US2280257A

US2280257A - Resistor device and method of making the same

Info

Publication number: US2280257A
Application number: US286307A
Authority: US
Inventors: Gerald L Pearson
Original assignee: Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc
Current assignee: AT&T Corp
Priority date: 1939-07-25
Filing date: 1939-07-25
Publication date: 1942-04-21
Anticipated expiration: 1959-04-21
Also published as: GB541922A; FR931192A

Description

April 1942- G. L. PEARSON 2,280,257

RESISTOR DEVICE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME Filed July 25, 1939 INVENTOR By G. LPEARSON G MJMA M A T TORNEV Patented Apr. 21, 1942 RESISTOR DEVICE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME Gerald L. Pearson, Towaco, N. J., assignor to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application July 25, 1939, Serial No. 286,307

12 Claims.

This invention relates to resistor devices of the type denoted as indirectly heated resistors and to methods of fabrication thereof. More particularly, it relates to such resistors having a resistance element the conductivity of which is highly dependent upon temperatures.

An indirectly heated resistor usually comprises a resistor element, an electrical heater and an insulating barrier between the resistor element and the heater. Ordinarily the outside of the unit is also provided with an insulating covering. One of the chief difliculties encountered in making indirectly heated resistor units has been the production of suitable insulating means, particularly the before-mentioned insulating barrier. The insulating means, besides having good insulating properties at all operating temperatures, must be a reasonably good conductor of heat and remain stable over long periods of time when subjected to repeated heating and cooling cycles.

One object of this invention, therefore, is to produce stable, indirectly heated resistor units having insulating means with good heat conducting properties and whose insulation and heat conducting characteristics are retained at all operating temperatures.

In accordance with one feature of this invention, the resistor element and heater of a resistor unit are embedded in a substantially integral mass of insulating material.

Another feature of this invention resides in a resistor having an insulating portion comprising a glass-like material.

The invention and the foregoing and other features thereof will be understood more clearly and fully from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:

Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a resistor unit illustrating one form of the invention;

Fig. 2 is a sectional view of a different resistor unit illustrating another form of the invention; and

Fig. 3 is an elevational view of a resistor unit mounted in a protective envelope, a portion of the envelope being broken away to show the internal elements more clearly.

In the fabrication of indirectly heated resistors according to this invention, a resistor element having firmly attached conductive leads or electrodes is first fused into a body of glass or glass-like material. A heater is then applied to the resulting assembly and more glass-like material fused therearound. The unit may take several forms two of which are illustrated in the drawing.

The unit 20 disclosed in Fig. 1 may be made in the following manner: a resistor element, such as a bead ill, of semiconductive material and having conductors ll embedded therein, is inserted in a hollow glass body, such as a glass tube, with portions of the conductors ll projecting from the tube. This assembly is heated sufliciently to soften the glass. Temperatures from 700 to 900 C. may be employed. A suitable method of heating is in a furnace at about 900 C. for thirty seconds in an oxygen atmosphere. The hot glass shrinks around the bead I0 to make good thermal contact therewith. After cooling, the resulting solid glass body or rod l2 has the bead l0 firmly embedded therein. In order to insure good bonding, the glass should have a thermal expansion coefficient as near that of the bead I 0 and conductors H as possible. A heater coil l3, preferably prewound, is placed over the glass body or rod l2. The coil may comprise wire of a nickel-chromium alloy or other suitable heater wire. An oxide-coated wire is preferred. A glass cement I4 is spread over the coil [3 and rod l2 leaving coil ends l5 projecting. Upon heating to about 700 C. and cooling the cement forms a hard glassy material which holds coil I3 in place, makes good thermal contact with the coil l3 and body or rod 12 and offers good electrical insulation. A preferred cement comprises about 65 per cent of powdered anhydrous sodium borate and about 35 per cent of powdered aluminum oxide, made into a paste by the addition ofsuflicient water. Another preferred cement comprises approximately per cent each of lithium and potassium borate with water.

Since these units for many purposes are very small, they are preferably mounted in a protective envelope. A glass bulb, such as 22, in Fig. 3 is suitable. The bulb 22 has four supports 23 of conductive material, two of which are attached to heater leads l5 and two to the resistor leads H of the unit 20. The bulb is heated, evacuated and sealed off at about 10 millimeters of mercury. Evacuation is not necessary for stability but serves to increase the sensitivity of the device by decreasing the thermal loss The encased units may be mounted on suitable bases or the like adequate for the purpose for which they are employed.

Units 2| of the type shown in Fig. 2 may be constructed as follows: a bead-type resistor l0 having conductors H is wetted with a suitable liquid, such as water, and dipped in finely pulverized metal borate. Zinc or potassium borate is preferred. The borate is then fused into a glassy mass l6 surrounding the bead, by the application of heat at from 700 to 900 C. The heat may be applied by a flame, oven or other suitable means. The glass enclosed head is then inserted into a coil l3 of heater wire, the assembly again wetted and more metal borate powder applied. Heat is again applied as before, to fuse the borate into a glass. The whole assembly is thereby enclosed in a glass bead with the resistor leads II and heater leads I5 projecting there from. Units made in this manner are ordinarily smaller than those of Fig. 1 for the same size resistor element I0. The Wetting steps comprise a simple and convenient method of making the borate powder stick until fused and in the case of assembly with the coil the surface tension centers the inner element in the heater coil. The unit 2| may be mounted in an envelope in a similar manner to that employed for unit 20.

The resistor element In may comprise any resistance material having desired resistance characteristics. Semiconductive materials which have been found suitable for many applications comprise heat-treated combinations of metal oxides such as disclosed in application Serial No. 274,144 of R. O, Grisdale, filed May 1'7, 1939, now Patent 2,258,646, issued October 14, 1941, and Serial No. 280,692 of E. F. Dearborn, filed June 23, 1939.

Although the invention has been disclosed by illustrative embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that various modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:

1. An indirectly-heated resistor unit comprising a head of semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, a hollow glass rod fused around and in intimate contact with said bead and a portion of said leads, and a heater coil around said glass rod and held in contact therewith by a glass-like cementing material fused around said coil and rod.

2. An indirectly-heated resistor unitcomprising a head of semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, a layer of metal borate fused around and in intimate contact with said bead and a portion of said leads, a heater coil over said layer, and another layer of metal borate fused over "said first layer and coil.

3. An indirectly-heated resistor unit comprising a bead of semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, a layer of zinc borate fused around and in intimate contact w th said bead and a portion of said leads,

a heater coil over said layer, and another layer of zinc borate fused over said first layer and coil.

4. An indirectly-heated resistor unit comprising a bead of semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, a layer of potassium borate fused around and in intimate contact with said bead and a portion of said leads, a heater coil over said layer, and another layer of potassium .borate fused over said first layer and coil.

5. An indirectly-heated resistor unit comprising a bead of high resistance-temperature coefiicient semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, a fused glass-like mass enclosing and in intimate contact with said bead and a portion of said leads, and a heater coil around said glass-like mass and held in contact therewith by a layer of fused material comprising sodium borate and aluminum oxide.

6. An indirectly-heated resistor unit comprising a bead of high resistance-temperature coefiicient semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, a fused glass rod enclos ing and in intimate contact with said bead and a portion of said leads, and a heater coil around said glass rod, and held in contact therewith by a layer of fused material comprising 65 per cent sodium borate and 35 per cent aluminum oxide.

7. The method of making a resistor unit that comprises fusing a layer of glass-like material over a high resistance-temperature coefiicient semiconductive body and a portion of its attached conducting leads, applying an electrically conductive heater means to said layer, and securing said heater means in place by fusing a second layer of glass-like material over the first layer and the heater means. I

8. The method of making a resistor unit that comprises inserting into a glass tube a body of high resistance-temperature coefficient semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, said leads being of sufficient length to project from the tube, heating the assembly to fuse the glass tubing and then cooling to tightly enclose said body and leads in the resulting glass body, inserting said glass body into a. coil of heater wire, applying a cementing material thereto, and heating to fuse the cement into a glass-like mass enclosing the coil and attaching it to the glass body.

9. The method of making a resistor unit that comprises inserting into a glass tube a body of high resistance-temperature coeflicient semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, said leads being of sufficient length to project from the tube, heating the assembly at about 900 C. to fuse the glass tubing and then cooling to tightly enclose the body and leads in the resulting glass body, inserting said glass body into a coil of heater wire, applying a cementing material thereto, and heating at about 700 C. to fuse the cement into a glass-like mass enclosing the coil and attaching it to the glass body.

10. The method of making a resistor unit that comprises wetting a semiconductive body, applying powdered metal borate thereto, heating to fuse the borate into a glass-like layer, applying a heater coil over said layer, wetting the assembly, applying more powdered metal borate over the firstlayer and coil, and heating to fuse the borate into a glass-like outer layer.

11. The method of making a resistor unit that comprises wetting a semiconductive body, applying powdered metal borate thereto, heating at a temperature between 700 and 900 C. to fuse the borate into a glass-like layer, applying a.heater coil over said layer, wetting the assembly, applying more powdered metal borate over the first layer and coil, and heating to a temperature of between 700 and 900 C. to fuse the borate into a glass-like outer layer.

12. An indirectly-heated resistor unit comprising a body of semiconductive material having conductive leads attached thereto, a mass of glass-like material fused around and in intimate contact with said body and a portion of said leads, and a heater coil around said glass-like mass and held in contact therewith by a glasslike cementing material fused around said coil and mass.

GERALD L. PEARSON.