US2373892A - Production of resilient filaments and fibers - Google Patents

Production of resilient filaments and fibers Download PDF

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US2373892A
US2373892A US470606A US47060642A US2373892A US 2373892 A US2373892 A US 2373892A US 470606 A US470606 A US 470606A US 47060642 A US47060642 A US 47060642A US 2373892 A US2373892 A US 2373892A
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filaments
fibers
section
cross
resiliency
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US470606A
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Robert B Hickey
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Eastman Kodak Co
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Eastman Kodak Co
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/253—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a non-circular cross section; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/04—Dry spinning methods
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F2/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F2/24—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof from cellulose derivatives
    • D01F2/28—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof from cellulose derivatives from organic cellulose esters or ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate
    • D01F2/30—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Manufacture thereof from cellulose derivatives from organic cellulose esters or ethers, e.g. cellulose acetate by the dry spinning process
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
    • Y10T428/2973—Particular cross section

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the preparation of resilient filaments and fibers composed of or containing organic derivatives of cellulose such as cellulose acetate or other single or mixed cellulose organic acidesters, and more particularly to the preparation of filaments and fibers having a characteristic cross-section and especially adapted for use in the manufacture of carpet materials and of rugging and other pile fabrics.
  • the present invention has as its principal object to provide a process for producing filaments and fibers having a high degree of crush resistance and resiliency.
  • a further object is to provide a process for producing filaments and fibers having properties which especially adapt them for use in pile fabrics, either when used alone or in admixture with other natural or synthetic filaments and fibers.
  • a still further object is to 'provide a process of producing'filaments and fibers of a characteristic cross section. Other objects will appear hereinafter.
  • Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view, on a greatly magnified scale, of a group of filaments produced in accordance with the instant invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the theoretical form of an I-beam type filament
  • Fig. 3 is a graphical representation of the resiliency characteristics of filaments produced in accordance withmy, invention as compared both to natural wool and to filaments produced in accordance with prior art practice.
  • Fig. 4 is an elevational view, partly in section
  • Fig. 5 is a fragmentary plan view, greatly magnified, illustrating the general rectangular contour of the spinning orifices employed in accordwith myinvention, a typical example of such apparatus and spinning conditions being set forth in'the U. S. patents to Stone 2,000,047'and 2,000,-
  • the distinguishing feature of my invention is the discovery, wholly contrary to what might be expected from a consideration of the prior art, that in order to obtain filaments having a true I-beam cross section, as distinguished from a mere fiat or flattened cross-section, it is necessary to employ a rectangular spinning orifice in which the ratio of length to'width lies within the critical range of 1.35 to 1.65. I have found that if one goes appreciably beyond this ratio or appreciably below it, the desired and highly characteristic I-beam cross-section is not obtained, notwithstanding many loose references to obtaining such filaments found in the prior art.
  • the highly characteristic and distinguishing features of filaments produced in accordance with my invention is that the cross-section of such filaments is very definitely of the I-beam type.
  • weight or applied load being indicated by adiustment-of rider weight I.
  • adiustment-of rider weight I Positioned within .of filaments of the respective cross sections may a Y Type material Acetate staple Acetate staple.
  • a load is applied to the fiber massby rotating collar 1 in such manner as to depress the'piston 5.
  • the load when the beam 3 is in a horizontal position is read from scale S.
  • the distance in centimeters the fibers are depressed by increasing the load and the amount they expand as the load is removed as indicated by travel of 'pointer l0 on scale H is an approximate measure of their resiliency. In other words, the less they are depressed by a given load and the more they recover when the load is removed, the more resilient and crush resistance the fibers are said to be.
  • I-beam cross section material is superior in every respect to material composed I of filaments or fibers of the standard rounded or .I-beam cross-section having a high degree '01 ties above described be produced. It will thus be seen that I have provided a valuable improvement in the dry spinning art in which filaments having especially valuable properties, such as -neret having rectangular extrusion orifices in which the ratio of orifice length to width is between 1.35 and 1.65 and coagulating the filaments by conducting them through a current oi heated evaporative medium.
  • the process of producing filaments oi truiresiliency and crush resistance and adapted'ior the manufacture of pile fabrics which comprises extruding a filament-forming solution composed of a cellulose organic acid ester dissolved in a volatile solvent in the form of filaments through a spinneret having rectangular extrusion orifices in which'the ratio of orifice length to width is between 1.35 and 1.65 and coagulating the filaments by conducting them through a current of heated evaporative medium.
  • the process of roducing filaments of true I-beam cross-section having a high degree of resiliency and crush resistance'and adapted for the manufacture of pile fabrics which comprises extruding a filament-forming solution composed of cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone in the form of filaments-through a spinneret having rectangular extrusion orifices in which the ratio of orifice length to width is between 1.35 and 1.65 and coagulating the filaments by conductin them through a current of heated air.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)

Description

April 17, 1945. R. B. HICKEY 2,373,892
' PRODUCTION OF RESILIENT FILAMENTS AND FIBERS I Filed Dec. :0, 1942 L 0140 //v GRAMS 1. v ROBERT fi g gggy o v .2 .4 .6-8 10 n2 14/.6 /.e w/ W0 DEPRESSION IN CMS. v BY 9 d v ATTyEYS Patented Apr. .1945
PRODUCTION OF RESILIENT FILAMENTS AND FIBERS Robert B. Hickey, Kingsport, Tenn., assignor to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y., a corporation of New Jersey Application December 30,1942, Serial No. 470,606
\ 3 Claims.
This invention relates to the preparation of resilient filaments and fibers composed of or containing organic derivatives of cellulose such as cellulose acetate or other single or mixed cellulose organic acidesters, and more particularly to the preparation of filaments and fibers having a characteristic cross-section and especially adapted for use in the manufacture of carpet materials and of rugging and other pile fabrics.
As is well known, in the manufacture of pile fabrics, particularly those of the coarser varieties such as carpeting, rugs and the like, the matter of resiliency and durability of the fibers employed is of critical importance. Most natural wools employed in the manufacture of such fabrics are of the coarser, stronger and more resilient types. Carpet materials and rugging are generally of the pile type of construction and it is highly important that the fibers employed in such fabrics have a high crush resistance, that is, they must possess the ability to return readily to their original positions in the fabric after having been bent, displaced or distorted by application of a weight or other deforming force, such a is'the case when one walks on a carpet or rug.
Heretofore, many different types of filaments and fibers useful in the production of pile fabrics have been referred to in the prior art. Likewise,
'a large number of different fiber cross sections have-been referred to. However, so far as I am aware, no synthetic filament or-fiber has proved to be wholly satisfactory for use as a' substitute for natural carpet wool, such synthetic fibers not possessing the required degree of crush resistance or resiliency to enable them to be successfully used in such pile fabrics as carpets and rugging.
The present invention has as its principal object to provide a process for producing filaments and fibers having a high degree of crush resistance and resiliency. A further object is to provide a process for producing filaments and fibers having properties which especially adapt them for use in pile fabrics, either when used alone or in admixture with other natural or synthetic filaments and fibers. A still further object is to 'provide a process of producing'filaments and fibers of a characteristic cross section. Other objects will appear hereinafter.
These objects are accomplished by the following invention which, in its broader aspects, is based upon the discovery that filaments or fibers having a high degree of resiliency and crush resistance when used in pile fabrics must have a cross section corresponding to the cross section of an I-beam and that such I-beam cross section filaments can be" produced only by extruding a filament-forming solution through a spinneret having rectangular orifices, the ratio of the length to the width of which lies within certain specific numerical limits. Specifically, I have found that only by employing rectangular spinneret orifices in which this ratio of length to width lies between 1.35 and 1.65 can such I-beam type cross section filaments and fibers be produced. In other words I have found that this particular range ,of ratios is critical in the production of crush- .resistant filaments and fibers of the type herein set forth.
In the following examples and description, I have set forth several of the preferred embodiments of my invention, but they are included merely for purposes of illustration and not as a limitation thereof.
My invention will be more readily understood by reference to the accompanying drawing in which,
Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view, on a greatly magnified scale, of a group of filaments produced in accordance with the instant invention.
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the theoretical form of an I-beam type filament,
Fig. 3 is a graphical representation of the resiliency characteristics of filaments produced in accordance withmy, invention as compared both to natural wool and to filaments produced in accordance with prior art practice.
Fig. 4 is an elevational view, partly in section,
illustrating one form of device for measuring resiliency.
Fig. 5 is a fragmentary plan view, greatly magnified, illustrating the general rectangular contour of the spinning orifices employed in accordwith myinvention, a typical example of such apparatus and spinning conditions being set forth in'the U. S. patents to Stone 2,000,047'and 2,000,-
048. While my process is, as indicated above, fundamentally concerned with extrusion of the spinning solution "through a spinneret, the orifices of which are characterized by the fact that their ratio of length to width falls within a certain critical range, it will of course be understood altered, not only by the specific spinningconditions employed, as is well known, but also by the type of cellulose acetat or other cellulose ester it may be desired to use in making up the spinning solution. For example, although not in any way limited thereto, I prefer to employ the spinning solutions and spinning conditions described and claimed in my U. S. Patent No. 2,338,641.
As stated, the distinguishing feature of my invention is the discovery, wholly contrary to what might be expected from a consideration of the prior art, that in order to obtain filaments having a true I-beam cross section, as distinguished from a mere fiat or flattened cross-section, it is necessary to employ a rectangular spinning orifice in which the ratio of length to'width lies within the critical range of 1.35 to 1.65. I have found that if one goes appreciably beyond this ratio or appreciably below it, the desired and highly characteristic I-beam cross-section is not obtained, notwithstanding many loose references to obtaining such filaments found in the prior art.
The highly characteristic and distinguishing features of filaments produced in accordance with my invention is that the cross-section of such filaments is very definitely of the I-beam type. The
resiliency of such filaments compared to fila-' ments of rounded or merely flattened cross-section produced in accordance with the-technique of the prior art will now be discussed, both from the standpoint of the theoretical mechanics involved, and from the more practical standpoint of crush resistance as measured by a somewhat empirical test.
The mechanical characteristics of different types of filaments may be shown by a consideration, respectively, of the three theoretical cross sections, namely, (A) circular, (B) oblong, and (I) beam. On the basis of mechanics the theoretical 'moment of inertia, modulus of elasticity.-
stiflness; relative stiffness and bending moment readily be calculated. employing the values of the different dimensions given on the drawing. These data are listed in the following tabulation:
Moment of inertia, mm. 2.72Xl- .26 10- 5.67 10- Modulus of elasticity, X X
kgJlnrn. 272 325 328 Stiffness, k g./mm.' 7.4)(10- 158x10" 18.6X10 Relat ve stiffness l 092 2.51 Bending moment-to produce bend of 100 mm.
kg./mm 7.4)(- .68X10- 18.6)(10- It will be readily observed that a filament of I- beam cross section produces a much stiffer fiber which, in all. probability, accounts for the considerable improvement in resiliency and crush reslstance observed when such filaments are employed in various fabric constructions, particu- -larly pile fabrics of the rug and carpet varieties.
weight or applied load being indicated by adiustment-of rider weight I. Positioned within .of filaments of the respective cross sections may a Y Type material Acetate staple Acetate staple.
' that the ultimate properties of the yarn may be and freely movable in cylinder I is piston or presser 5 which is lowered or raised in the cylinder by means of loading screw 6 threadedly engaging collar 1 which is rotatably mounted in bracket 8 which in turn is fixedly mounted on ringstand 9. Pointer, I0 is fixedly mounted to the end of loading screw 6 and is 50 positioned as to read along scale I I which is fixedly mounted with respect to ring stand 9.
. A load is applied to the fiber massby rotating collar 1 in such manner as to depress the'piston 5. The load, when the beam 3 is in a horizontal position is read from scale S. The distance in centimeters the fibers are depressed by increasing the load and the amount they expand as the load is removed as indicated by travel of 'pointer l0 on scale H is an approximate measure of their resiliency. In other words, the less they are depressed by a given load and the more they recover when the load is removed, the more resilient and crush resistance the fibers are said to be. I
The results obtained when applying this test, respectively, to the 20 denier per filament cellulose acetate staple fibers having the so-called standardclover leaf or round cross section, to cellulose acetate staple of the same denier having an I-beam cross section and produced in accordance with my invention, and to natural wool of approximately the same fiber size, are indicated in the graphs of Fig. 3, in which graph W indicates the results obtained with natural wool, graph A with cellulose acetate fibers of cloverleaf or round'cross section and graph C with cellulose acetate fibers of I-beai'n cross section, all under the same load.
It will be seen from these curves that the ability to return after depression is approximately the same for natural wool and for cellulose acetate fibers of -I- beam cross-section produced. in accordance with my invention. Contrasted tothe resiliency and crush resistance of such fibers is the rounded-cross-section fiber-of curve A in which the ability to return to its original position after depression is markedly less.
As a further and even more practical test of the comparative quality of I-beam cross section filaments produced'in accordance with my process and standard rounded cross section filaments of the same denier, carpets were made up from each type of staple fiber produced from such filaments. In evaluating such a carpet; several testswere run to determine wear, resistance to abrasion, luxuriousness (or resistance to or recovery from compression) and resistance to soil. Tabulated below are comparative results obtained in the test. a
Shape of cross-section Clover-leaf I-beam.
Shawmut wear test. Not as good as wool Asgoodaswool. Resistance to abrasion Very good. Luxury index (wool=l00%). 75% 93%.
. Resistance to soiling l Poor Good.
It will be readily seen from a consideration of the results obtained in the various tests described above that'an I-beam cross section material is superior in every respect to material composed I of filaments or fibers of the standard rounded or .I-beam cross-section having a high degree '01 ties above described be produced. It will thus be seen that I have provided a valuable improvement in the dry spinning art in which filaments having especially valuable properties, such as -neret having rectangular extrusion orifices in which the ratio of orifice length to width is between 1.35 and 1.65 and coagulating the filaments by conducting them through a current oi heated evaporative medium.
2. The process of producing filaments oi truiresiliency and crush resistance and adapted'ior the manufacture of pile fabrics which comprises extruding a filament-forming solution composed of a cellulose organic acid ester dissolved in a volatile solvent in the form of filaments through a spinneret having rectangular extrusion orifices in which'the ratio of orifice length to width is between 1.35 and 1.65 and coagulating the filaments by conducting them through a current of heated evaporative medium.
'3. The process of roducing filaments of true I-beam cross-section having a high degree of resiliency and crush resistance'and adapted for the manufacture of pile fabrics which comprises extruding a filament-forming solution composed of cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone in the form of filaments-through a spinneret having rectangular extrusion orifices in which the ratio of orifice length to width is between 1.35 and 1.65 and coagulating the filaments by conductin them through a current of heated air.
ROBERT B. HICKEY.
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Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2504330A (en) * 1945-11-02 1950-04-18 American Safety Razor Corp Brush bristles having a reduced fracturable transverse axis
US2508799A (en) * 1944-12-28 1950-05-23 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Paintbrush and synthetic bristles for the same
US2825120A (en) * 1954-05-11 1958-03-04 Eastman Kodak Co Synthetic filament
US2829027A (en) * 1953-12-28 1958-04-01 Eastman Kodak Co Dry spinning process for making y-shaped filaments
US2838364A (en) * 1955-01-07 1958-06-10 Eastman Kodak Co Dry spinning process
US2939201A (en) * 1959-06-24 1960-06-07 Du Pont Trilobal textile filament
US2945739A (en) * 1955-06-23 1960-07-19 Du Pont Process of melt spinning
US2971245A (en) * 1956-08-20 1961-02-14 Union Carbide Corp Pile fabrics
US3033240A (en) * 1958-12-19 1962-05-08 Celanese Corp Pile carpet
US3058290A (en) * 1956-01-20 1962-10-16 British Celanese Artificial textile products
US3131428A (en) * 1958-12-19 1964-05-05 Celanese Corp Spinneret and spinning method
DE1180883B (en) * 1954-05-11 1964-11-05 Eastman Kodak Co Cellulose ester thread or fiber and processes for their manufacture
US3194002A (en) * 1962-07-25 1965-07-13 Eastman Kodak Co Multifilament yarn of non-regular cross section
US3481420A (en) * 1967-09-18 1969-12-02 Eaton Yale & Towne Lift truck motor mounting
US3621087A (en) * 1967-07-31 1971-11-16 Toyo Rayon Co Ltd Process for the preparation of acrylic fibers with odd-shaped sections
US3650659A (en) * 1969-04-05 1972-03-21 Akzona Inc Spinning die
US4054709A (en) * 1975-07-17 1977-10-18 Mikhail Nikolaevich Belitsin Man-made fibre, yarn and textile produced therefrom
US20090188604A1 (en) * 2008-01-29 2009-07-30 Nordson Corporation Nozzle and related apparatus and method for dispensing molten thermoplastic material

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2508799A (en) * 1944-12-28 1950-05-23 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co Paintbrush and synthetic bristles for the same
US2504330A (en) * 1945-11-02 1950-04-18 American Safety Razor Corp Brush bristles having a reduced fracturable transverse axis
US2829027A (en) * 1953-12-28 1958-04-01 Eastman Kodak Co Dry spinning process for making y-shaped filaments
US2825120A (en) * 1954-05-11 1958-03-04 Eastman Kodak Co Synthetic filament
DE1180883B (en) * 1954-05-11 1964-11-05 Eastman Kodak Co Cellulose ester thread or fiber and processes for their manufacture
US2838364A (en) * 1955-01-07 1958-06-10 Eastman Kodak Co Dry spinning process
US2945739A (en) * 1955-06-23 1960-07-19 Du Pont Process of melt spinning
US3058290A (en) * 1956-01-20 1962-10-16 British Celanese Artificial textile products
US2971245A (en) * 1956-08-20 1961-02-14 Union Carbide Corp Pile fabrics
US3033240A (en) * 1958-12-19 1962-05-08 Celanese Corp Pile carpet
US3131428A (en) * 1958-12-19 1964-05-05 Celanese Corp Spinneret and spinning method
US2939201A (en) * 1959-06-24 1960-06-07 Du Pont Trilobal textile filament
US3194002A (en) * 1962-07-25 1965-07-13 Eastman Kodak Co Multifilament yarn of non-regular cross section
US3621087A (en) * 1967-07-31 1971-11-16 Toyo Rayon Co Ltd Process for the preparation of acrylic fibers with odd-shaped sections
US3481420A (en) * 1967-09-18 1969-12-02 Eaton Yale & Towne Lift truck motor mounting
US3650659A (en) * 1969-04-05 1972-03-21 Akzona Inc Spinning die
US4054709A (en) * 1975-07-17 1977-10-18 Mikhail Nikolaevich Belitsin Man-made fibre, yarn and textile produced therefrom
US20090188604A1 (en) * 2008-01-29 2009-07-30 Nordson Corporation Nozzle and related apparatus and method for dispensing molten thermoplastic material
US8171973B2 (en) * 2008-01-29 2012-05-08 Nordson Corporation Nozzle and related apparatus and method for dispensing molten thermoplastic material

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