) * 1952-12-18 1958-11-04 Hughes Aircraft Co Microwave tube
US2892121A (en) * 1954-03-25 1959-06-23 Varian Associates Electron discharge device

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Publication number Publication date
BE476814A (fr)
FR952544A (fr) 1949-11-18
FR58605E (fr) 1954-03-02
BE475000A (fr)

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