US2325865A - Electrode structure for velocity modulation tubes - Google Patents

Electrode structure for velocity modulation tubes Download PDF

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Publication number
US2325865A
US2325865A US353042A US35304240A US2325865A US 2325865 A US2325865 A US 2325865A US 353042 A US353042 A US 353042A US 35304240 A US35304240 A US 35304240A US 2325865 A US2325865 A US 2325865A
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Prior art keywords
electrons
electrodes
electrode
tube
cathode
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Expired - Lifetime
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US353042A
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English (en)
Inventor
Charles V Litton
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International Standard Electric Corp
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International Standard Electric Corp
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Publication date
Priority to BE482591D priority Critical patent/BE482591A/xx
Application filed by International Standard Electric Corp filed Critical International Standard Electric Corp
Priority to US353042A priority patent/US2325865A/en
Priority to GB7171/41A priority patent/GB547715A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2325865A publication Critical patent/US2325865A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/027—Collectors
    • H01J23/0275—Multistage collectors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to vacuum tubes and more particularly to vacuum tubes for ultrahigh frequency operation known as velocity modulation tubes wherein a stream of electrons is accelerated longitudinally for the purpose of generating or amplifying high frequency oscillations.
  • a collector electrode is provided in the path-of the electron stream to collect the electrons after they have passed grouping and extracting electrodes. It has hitherto been common practice to form this collector electrode as a single electrode or plate and as such it has been necessary to absorb anddissipate the impact energy of all the electrons at a single electrode.
  • the electrons in the electron stream are trav-. eling at diiferent speeds as they approach the collectorelectrode.
  • the slower moving electrons tend to follow a curved-path away fromthecenter of the stream under the influence of electron repulsion, while the high speed electrons tend to follow a straight line path along the axis of the stream or parallel to the 'aXiS.
  • the potential appliedto the collector electrode must be sufficiently high to insure that none of the slow moving electrons are stopped before reaching the V collector and it also should be as low as possible to regain the greatest possible amount of energy from the high speed electrons by decelerating these almost tc zero velocity.
  • the collector electrode consists of a plurality of electrodes having their major surfaces substantially parallel to the axis of the electron stream, each of said electrodes being positioned or Ebiased to collect theelectrons from said stream.
  • the ends of these electrodes facing the electron stream preferably terminate in asingleplanepqpensource.
  • the electrodes may terminate in planes spaced toward or away from the electron source.
  • the collector electrode comprises a plurality I of coaxial electrodes of successively increasing diameters arranged in the path of said stream. Where this type of construction is used increased electrode area and hence increased electron absorbing and heat dissipating area may be obtained.
  • successively higher positive potentials are applied to the electrodes of successively increasing diameters, the electrode of smallest diameter having the lowest positive potential.
  • the different potentials applied to the different collector electrodes are such that the electrons directed to eachelectrode are brought to a low velocity before reaching such electrode whereby the maximum amount of energy is recovered from the electrons.
  • the electrode which is to receive the fastest electrons may have a potential approximating that of the cathode so as to bring these fastest electrons nearly'to rest before they strike.
  • the electrode for receiving those electrons which emerge from the grouping and extracting portion of the tube with very low velocities may have a potential approximately equal to that of. the last extracting electrode so asnot to stop these slow electrons in transit.
  • the grouping and extracting electrodes of a velocity modulated tube are desirably operated at a positive potential with respect to the collector electrode.
  • Electrons striking the collector electrode may have sufiicient velocity to dislodge secondary electrons, and these secondary electrons may be attracted to the groupingand extracting electrodes and may unduly heat theserelectrodes or adversely affect the tube oscillations.
  • the collector electrode comprises a plurality of coaxial electrodes of successively increasing diameters arranged in planes spaced in the direction of the electron source, the electrode of largest diameter being nearest the electron Secondary electrons leaving the electrodes of smaller diameters, the electrodes from incorporating a collector quency of the tube.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a preferred arrangement of a velocity modulated tube employing a collector electrode of my invention
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a portion of a in accordance With my invention.
  • j I v A sectional view of a velocity modulated tube electrode of my invention is shown in Fig.1.
  • cathode assembly I a grouping grid and circuit assembly 2, an extracting grid and circuit assembly 3, and collector'clectrode' 4i.
  • The-cathode comprises a filament fi'whichis preferably.noninductively wound, an indirectly heatedcathode G, and a'potential distributingshield l. Electrons from the indirectly heated cathode 6 pass.
  • the collector electrode 4 comprises a pluralityof coaxial electrodes 16,11; l3, I9, 26' and 2] of successivelyincreasing diameters arranged in the pathoi electrons emitted from'the "cathode 5; As shown, these coax alelectrodes maybe cylinders ot'copper orta talum with flanged ends which'eX-tend through the wall of the tube.
  • The-flanged ends may (BX-- Circuits velocity lnodus l lated tube and a collector electrode constructed
  • This tube comprises a V electrodes due to their differences in speed, the electrons may be distributed more widely by the application of suitable potentials to the individual electrodes.
  • successively higher positive potentials from a source 22 are applied to the electrodes l6 l'l, log i9, Ziiand 2! of successively increasing diameters, the electrodes it of smallest diameter havingthe lowest positive potential.
  • Each of the collector electrodes of differing potential preferably receives principally those electrons whose Velocity has such value that they will just strike such electrode with a small kinetic energy.
  • the most positive collector electrode should receive'principally the low velocity electrons.
  • the slowspeed electrons which follow a diverging path will strike against the electrodes l8, [9, 2 9and 2i, and thehigh speed electrons will strike against the electrodes It and I1.
  • the electrons aredistributed over a number (if surfaceSan d the power han dling capacity of the tube is increased; Water cooling may also be employed with the electrodes to aid in dissipating theheat arising impact of the electrons. if I Althoughelectrons will-tend to strike different electrodes l3, l9, 2l!'and '2 The secondary electrons are thus prevented from reaching thegrlds l l and [2 and the resonant circuit3.
  • I r I "Eig.-;2 illustrates a-modifica'tionof the collector electrode of Fig. 1; This electrodeissubstam 'tially the sameasthatin' Fig; -1, except that the electrodes I 6' throughfll are coaxial cylinders separated by insulation 23 and'supported by the loads 24.
  • the electrodesj'ot successively --increasing diameters are arranged in'planes spaced in 'a ⁇ direction away from thc electron source; Although this type 'ofielectrode construction is not as 'efficient in collecting secondary electrons as the structure shown in Fig. 1, it is desirable'becauseof' asavingin' electrode material;
  • the electrodes of successively in creasing diameters areshorter' inlength and although the surface area is decreased it maybe noted th' t the larger diameter electrodes collect the slow speed electrons and hence it isnQt necessary that these electrodes dissipate asmuchheat as the electrodes of smaller diameter.
  • ILA velocity modulated tube 'ccmpr-iSing a cathoder meansfor grouping electrons from said cathode, means for extractlng'energy from said electrons, and a. collector electrcde arranged in the path of said electrons forcollectingsaidelec trons comprising a plurality of open-ended, generally cylindrical, coaxial electrodes having their major surfaces substantially parallel to the axis of said path and successively spaced from said axis, each of said electrodes being adapted to collect said electrons.
  • a velocity-modulated device according to claim 1, further comprising means for applying successively differing potentials to said electrodes.
  • a collector electrode according to claim 1 further comprising means for applying successively difiering potentials to said electrodes, said potentials being applied successively higher positively to the electrodes of successively increasing diameter, the electrode of smallest diameter having the lowest potential.
  • a velocity-modulated tube comprising a cathode, means for grouping electrons from said cathode, means for extracting energy from said electrons, and means for collecting said electrons comprising a plurality of coaxial electrodes of successively increasing diameters arranged in the path of said electrons in planes spaced in the direction of said cathode, the electrode of largest diameter being nearest the cathode and each of said electrodes being adapted to collect electrons from said stream.
  • a velocity-modulated tube comprising a cathode, means for grouping electrons from said cathode, means for extracting energy from said electrons, and means for collecting said electrons comprising a plurality of coaxial electrodes of successively increasing diameters arranged in the path of said electrons and in planes spaced in a direction away from said cathode, the electrode of smallest diameter being nearest the cathode and each of said electrodes being adapted to collect electrons from said stream.
  • a velocity-modulated tube having a cathode, means for grouping electrons from said cathode, means for extracting energy from said electrons, and an envelope having a wall portion, means for collecting electrons from said cathode comprising a plurality of coaxial cylinders of successively increasing diameters arranged in the path of said electrons and in planes spaced in the direction of the cathode, th electrode of largest diameter being nearest the cathode, and annular flanges attached to the ends of said cylinders remote from said cathode and extending through the wall portion of said tube.
  • a collector electrode structure for collecting electrons from a beam of electrons, said structure including a plurality of open-ended, coaxial, generally cylindrical electrodes of successively increasing diameters arranged in the path of said electrons and also spaced generally longitudinally with respect to the electron path, and means for electrically interconnecting said cylindrical electrodes.
  • a collector electrode structure according to claim 8 in which said electrodes are disposed in cascade, th electrode of smallest diameter being first met by said beam of electrons.
  • a collector electrode structure according to claim 8 in which successive electrodes of said structure are impressed with successively increasing positive potentials.

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  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
US353042A 1940-08-17 1940-08-17 Electrode structure for velocity modulation tubes Expired - Lifetime US2325865A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE482591D BE482591A (en, 2012) 1940-08-17
US353042A US2325865A (en) 1940-08-17 1940-08-17 Electrode structure for velocity modulation tubes
GB7171/41A GB547715A (en) 1940-08-17 1941-06-06 Electrode structure for velocity modulation tube

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US353042A US2325865A (en) 1940-08-17 1940-08-17 Electrode structure for velocity modulation tubes

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US2325865A true US2325865A (en) 1943-08-03

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US (1) US2325865A (en, 2012)
BE (1) BE482591A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB547715A (en, 2012)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2416315A (en) * 1942-06-04 1947-02-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2417551A (en) * 1941-01-17 1947-03-18 Emi Ltd Electron discharge device and associated circuit
US2464349A (en) * 1943-05-27 1949-03-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electronic high-voltage generator discharge device
US2474223A (en) * 1946-01-26 1949-06-28 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Electron tube
US2890375A (en) * 1954-11-18 1959-06-09 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Collector electrodes for klystron tubes
US2939037A (en) * 1956-01-30 1960-05-31 Varian Associates Apparatus for suppression of multipactor
US2957983A (en) * 1958-09-12 1960-10-25 Sylvania Electric Prod Traveling wave tube demodulator
US3024182A (en) * 1959-11-12 1962-03-06 Harold P Furth Plasma energization
US3040205A (en) * 1960-05-31 1962-06-19 Harold R Walker Electrostatic vidicon
US3099766A (en) * 1960-11-02 1963-07-30 Siemens Ag High capacity travelling wave tube for amplifying ultra high frequencies
US3453482A (en) * 1966-12-22 1969-07-01 Varian Associates Efficient high power beam tube employing a fly-trap beam collector having a focus electrode structure at the mouth thereof
US3456145A (en) * 1967-10-03 1969-07-15 Raytheon Co Cathode ray tube having multisegment target extending through envelope wall
US3662212A (en) * 1970-07-15 1972-05-09 Sperry Rand Corp Depressed electron beam collector
US3702951A (en) * 1971-11-12 1972-11-14 Nasa Electrostatic collector for charged particles
EP0020218A1 (fr) * 1979-05-23 1980-12-10 Thomson-Csf Collecteur déprimé à plusieurs étages, refroidi par rayonnement, pour tube hyperfréquence, et tube hyperfréquence comportant un tel collecteur
US4398122A (en) * 1980-04-15 1983-08-09 Thomson-Csf Multistage depressed collector for microwave tube
FR2709619A1 (fr) * 1993-09-03 1995-03-10 Litton Systems Inc Amplificateur linéaire du type à sortie inductive ayant un collecteur abaissé en plusieurs étages et procédé d'amplification associé .
US5990622A (en) * 1998-02-02 1999-11-23 Litton Systems, Inc. Grid support structure for an electron beam device
US6094009A (en) * 1997-06-05 2000-07-25 Hughes Electronics Corporation High efficiency collector for traveling wave tubes with high perveance beams using focusing lens effects
US6208079B1 (en) 1997-10-06 2001-03-27 Hughes Electronics Corporation Circumferentially-segmented collector usable with a TWT
US6380803B2 (en) 1993-09-03 2002-04-30 Litton Systems, Inc. Linear amplifier having discrete resonant circuit elements and providing near-constant efficiency across a wide range of output power
US6617791B2 (en) 2001-05-31 2003-09-09 L-3 Communications Corporation Inductive output tube with multi-staged depressed collector having improved efficiency
US20040222744A1 (en) * 2002-11-21 2004-11-11 Communications & Power Industries, Inc., Vacuum tube electrode structure

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2417551A (en) * 1941-01-17 1947-03-18 Emi Ltd Electron discharge device and associated circuit
US2416315A (en) * 1942-06-04 1947-02-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron discharge device
US2464349A (en) * 1943-05-27 1949-03-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electronic high-voltage generator discharge device
US2474223A (en) * 1946-01-26 1949-06-28 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Electron tube
US2890375A (en) * 1954-11-18 1959-06-09 English Electric Valve Co Ltd Collector electrodes for klystron tubes
US2939037A (en) * 1956-01-30 1960-05-31 Varian Associates Apparatus for suppression of multipactor
US2957983A (en) * 1958-09-12 1960-10-25 Sylvania Electric Prod Traveling wave tube demodulator
US3024182A (en) * 1959-11-12 1962-03-06 Harold P Furth Plasma energization
US3040205A (en) * 1960-05-31 1962-06-19 Harold R Walker Electrostatic vidicon
US3099766A (en) * 1960-11-02 1963-07-30 Siemens Ag High capacity travelling wave tube for amplifying ultra high frequencies
DE1616104B1 (de) * 1966-12-22 1972-05-04 Varian Associates Elektronenstrahlroehre
US3453482A (en) * 1966-12-22 1969-07-01 Varian Associates Efficient high power beam tube employing a fly-trap beam collector having a focus electrode structure at the mouth thereof
US3456145A (en) * 1967-10-03 1969-07-15 Raytheon Co Cathode ray tube having multisegment target extending through envelope wall
US3662212A (en) * 1970-07-15 1972-05-09 Sperry Rand Corp Depressed electron beam collector
US3702951A (en) * 1971-11-12 1972-11-14 Nasa Electrostatic collector for charged particles
EP0020218A1 (fr) * 1979-05-23 1980-12-10 Thomson-Csf Collecteur déprimé à plusieurs étages, refroidi par rayonnement, pour tube hyperfréquence, et tube hyperfréquence comportant un tel collecteur
FR2457559A1 (fr) * 1979-05-23 1980-12-19 Thomson Csf Collecteur deprime a plusieurs etages, refroidi par rayonnement, pour tube hyperfrequence et tube hyperfrequence comportant un tel collecteur
US4398122A (en) * 1980-04-15 1983-08-09 Thomson-Csf Multistage depressed collector for microwave tube
FR2709619A1 (fr) * 1993-09-03 1995-03-10 Litton Systems Inc Amplificateur linéaire du type à sortie inductive ayant un collecteur abaissé en plusieurs étages et procédé d'amplification associé .
US5650751A (en) * 1993-09-03 1997-07-22 Litton Systems, Inc. Inductive output tube with multistage depressed collector electrodes providing a near-constant efficiency
US6380803B2 (en) 1993-09-03 2002-04-30 Litton Systems, Inc. Linear amplifier having discrete resonant circuit elements and providing near-constant efficiency across a wide range of output power
US6094009A (en) * 1997-06-05 2000-07-25 Hughes Electronics Corporation High efficiency collector for traveling wave tubes with high perveance beams using focusing lens effects
US6208079B1 (en) 1997-10-06 2001-03-27 Hughes Electronics Corporation Circumferentially-segmented collector usable with a TWT
US5990622A (en) * 1998-02-02 1999-11-23 Litton Systems, Inc. Grid support structure for an electron beam device
US6617791B2 (en) 2001-05-31 2003-09-09 L-3 Communications Corporation Inductive output tube with multi-staged depressed collector having improved efficiency
US20040222744A1 (en) * 2002-11-21 2004-11-11 Communications & Power Industries, Inc., Vacuum tube electrode structure

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Publication number Publication date
GB547715A (en) 1942-09-08
BE482591A (en, 2012)

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