US2277430A - Multiorifice anode - Google Patents

Multiorifice anode Download PDF

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Publication number
US2277430A
US2277430A US364662A US36466240A US2277430A US 2277430 A US2277430 A US 2277430A US 364662 A US364662 A US 364662A US 36466240 A US36466240 A US 36466240A US 2277430 A US2277430 A US 2277430A
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United States
Prior art keywords
anode
cooling
back plate
thimble
oil
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US364662A
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English (en)
Inventor
John H Findlay
Lempert Joseph
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to BE483446D priority Critical patent/BE483446A/xx
Application filed by Westinghouse Electric Corp filed Critical Westinghouse Electric Corp
Priority to US364662A priority patent/US2277430A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2277430A publication Critical patent/US2277430A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/08—Anodes; Anti cathodes
    • H01J35/12—Cooling non-rotary anodes
    • H01J35/13—Active cooling, e.g. fluid flow, heat pipes

Definitions

  • Our invention relates to X-ray devices and comprises in particular a new X-ray anode or target which is particularly adapted for use in connection with the continuous generation of X-rays, for example, in the administration of therapeutic treatments.
  • An object of our invention is to increase the turbulence of the cooling medium applied to the inner surface of an X-ray anode or target.
  • a more specific object of our invention is to bubble the cooling medium, such as 011, against the inner surface of the X-ray anode or target, whereby the film of oil tending to adhere thereto is replaced with fresh oil.
  • Fig. 1 is a view mainly in cross section of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a View on lines IIII of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates the flow of a cooling medium and devices of the prior art.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates the type of flow provided by our invention.
  • the device For the purpose of preventing undue heating of the anode in X-ray tubes when employed for therapeutical treatments or other conditions requiring a heavy load, such as 3500 watts, it is common to circulate a cooling and insulating material through the anode in an endeavor to maintain an even temperature. If water is employed, the device cannot be advantageously rendered shockproof because of the high voltages to which the tube is subjected and the fact that water is not dependable as a dielect ic medium.
  • a high dielectric fluid is nor- -mally utilized, such as hydrocarbon oils, but
  • a cooling and insulating material such as oil
  • Another object of our invention is the provision of an X-ray tube having an anode which becomes heated during operation of the tube and wherein medium of higher viscosity than water is caused to circulate therethrough at a high velocity, thus reducing the tendency of the medium to film.
  • a further object of our present invention is the provision of an X-ray tube having an anode which becomes heated during operation of the tube and wherein a cooling and insulating material of comparatively high viscosity circulates therethrough at high velocity and turbulence, thus increasing the efficiency of heat transfer and substantially eliminating the probability of carbonlzing of the medium at points of greatest heat.
  • our invention is an improvement over that disclosed in Patent #2,098,315, issued to D. G. Sharp, November 9, 1937, for an X-ray tube.
  • Fig. 1 an X-ray tube comprising an evacuated envelope 5, having a sleeve 1 supported from one end of the envelope, and on this sleeve is sealed a suitable focusing cup or shield 8, having a thermionic cathode 9, recessed therein and adapted to receive electrical energy through a suitable pair of conductors sealed through the glass envelope.
  • An anode electrode structure I3 is supported from the opposite end of the tube. Suitable electric energy is fed to this anode structure which comprises a hollow metallic member I5, such as spun copper or the like, sealed to this end of the envelope.
  • a refractory metal such as tungsten
  • This electron bombardment being more or less concentrated upon the target I! causes the generation of considerable heat, particularly when the tube is continuously operated for long periods of time, as in the administration of therapeutic treatments.
  • the thimble I9 is provided with a shoulder portion 22' of increased diameter with its outer periphery spaced closely to the interior of the member l5, and the end through thimble I9 is provided with a slightly concave surface or face 23 spaced a. short distance from the end of the member I5 to which the copper head is secured.
  • the member I5 While we have shown the member I5 as having a closed end to provide more surface area for the purpose of molecularly securing the back plate I6 thereto and to facilitate ease of construction, it is understood that this may be open ended, thus allowing the face 23 to be spaced a short distance directly in the rear of the back plate I6.
  • the back plate is spaced directly from the face 23 of the thimble I9 and directly contacted by the cooling and insulating material.
  • the slightly concave face 23 of the front end of the thimble has a plurality of small openings 24 extending through to an enlarged chamber 25 in the head of the thimble.
  • These openings are preferably symmetrically arranged around the small central opening illustrated.
  • any number of openings may be utilized, but we preferably utilize more in the central area. These openings are from .015 to .125 inch and preferably approximately .040 inch in diameter.
  • This inlet conduit preferably has a shoulder 28 engaging a recess 21 on the inner diameter of the thimble.
  • the thimble has annular openings 26 providing an entrance for the fluid from the space between the thimble and the inner wall of the member I5. This opening permits the cooling fluid to pass between the inner wall of the thimble and the conduit 28 out into the space 29 between the shaft of the inlet conduit and the outer wall of the member I5.
  • the thimble I9 not only terminates rearwardly within ring member I8 to enable locking ring 20 to be applied, but to also afford a greatly enlarged passageway immediately to the rear of said ring member and thimble, materially reducing back pressure on the cooling medium flow from the front of the thimble. Any suitable exit from the tube may be utilized for this fluid.
  • the thimble I9 and the inner surface of the member I5 may be coated with metal, such as nickel, rhodium, platinum and the like, to prevent clinging of the cooling and insulating material with the formation of an undesirable deposit, as hereinafter more fully described.
  • a cooling and insulating material such as high grade hydrocarbon oil is caused to flow from a suitable reservoir through the inlet conduit 28 to the chamber 25 in the head of the thimble.
  • the rear surface of the backv plate I6 is the point of greatest heat.
  • the oil under high pressure bubbles through the openings 24 directly on this surface with an attendant high velocity.
  • the holes 24 are shown perpendicular to the rear surface of the back plate, and disposed at various positions with respect thereto, so the high velocity streams propelled through said holes collide head-on with force disruptive to the streams against the surface.
  • Fig. 3 we have disclosed the types of fiow of the prior art wherein the fluid fiows laterally across the inner surface of the metal wall l5.
  • the flow of this oil is technically defined as lamminar, because the films slide across one another.
  • the inner film adjacent the wall I5 will be inclined to adhere thereto and the continued application of high heat to this film adhering to the wall will produce a film of carbon from the oil.
  • the flow produced by our plurality of openings in the head of the thimble produces a bubbling of the oil against the wall with a consequent greater turbulence illustrated in Fig. 4.
  • the effect of this turbulence will provide a current, for example, illustrated by the heavy curved arrow A driving directly against the wall and then curving back.
  • the high velocity of flow accompanied by the bubbling or turbulence from passing through the small openings not only prevents too great a filming of the oil with a concentration of heat transfer at the surface of greatest heat, but likewise eliminates the possibility of the oil carbonizing by leaving deposits which would ordinarily occur and offer an impediment to the flow thereof.
  • an X-ray tube suitable for continuous operation for therapeutic purposes wherein an anode is provided through which a cooling and insulating material circulates with greater turbulence for transferring the heat generated during operation of the tube.
  • the increased velocity of flow at the critical area or region where there is high turbulence, low vicosity through high temperature reduces the resistance to the flow of oil to a minimum.
  • An X-ray tube comprising an envelope, a cathode, an anode including a refractory metal target which becomes heated during operation by electron bombardment, a back plate of good heat conducting material for supporting said target, and a hollow anode stem for supporting said back plate, and means for circulating a cooling and insulating material over the maximum surface area of said back plate rearwardly of said target, including a member forming a chamber Within said anode stem directly back of said back plate, a conduit leading into said chamber, a plurality of comparatively small openings from said chamber through the wall of said member facing said back plate and forming a plurality of high velocity fiow passages substantially perpendicular to said face at various positions with respect thereto whereby said' cooling and ln'sulating material will flow through with high turbulence and'high velocity into forceful concentrated stream engagement with and splashing spreading flow over the surface of said back plate without filming and to effect maximum heat transfer from said anode to said cooling and insulating material.
  • An X-ray tube comprising an envelope, a cathode, an anode including a refractory metal target which becomes heated during operation by electron bombardment, a back plate of good heat conducting material for supporting said target, and a hollow anode stem for supporting said back plate, and means for circulating a cooling and insulating material over the maximum surface area of said back plate rearwardly of said target, including a member forming a chamber within said anode stem directly back of said back plate, a conduit leading into said chamber, a plurality of comparatively small openings from said chamber through the wall of said member facing said back plate and forming a plurality of high velocity flow passages substantially perpendicular to said face at various positions with respect thereto whereby said cooling and insulating material will flow through with high turbulence and high velocity into forceful concentrated stream engagement with and splashing spreading flow over the surface of said back plate without filming and to effect maximum heat transfer from said anode to said cooling and insulating material, the face of said member directly back of said back plate being
  • An X-ray tube comprising an envelope, a cathode, an anode including a refractory metal target which becomes heated during operation by electron bombardment, a back plate of good heat conducting material for supporting said target, and a hollow anode stem for supporting said back plate, and means for circulating a cooling and insulating material over the maximum surface area of said back plate rearwardly of said target, including a member forming a chamber within said anode stem directly back of said back plate, a conduit leading into said chamber, a plurality of comparatively small openings from said chamber through the wall of said member facing said back plate, said openings being disposed with maximum concentration thereof next to the middle and more distantly spaced from each other toward the periphery of the front end of said member whereby said cooling and insulating material will flow through with high turbulence and high velocity over the surface of said back plate without filming and to effect maximum heat transfer from said anode to said cooling and insulating material, said member directly back of said back plate having a head slightly less in
  • An X-ray tube comprising an envelope, a
  • anode including a refractory metal target which becomes heated during operation by electron bombardment, a back plate of good heat conducting material for supporting said target, and a hollow anode stem for supporting said back plate, and means for circulating a cooling and insulating material over the maximum surface area of said back plate rearwardly of said target, including a member forming a chamber Within said anode stem directly back of said back plate, a conduit leading into said chamber, a plurality of comparatively small openings from said chamber through the wall of said member facing said back plate whereby said cooling and insulating material will flow through with high turbulence and high velocity over the surface of said back plate without filming and to effect maximum heat transfer from said anode to said cooling and insulating material, said member directly back of said back plate comprising a thimble with a head slightly less in diameter than said anode stem surrounding it, said chamber being in the head of the thimble and having close contact with said conduit, a ring member supporting said thimble member from

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)
US364662A 1940-11-07 1940-11-07 Multiorifice anode Expired - Lifetime US2277430A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE483446D BE483446A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1940-11-07
US364662A US2277430A (en) 1940-11-07 1940-11-07 Multiorifice anode

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US364662A US2277430A (en) 1940-11-07 1940-11-07 Multiorifice anode

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US2277430A true US2277430A (en) 1942-03-24

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2617057A (en) * 1949-10-31 1952-11-04 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Liquid cooling of anodes in vacuum discharge tubes, more particularly x-ray tubes
US2715194A (en) * 1951-12-03 1955-08-09 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co X-ray tube comprising a liquid cooled anode
US2821650A (en) * 1951-09-28 1958-01-28 Gen Electric Method of obtaining vacuum tightness in cast metal structures of thin section and resulting products
US2886723A (en) * 1956-09-04 1959-05-12 Machlett Lab Inc X-ray tubes
US3546511A (en) * 1967-07-31 1970-12-08 Rigaku Denki Co Ltd Cooling system for a rotating anode of an x-ray tube
US20100128848A1 (en) * 2008-11-21 2010-05-27 General Electric Company X-ray tube having liquid lubricated bearings and liquid cooled target

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2617057A (en) * 1949-10-31 1952-11-04 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Liquid cooling of anodes in vacuum discharge tubes, more particularly x-ray tubes
US2821650A (en) * 1951-09-28 1958-01-28 Gen Electric Method of obtaining vacuum tightness in cast metal structures of thin section and resulting products
US2715194A (en) * 1951-12-03 1955-08-09 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co X-ray tube comprising a liquid cooled anode
US2886723A (en) * 1956-09-04 1959-05-12 Machlett Lab Inc X-ray tubes
US3546511A (en) * 1967-07-31 1970-12-08 Rigaku Denki Co Ltd Cooling system for a rotating anode of an x-ray tube
US20100128848A1 (en) * 2008-11-21 2010-05-27 General Electric Company X-ray tube having liquid lubricated bearings and liquid cooled target

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Publication number Publication date
BE483446A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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