US2300113A - Building construction - Google Patents

Description

Oct. 27, H. A. FABER BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed April 1, 1939 3 Sheets-Shet l Herber? A INVENTOR Fab B3 2 6 W5 i Oct. 27, 1942.- H. A. FABER 2,300,113

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed April 1, 1939 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR HerbA Faber HIS A ORNEY Oct. 27, 1942. H. A. FABER BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Filed April 1, 1959 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Faber gm ORNEY INVENTOR Herber? A- Patented Oct. 27, 1942 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,300,113 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Herbert A. Faber, Cincinnati, Ohio Application April 1, 1939, Serial'No. 265,384

13 Claims.

This invention relates to building construction of the type wherein structures, comprising series of structural elements, such as studding and joists, are associated together in abutting relationship.

In such building construction the use of joist hangers and post caps is common for rigidly tying together and supporting the abutting structural elements, but I have developed a joinder arrangement applicable, in its essentials, to practically all parts of the skeleton structural framework of a building, and utilizing structural supporting means that span a series of structural elements or other structure in affording, not only support for those structural elements that abut, but, also, in practically all instances, a substitute for conventional spanning-type structural elements.

An object of the invention, therefore, is to provide a convenient and strong joinder arrangement for abutting structural elements in building construction.

An object is to provide a joinder arrangement for abutting structures in building construction wherein structural supporting means function to support those structures which abut against other structures, as well as to span spaced component structural elements of such other structures.

An object is to afford unobstructed passage between various of the related structural elements in building construction for the passage of service instrumentalities or other elements-usually non-structural therethrough.

'An object is to provide tie plates of configuration especially adapted for the purposes of the invention.

I have found that a very practical construction, pursuant to the invention, results from the employment Of structural steel or the like as the structural supporting means, and of sheet metal tie plates, having overhanging projections which engage the longitudinal outer margins of the structural steel, as uniting means. The tie plates are respectively secured to the structural elements against which other structural elements abut and the structural steel serves to support the stated other structural elements in their abutting relationship with the first named structural elements while in itself spanning the first named structural elements.

Further features and objects of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 represents a fragmentary vertical section taken between studs at a location in a building construction at which 'studding is secured to the foundation by one form of the invention.

Fig. 2 represents a horizontal section taken on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 represents a vertical section taken 'on the line 33 of Fig. 2, the bed-of mortar being eliminated.

Fig. 4 illustrates per "se, and'in perspective, the particular type of tie plate found advantageous for use in that form of the invention represented in the foregoing figures.

Fig. '5 represents a fragmentary "perspective view of a portion of the studding of a-partition wall of the building, withjoists abutting thereagainst and supported in a-manner contemplated by another form of the invention.

Fig. 6 represents a vertical section taken on the line 66 of Fig. '1 "and illustrating the individual studs-and joists in elevation.

Fig. 7 is an exploded view illustrating per se and in perspective the cooperative joinder elements of the type preferred in the form of the invention represented in Figs. 5 and 6. The illustrated joinder elements include tie plate and a section of structural steel supporting means.

Fig. '8 represents a fragmentary horizontal section taken across joist and studding associated as in Fig. -5 but the studding, in the present instance, being embodied in an outside wall rather than in a partition wall.

Fig. 9 represents a fragmentary vertical section taken between studs at their connection, pursuant to a form of the invention, with ceiling joists and rafters of roof construction.

Fig. 10 represents a bottom plan View of the structure of Fig. 9.

Fig. 11 represents a fragmentary vertical section taken between rafters at the ridge of the roof structure, the rafters being secured together and the ridge being provided by cooperative joinder elements pursuant to the invention.

Fig. 12 represents a bottom plan'view of the structure of Fig. '7.

Fig. 13 represents a fragmentary bottom plan view of the supporting element per se, forming the ridge of the roof structure.

The invention may be embodied in various or the structural portions of a building, as foriinstance, at the juncture of joists .withstudding, of studding with rafters and ceiling joists, of rafters structure,

2. ting relationship with another series of structural elements, and are supported in such relationship by structural supporting means which extend transversely along and bear against the structural elements of the stated other series and by the use of connecting means which serve to tie the abutting structural elements and the structural supporting means together.

Referring to Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the drawings, there is illustrated a portion of an exterior wall of a building erected in accordance with the principles here disclosed. Studding is secured to the foundation, and floor joists are associated in abutting relationship with the studding. The joinder of the structures represents one form of joinder pursuant to the invention.

The illustrated foundation It) is of usual monolithic concrete formation, and supports conventional brickwork II. The studding comprises individual joists IS; the studs l2 and the joists l3 are shown as of conventional type.

The floor'joists abut, respectively, against the inner edge faces of the respective studs at the bottom end portions of the latter, and are secured in such abutting relationship by an arrangment coming within the generic purview of the invention. Structural supporting means, in the form of structural steel lengths or the like, are placed on and are secured to the inner margin of ledge Ma of the foundation If! in such manner as to extend along the length thereof. In the present instance, the structural steel lengths comprise an angle-iron Hi, laid in a bed of mortar or other suitable filler material ifi-l, with one of' its legs I ia, horizontally disposed and the other of its legs Mb, extending vertically therefrom adjacent the exterior brickwork H, and comprise, further, a T-iron l5 having one flange of its cross-bar a laid horizontally on the material H3 at the inner edge of foundation ledge Ida, in spaced relation to leg Ma of angle iron Hi, and its leg [5b depending therefrom and disposed against the vertical face of foundation ledge Mia. The other flange of the cross-bar I5a extends to overhang the vertical face of foundation ledge Ilia.

Bolts, indicated it, respectively, have their heads and a major portion of their shanks embedded in the concrete of foundation it], and expose upstanding threaded shanks at spaced locations along the length of the foundation ledge Ida; The threaded shanks of the bolts extend upwardly between the spaced structural steel elements it and I5 and each carry a lower nut and washer group, indicated generally H, and an upper nut and washer group indicated generally 28, which cooperate to clarnp-in their predetermined spaced relationship-the twostructural supporting elements together, as well as to the foundation It.

The structural supporting elements H5 and it: provide seating means along preferably the entire length of the foundation ledge Eda, for the reception, at spaced intervals, of the bottom ends of the respective studs [2, and the overhanging flange of cross bar 15a of T-iron provides, in effect, a hanger for the reception and support of the respective joists IE3 at the location of studs. Accordingly. it can be seen that the structural supporting elements i4 and i5 bear against the bottoms of the studs I2.

Serving to unite studs I?- to the foundation ledge We, and, further, serving to enhance anchorage of T-iron 15 are tie plates 2% rigidly secured to the bottom end portion of respective studs as by means of ordinary nails driven through holes provided in the tie plates. The tie plates 20 are each formed with a forward projection 20a hooked, as at 2|, which itself overhangs and engages the marginal edge of the overhanging flange of cross-bar 15a, and are each provided, further, with a backwardly extending projection 251) which has a substantially vertical slot 22 engaging the upstanding leg bib of structural supporting element I4; a downwardly extending projection 200 includes a horizontal slot 23 which engages the marginal edge of horizontally disposed leg Eda of structural supporting element [4.

If desired, tie strips 24 may be provided at spaced intervals along the heights of the studs in for enhancing rigidity of the wall structure, each of the tie strips 2d being secured at one end to a stud and having its other end interposed and bonded in the mortar between adjacent brick courses of the brickwork I l.

The particular type of tie plate, 28, found advantageous in the above described form of the invention is illustrated per se in Fig. 4. It may be stamped or otherwise cut from sheet metal having rigidity and strength suitable for its intended function. For facilitating placement of the tie plate, the tab 20c-l, which defines the engaging slot 23 in downwardly extending projection 280, may be bent at substantially right angles to the plane of the tie plate.

In assembling the wall structure according to preferred practice the lower nut and washer groups ii are threaded onto the upstanding and exposed threaded shanks of bolts IE to a desired level above the top of foundation ledge Ida. Thereupon, the mortar, or other filler material, Id-l, may be spread on ledge Ilia to the thus predetermined level. Thereafter, the angle iron it and T-iron ii: are laid, in the desired mutually spaced relation, on the filler material l9-l so that their adjacent edges rest on the lower nut and washer groups IT at opposite sides of the threaded shanks of bolts l6, as clearly illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. The upper nut and washer groups it are then threaded on the upstanding terminal ends of bolt l6, tightly clamping the angle iron and T-iron in their mutually spaced relationship.

The tie plates 26, in number corresponding to the number of studs 12, are conveniently placed in position subsequent to the clamping of the structural supporting elements It and ii, the tab 290-! being bent for the purpose of enabling downwardly extending projection 290 to pass through the space between the structural supporting elements, and the slots 2! and 22 being of greater width at the mouth than the thickness of the received margins of the structural supporting element for facilitating the placement. Following such placement, the tab ZEc-l may be bent to its normal planar coincidence with the tie plate proper, as for instance by the insertion of a screw driver or similar blunt instrument between the spaced irons M and i5 while the bed of mortar is yet soft.

Subsequent to the placement of the tie plates 20, the studs 12 are erected directly on the seat provided by the structural supporting elements 14 and I5, and the joists [3 are positioned in abutting relationship with the studs. The overhanging flange of cross-bar l5a of the T-iron I5 serves as a hanger to receive and support the joists. The main body portions of the tie plates 26 are preferably nailed to the studs l2 and the overhanging hanger portions 29a of the tie plates 20 are preferably nailed to the joists I3, see the nails 25.

Referring now to Figs. 5, 6 and 7, there is illustrated studding of a lower story and next upper story of a partition wall, with ported thereagainst in a manner coming within the generic purview of the invention and accordingto one of the preferred specific forms thereof.

The lower story studding of the partition wall may rest on foundation piers (not shown) or on other foundation means, or may rise from a still lower story section in the same manner as the herein illustrated studding of the upper story section does. It comprises a series of spaced studs 24 of conventional type.

The next upper ilar series of similarly spaced studs 25, of identical type, and mounted, butt to but respectively, on the studs '24 of the lower story studding. The floor joists 25, on both sides of the studding, are supported in abutting relationship therewith at locations preferably comprehending the lines of ioinder between the lower and upper studs.

Structural supporting meansangle-irons in the present instance-are respectively secured, by means of novel tie plates of characteristic form, with the outside face of one leg bearing against lateral faces of the studs 24 and with the other leg'extending therefrom in such mannor as to receive and support the floor joists 26.

The tie plate is indicated 21, and is illustrated per se in Fig. '2. It is preferably stamped or cut from sheet metal in such manner, that, when bent to final configuration, a cap plate portion is provided comprising a horizontal cap plate 21a and upstanding lateral plates 27?), 27b, and a hanger portion is provided comprising a niidplate 270, which depends vertically from an edge of cap plate 27a, and hangers Z'icl, 27d, extending laterally outwardly in substantially planar coincidence with n1id-plate 270.

A tie plate 27 fits over the top end of each of the lower studs 25, with cap the top end of the stud and mid-plate 27c fitting down against a lateral face of ie stud. Nails, as at 28, may be driven into the stud through openings suitably provided in mid-plate 220. Each upper stud 25 rests in'the seat of the cap plate portion of a tie plate 27, with the lateral plates Ell) extending upwardly against lateral faces thereof and with nails, as at 29, driven thereinto through suitably provided openings in the lateral plates 21?).

For the purpose of snugly receiving and of supporting the structural supporting elements, namely, the angle- irons 30, 36, the hangers 27d, Will, of each tie plate 21, are downwardly hooked and so com'igurated as to cooperate with the lateral edges of mid-plate 210 in providing receiving pockets. Horizontal slots 3|, 3i, serve to engage the outer free margins of the horizontally disposed legs 3%, 353a, respectively, of angle-irons 38, 39, and nub projections 22's, 216 serve to support the bottom free edges of the vertically disposed legs 3%, Sill), respectively.

Each of the angle-irons 39, 30 are conveniently provided, at intervals spaced along its length, with marginal slots 32. The slots are spaced according to the spacing of the respective hangers 2712 on the series of studs, and have outwardly flared mouths, so that the angle-iron can be easily slipped into placement on the series of hangers. Thus, the angle-irons are firmly supported with plate Zia resting on (ill theoutside face of their vertical legs 39b disposed against lateral faces of respective studs, and with their legs 321a extending horizontally for receiving and supporting floor joists 26.

For rigidity, it is preferred that the joists be nailed, see 29|, to the horizontal legs 35a of the respective angles, perforations, see 32'|, being provided for this purpose in such horizontal legs 30a. Under the eccentric load of the joists, the vertical legs 35b of the angle-irons bear against lateral faces of the respective studs of the series. It is usually desirable to nail the joists to the hanger portions see the nails 29-2.

It should be particularly noted irons 38, 30, at opposite sides, the

respectively, of series of studs, take the place of the usual cap or plate running transversely of the studs,

and provide, between the individual studs of the series, openings 33 for the passage of service instrumentalities, heating ducts, etc, or other elements, therethrough.

In Fig. 8 is illustrated a 'oinder of studs and floor joists in a manner similar to that illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6 and utilizing the form of tie plate illustrated per se Fig. 7. The studding, however, is of an outside wall similar to that illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, and 3.

The upper story studding, comprising individual studs 35, is erected on top of lower story studding; and floor joists, comprising individual joists 38, are supported against the studding by means of tie plates 2i, of each of which only one hanger 21d is utilized to support an angleiron 31. The opposite hanger 2M of each of the tie plates 27 is bent against a face of its respective stud, as illustrated, to adapt the tie plates for use with the outside wall structure. The joists 36 are supported by the extending horizontal leg 37a of the angle-iron 3'! in the same manner as the joists 26 are supported on the horizontal legs 3fia of the respective angle-irons 3B, in Figs. 5 and 6.

Referring now to Figs. 9 and 10 wherein studding, ceiling joists, and rafters are joined in abutting relationship pursuant to the generic principles of the invention; the studding comprises a series of spaced studs 42: having their top ends suitably bevelled for abutment against the respective sloping rafters 4| of the series of rafters. Ceiling joists, comprising individual joists 42, have their ends properly cut for tight abutment against both the studs 41! and the rafters 4 I. The joinder of the thus associated structural elements is accomplished by means of tie plates 43, there being preferably an individual tie plate at each side of a single group of associated structural elements, see Fig. 10.

Each tie plate 43 is stamped or out from sheet metal of suitable rigidity to provide a hanger portion similar to the hanger portion of the tie plate 27, Fig. 7. Here, however, there is provided a peaked body portion 33a having a hanger 43b extending from only one of its lateral sides, the two lying in a single plane. The hanger 34b is downwardly hooked, providing a horizontal slot 44 and being generally configurated to cooperate with the adjacent lateral edge of body portion i -5a in providing a pocket for the rece tion or" an angle-iron structural supporting element. A nub projection 43d, similar to the projection tile in the case of tie plate is provided to complete the pocket formation.

At each of the major faces of a stud, and at 21d, 27d of the tie plates 21,

that the anglesuch as plumbing, wiring,

the top end thereof, is secured a tie plate 43, as by means of nails M passing through suitably spaced openings in the body portion 43a. The rafter 4i, superimposed on the stud 40, has the tie plates 43 secured thereto as by means of nails 46 driven through suitably spaced openings in the body portion Gila. The angle-iron 41 is provided with pairs of spaced slots, see the slots t8 and 49, the pairs being spaced apart along the length of the angle-iron 41 according to the location of the pairs of hangers 43b, 43b which extend from the respective studs of the series. The slots 48 and d9 are provided for the same purpose as are the slots'32 in the angle-irons 3E], 35 of Figs. 5, 6 and 7, i. e. for facilitating placement of the angle-irons in the hangers 631). As in the stated prior figures, the horizontally disposed leg 41a. of the angle-iron serves to receive and support the ends of ceiling joists t2, and vertically extending leg 61b has its outer face disposed and bearing against faces of the studs M).

It should be noted that, by the present arrangement of structural elements, the usual cap or plate for the studs is eliminated, and wiring, piping, or other elements may be passed through the space between angle-iron t1 and the outer sheathing material.

Referring to Figs. 11, 12, and 13, there are illustrated rafters abutting against rafters at the ridge location in roof structure. The rafters on one side of the ridge comprise a series of spaced individual rafters 5?], and the rafters on the other side of the ridge comprise a series of spaced individual rafters 5|. The two sets of rafters are joined at the ridge location in a manner coming within the generic purview of the invention.

A form of tie plate, indicated 52 is utilized in providing the joinder. i'he tie plate 52 is configured according to the angle made by the abutting rafters, and has two arms 52a and 52b lying in the same plane and having their free ends, respectively, downwardly hooked and provided with slots 53, 53, respectively, for receiving the outer margins of respective legs 54a and 5% of ridge iron 54.

Ridge iron 54 is configurated to provide, at spaced intervals along its length, sets of oppositely related extended edge portions, 54a and 54b, projecting, respectively, from the outer free edges of the respective legs 56a and 5612. Along [13:

lines extending transversely of the two legs 54a and 54b, and preferably centrally of the respective sets of extended edge portions, Eda. and 56.1), are perforations 55 adapted to have nails driven therethrough. Along the outer free edges of the legs 5M. and 56b, and at opposite sides and spaced apart from the respective projections 54a. and 541), are arranged individual slots 56, of pairs of slots corresponding to the respective extended edge portions 55a and 551).

In securing the rafters 50 and 5! together in mutually abutting relationship, the ridge iron 54 is anchored to the wall structure of the building, in any conventional manner, and the rafters placed thereagainst. Tie plates 52 are strung onto the ridge iron at opposite sides of each pair of mutually abutting rafters, by insertion through the slots 56, and are slid along the ridge iron to positions in face to face contact with opposite lateral faces of the mutually abutting rafters. Nails, as at 51, may be driven through the perforations 55 for firmly securing the rafters to the ridge iron, and nails, as at 58, may be driven through perforations, suitably provided in the tie plates, for securing the tie plates to the rafters.

It should be noted that the mutually abutting rafters are supported by, and bear against, the respective legs 54a and 54b of the ridge portion 54, thus bringing this embodiment within the generic purview of the invention.

Whereas this invention has been illustrated and described with respect to preferred specific embodiments thereof, it should be clearly understood that numerous changes may be made Without departing from the generic scope of the invention as set forth herein and in the claims that follow.

I claim:

1. In building construction, a series of mutually spaced structura1 elements; structural supporting means secured against and extending continuously transversely across the structural elements of said series tying said structural elements into a united whole and providing support for other similarly spaced structural elements, said structural supporting means including seating means which project outwardly from said series of structural elements and provide the support for said other similarly spaced structural elements; a second series of structural elements which are mutually spaced similarly to the spacing of the structural elements of the first series, the structural elements of said second series resting directly on said seating means of the structural supporting means and abutting, respectively, against the respective structural elements of the first series; and tie means secured, respectively, to respective structural elements of said first series and extending rigidly therefrom, said tie means including supporting portions which extend outwardly with said seating means and are in engagement therewith.

2. Building construction as recited in claim 1 wherein the tie means comprises hanger portions which overhang said seating means and engage outer portions thereof.

3. In building construction, wall structure comprising a lower series of studs; tie plates secured, respectively, to the upper ends of the studs of said series of studs, said tie plates each comprising a cap plate portion superimposed on the upper end of its respective stud, and, comprising hanger portions projecting laterally of the tie plate and of its respective stud; an upper series of studs mounted on said lower series of studs, the lower ends of respective studs of said upper series of studs being secured in said cap plate portions of the said tie plates; structural supporting means secured in said hanger portions of the tie plates and extending continuously transversely along said series of studs, said structural supporting means comprising means projecting outwardly from the said series of studs, and means depending from said projecting means and bearing against the said series of studs; and a series of joists comprising individual joists having ends which abut against said studs of the series of studs, and which rest upon and are supported by said projecting means of the structural supporting means.

4. In building construction, Wall structure comprising, a lower series of studs; tie plates secured, respectively, to the upper ends of the studs of said series of studs, said tie plates each comprising a cap plate portion superimposed on the upper end of its respective stud, and comprising hanger portions projecting laterally of th ti plate and of its respective stud; an upper series of studs mounted on said lower series of studs, the lower ends of respective studs of said upper series of studs being secured. in said cap plate portions of the said tie plates; angle-irons secured in said hanger mrtions of the tie plates and extending continuously transversely along said series of. studs, one of the legs of each of said angle-irons being disposed substantially horizontally and projecting outwardly from the series of studs, and the other leg of each of said angleirons depending from the first-named leg thereof and disposed in face to face contact with the said series of studs; and series of joists comprising individual joists having ends which abut against said studs of the said series of studs, and which rest upon and are supported by the proj ecting legs of said angle-irons.

5. In building construction, a series of studs comprising individual studs spaced apart from one another and securely anchored; a series of rafters comprising individual rafters spaced apart from one another corresponding to the spacing of said individual studs, said individual rafters resting upon upper ends of the individual studs of said series of studs; tie plates secured, respectively, to the lateral faces of the respective associated individual studs and individual rafters,

joining said individual studs to said. individual 'rafters, said tie plates each having a hanger portion extending from its respective stud; a structural supporting means secured within said hanger portion of the tie plates and extending continuously transversely along said series of studs, said structural supporting means comprising means which project beyond said series of studs and means which depend from said projecting means and bear against faces of said series of studs; and a series of roof joists comprising individual roof joists spaced apart from one another corresponding to the spacing of said individual studs and of said individual rafters, said individual roof joists having, respectively, ends which rest upon and are supported by said projecting means of said structural supporting means, and which abut against the respective associated studs and rafters.

6. In building construction, a series of studs comprising individual studs spaced apart from one another and securely anchored; a series of rafters comprising individual rafters spaced apart from one another corresponding to the spacing of said individual studs, said individual rafters resting upon upper ends of the individual studs of said series of studs; tie plates secured, respectively, to the lateral faces of the respective associated individual studs and individual rafters, joining said individual studs to said individual rafters, said tie plates each having a hanger portion extending from its respective stud; an angle-iron disposed within said hanger portion of the tie plates and extending continuously transversely along said series of studs, one leg of said angle-iron being disposed substantially horizontally and projecting beyond said stud, and the other leg of said angle-iron depending from. the first-named leg in face to face contact with said series of studs; and a series of roof joists comprising individual roof joists spaced apart from one another corresponding to the spacing of said individual studs and said individual rafters, said individual roof joists having, respectively, ends which rest upon and are supported by said pro- 7 jecting leg of said angle-iron, and which abut against the respective associated studs and rafters.

7. In building construction, roof structure comprising structural supporting means forming a 7- ridge element; a series of rafters comprising individual rafters spaced apart from one another and having upper ends which rest upon said structural supporting means; a second series of rafters comprising individual rafters spaced apart corresponding to the spacing of said individual rafters of said first named series of rafters, said individual rafters of said second series of rafters having upper ends which rest upon said structural supporting means, and which abut against the individual rafters of said first named series of rafters, forming a ridge for the roof structure; tie plates, secured, respectively, to the associated rafters of said first and second named series of rafters, said tie plates including hanger portions which overhang and engage the outer edges of said structural supporting means.

8. A tie plate comprising a body portion adapted for securement to other structure, a cap plate portion formed at the upper end of said body portion and at an angle thereto and adapted for securement to the top end of said structure, downwardly hooked means extending from opposite lateral edges of said body portion adjacent said cap plate portion, and supporting projections extending from opposite lateral edges of said body portion at locations spaced downward- 1y from said downwardly hooked portions, said downwardly hooked portions and said projecting portions forming pockets for the reception of structural supporting lengths.

9. In combination, a series of tie plates spaced apart from one another and, substantially similarly disposed, each of said tie plates comprising a body portion secured to other structure, at least one downwardly hooked hanger portion extending from the said body portion and a supporting projection extending from said body portion adjacent the hanger portion and spaced downwardly therefrom, the hanger portion and the supporting projection forming a receiving pocket therebetween, and an angle-iron extending transversely of said series of tie plates and disposed within said receiving pocket with one of its legs disposed substantially horizontally and engaged at its free marginal edge by the downwardly hooked portions of said tie plates and with its other leg depending from the first named leg, bearing against a face of said other structure, and having its free marginal edge resting upon the supporting projections of said tie plates.

10. Building construction comprising structural framework made up of studs, rafters, and joists without transverse capping or ridge pole, the respective structural elements being associated and joined in direct abutting relationship; and transverse elements secured against and across said framework immediately adjacent the abutting joinder of said structural elements and extending along the framework transversely of the respective structural elements thereof uniting the same into a structural whole and leaving the space between adjacent structural elements un obstructed, thus forming series of continuing passageways through the framework, said transverse elements having angularly related surface portions lying substantially flush against respective mutually joining portions of said framework which are angularly related and serving to support portions of said framework.

11. Building construction comprising structural framework made up of studs, rafters, and joists without transverse capping or ridge pole, the respective structural elements being associated and joined in direct abuttingrelationship;

transverse elements secured against and across said framework immediately adjacent the abutting joinder of said structural elements and extending along the framework transversely of the respective structural elements thereof uniting the same into a structural whole and leaving the space between adjacent structural elements unobstructed, thus forming series of continuing passageways through the framework, said transverse elements having angularly related surface portions lying substantially flush against respective mutually joining portions of said framework which are angularly related and serving to support portions of said framework, and tie means associated with respective mutually abutting structural elements of said structural framework, said tie means including hanger portions which overhang adjacent transverse elements and engage outer portions thereof.

12. Building construction comprising structural framework made up of studs, rafters, and joists without transverse capping or ridge pole, the respective structural elements being associated and joined in direct abutting relationship; transverse elements secured against and across said framework immediately adjacent the abutting joinder of said structural elements and extending along the framework transversely of the respective structural elements thereof uniting the same into a structural whole and leaving the space between adjacent structural elements unobstructed, thus forming series of continuing passageways through the framework, said transverse elements having angularly related surface portions lying substantially flush against respective mutually joining portions of said framework which are angularly related and serving to support portions of said framework, and tie means associated with respective mutually abutting structural elements of said structural framework, said tie means including supporting portions which extend outwardly substantially across the width of adjacent transverse elements and serve to support outer portions thereof.

13. In combination, a series of mutually spaced similar structural elements making up a portion of the framework of building construction, transverse means secured against and extending across said framework and providing seating means serving to receive and support a second series of mutually spaced similar structural elements having ends which abut, respectively, against respective structural elements of the first mentioned series, the spaces between the structural elements of both of said series forming passageways which are substantially unobstructed, and the respective passageways of said first mentioned series communicating substantially without obstruction with the respective passageways of the second series in said framework forming series of continuing passageways throughout said framework; and means securing said structural elements and said transverse means of said framework into a united whole.

HERBERT A. FABER.

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