US2233779A - Electron discharge device - Google Patents

Electron discharge device Download PDF

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Publication number
US2233779A
US2233779A US112940A US11294036A US2233779A US 2233779 A US2233779 A US 2233779A US 112940 A US112940 A US 112940A US 11294036 A US11294036 A US 11294036A US 2233779 A US2233779 A US 2233779A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
electrons
electrodes
cathode
electrode
electron
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US112940A
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English (en)
Inventor
Fritz Karl
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Telefunken AG
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Telefunken AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/64—Turbine tubes, i.e. tubes with H-field crossing the E-field and functioning with reversed cyclotron action
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B9/00—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects
    • H03B9/01—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects using discharge tubes
    • H03B9/10—Generation of oscillations using transit-time effects using discharge tubes using a magnetron
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C5/00—Amplitude modulation and angle modulation produced simultaneously or at will by the same modulating signal
    • H03C5/02—Amplitude modulation and angle modulation produced simultaneously or at will by the same modulating signal by means of transit-time tube
    • H03C5/04—Amplitude modulation and angle modulation produced simultaneously or at will by the same modulating signal by means of transit-time tube the tube being a magnetron

Definitions

  • the object of the present invention is to increase the efficiency beyond the usual values and especially beyond the value of
  • the given value of about 50% represents a limit value which cannot be exceeded by way of further experimental development on the basis of the usual conceptions known in the art for the oscillation performance in oscillations with travel periods. It will be explained hereinafter why the value of approximately 50% must be the limit for a continuous further development along the known lines.
  • the present invention does not deal with instructions which serve for the Asolution of the problems encountered in the short wave apparatus hitherto employed, but departs from obsolete laws, and shows principally novel ways which require, in order to be followed with success, novel tubes and circuits.
  • the short wave apparatus according to the invention and having tubes with one or several cathodes or sources of emission and more particularly several electrodes ppsitively biased and in which the cathode is preferably not included in the circuit of the electrodes carrying alternating current, is characterized by such arrangement of the electrodes and choice of operating conditions that the electrons which, as regards the excitation oi.' oscillations, enter with proper phase relation the alternating field between the electrodes and deliver their energy.
  • Tubes will preferably be used whose electrodes are at different distances from the cathode, and the arrangement of the electrodes and choice of the operating conditions will be such that a part of the electrodes (useful electrodes) primarily those which carry only alternating voltages, and no direct current or a fraction of the total emission current, and that another part of the electrodes (absorption electrodes) serves primarily only for receiving electrons without carrying an appreciable alternating voltage, and at least some having the frequency to be generated.
  • Figures 1 and 2 are diagrams showing electron movement in magnetic and electrical fields
  • Figure 3 is a diagrammatic showing of one form of electron discharge device embodying my invention
  • Figure 4 is a diagrammatic showing of another form of electron discharge device embodying my invention
  • Figures 5a, 5b and 5c are diagrammatic views of another form of electron discharge device embodying my invention
  • Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view of a push-pull type of electron discharge tube and circuit made according to my invention
  • Figures 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are diagrammatic showings of modifications of electron discharge devices embodying my invention.
  • the tube schematically shown in Figure 1 comprises substantially two parallel plates Ai and A2. It is assumed that between the plates there exists a transverse electrical field having constant strength and direction, and a magnetic field of constant magnitude and direction whose lines of force extend at right angles to the plane of the drawings. The projections of the lines of force i. e. the limits of the effective zone of the magnetic field H are indicated by small crosses, It is also assumed that the strength of the magnetic field is such that the radius of curvature of the electron paths is smaller than half of the interplate distance d. With ⁇ these assumptions, an electron at K' and having an initial velocity vo with any direction, will move in a cycloid shaped course either towards the left or towards the right depending on the direction of the magnetic field.
  • Figure 2 shows schematically a similar tube. Contrary to the preceding example in addition to the constant transverse direct field, a transverse electrical field with alternating direction and intensity is assumed between the plates A1 and Aa. The electrons are assumed to originate at an emission source K located for instance in the centerplane between the plates, i. e. they pass from this side into the plate system and move towards an electrode N at the right side extending at right angie to the aforementioned center plane.
  • an emission source K located for instance in the centerplane between the plates, i. e. they pass from this side into the plate system and move towards an electrode N at the right side extending at right angie to the aforementioned center plane.
  • Adjacent electrodes are connected with each other by identical oscillatory circuits L and C, On their travel from the cathode K to the absorption electrode N the electrons must remain within each anode cage for a period equal to approximately the duration of one half oscillation cycle.
  • the polaritles indicated at the connection points of the oscillatory inductance L relate to the superimposed alternating potential and are meant for electrons which happen to be at the end of the useful electrodes A1, A3 and As for instance. 'I'he length of the anode cages, or the distance between the center normal, or perpendicular center plane of an electrode and the center normal of the following electrode must be matched with the velocity of the electrons and the frequency to be generated.
  • the alternating field must just have the maximum.
  • the first of the electrons with respect to the cages or electrodes are properly controlled in accordance with the oscillations of the connected circuits.
  • the electron accelerated by the direct bias potential thus loses in stages its velocity, and reaches the electrode N with zero velocity in the most favorable case.
  • Figure 4 represents a cross section through a rotation-symmetrical structure of a tube using the principle of the tube in Figure 3, with the exception that only two useful electrodes Ai and Az are provided, and this tube contains instead two cathodes Ki and K2.
  • the absorption electrode N is situated at the axis of the system.
  • an alternating potential is generated between the two cylinder halves, and if the magnetic field strength is so chosen that the time of rotation of the electrons is justl equal to an oscillation cycle, then at first two principal conditions exist. In one case the electron moves in proper phase from K1. i. e. it just passes with its high velocity through the slot plane S1. if the transverse electrical field between the electrodes Ai and Az opposes its movement.
  • the electron moves upon the electrode A1 negatively excited by the alternating field. In this case it furnishes energy to the outer circuit and slows down its sped of rotation, its path radius becomes smaller since the magnetic field remains constant. The angular velocity of the electron remains practically constant. It repeats its rotation until it has arrived on its spiral path at the absorption electrode N. The electron impinges ⁇ approximately with zero velocity, although this electrode N has a high positive potential. This signifies, therefore, that the electron has given up its entire energy received while entering the cylinder, to the alternating eld, i. e. to the oscillation electrodes. The einciency is about 100%. In the extreme case, the absorption electrode N needs not be cooled.
  • the second case namely in which the electron enters with improper phase from K: through the slot Sz into the discharge space, therefore moving towards an electrode A positively excited at this moment by the alternating voltage disregarding the positive steady bias potential can be readily visualized.
  • the electron derives additional energy from the alternating field, increasing thereby its velocity of rotation, its path will be widened and it flies towards the electrode A with the highest incidental voltage, and is thus removed from the alternating field.
  • the same principal considerations are obviously also true where a single cathode k only is provided.
  • the course of the electrons will furthermore be so influenced that they travel from their source no longer in any voluntary fashion, but proceed in a regulated sequence.
  • Special auxiliary electrodes disposed in direct proximity of the cathode are suited to carry out this cathode control.
  • FIG. 5a shows the top view of a tube according to the invention containing auxiliary electrodes.
  • the discharge space has the form of the volute type turbine casing. It is limited by four useful electrodes A1. Az, m, and A4 gradually decreasing in size in the direction of the electron flight, and representing sectors of a prismatic hollow body.
  • 'I'he cathode K is located at the circumference of the prism extending parallel to the surface lines of said prism, and surrounded at the outside by a directive semi-cylinder Z which concentrates the electron current up to a certain degree.
  • auxiliary electrodes G Between cathode K and the inlet opening into the rst electrode sector A1 one or several perforated auxiliary electrodes G are provided which can take over the function of a pulling and control grid or both.
  • Two oppositely disposed useful electrodes are always connected with each otherby a bent connection member B1; and Bia respectively.
  • An electromagnetic coil R produces the magnetic field.
  • electromagnets could be used for this purpose also.
  • the operating conditions and the dimensions of the electrodes are different and taken parallel to the electron travel path must be so chosen that at the travel of an electron from the center normal (radial center plane) of an electrode to the center normal of the following electrode, the sign of the superimposed alternating fleld is reversed.
  • An input circuit I is connected between the cathode K vand the grid G properly biased.
  • the focusing electrode Z is biased negatively with respect to the cathode.
  • 'I'he output circuit comprises an inductance L and a capacity C connected to oppositely disposed groups of electrodes Aa.
  • A4 and A1 As. 'I'he voltage supply is represented at Ua.
  • the input voltage has a frequency related to the natural frequency of oscillation of the output circuit such that the modulation of the electrons will cause the output circuit to oscillate at its natural frequency.
  • Figure 5b shows a side view of the same tube indicating clearly the' arrangement and the position of the side or absorption electrodes N.
  • Figure 5c likewise shows an elevation of the tube. There is indicated herein the discharge vessel E as well as the electrode connections.
  • the two bent connections B1.: and Bm have an oscillatory circuit L C connected thereto which circuit is positioned preferably outside the discharge vessel E.
  • phase jump or reversal of the phase relates to the phase difference existing at the place of the discharge space considered between the periodically oscillating field, and the velocity component of the electron extending parallel to the electrical field.
  • Figure 'I shows the principle of such electrode system.
  • 'I'he electrode system may also be in twin arrangement ( Figure 8) or in the form of a symmetrical cylinder ( Figures 9 and l0).
  • This box-like arrangement of electrodes can obviously be carried out in the proper sense in all oscillatory tube circuits to which the travel time of the electrons is of the order oi the time of oscillation for a complete cycle of the produced frequency.
  • the electrons going out from the cathode K go. through an alternating field in such phase that they deliver energy to this alternating field. Since electrons continuously come out of the cathode, only half of the electrons work in the desired way, while the other half come out of the cathode in the wrong phase; that is, they leave the cathode at such a point of time that the result is not a delivery of energy but an absorption of energy from the alternating field. In between, the energy balance will correspondingly be zero.
  • oscillating in equal phase can now 'be connected -with each other and a common oscillatory circuit comprising inductances L and capacities C can be inserted between the two groups. If the mutual capacities of the electrodes which are added, cause a disturbing effect an oscillatory circuit can be inserted always between tw o adjacent electrodes.
  • An electron discharge device having a cathode for supplying electrons. -an anode for receiving said electrons, .and a plurality of electrodes surrounding the space between said cathode and said anode and adapted to have an alternating potential applied thereto for creating an alternating electric field between said electrodes.
  • An electron discharge device having a cathode for supplying electrons .and an anode for receiving said electrons, a plurality oi' arcuate shaped electrodes surrounding the space traveled by the electrons from the cathode to the anode and adapted to have an alternating potential applied theretc for creating an alternating electric eld in said space, means for inducing a magnetic eld perpendicular to the path oi' the electrons in their movement from the cathode to the anode, and other means for directing the electrons from said cathode into said space, said electrons being decelerated in their movement i'rom the cathode to the anode by the alternating electric field and the magnetic eld.
  • An electron discharge device having a cathode for .supplying electrons and an anode for receiving said electrons, a plurality of arcuate shaped electrodes surrounding the space traveled by the electrons from the cathode to the collecting electrode, said anode being centrally positioned with respect to said electrodes, said electrodes being .adapted to have an alternating voltage applied thereto for creating an alternating electric eld in saidspace, means for producing a magnetic ileld perpendicular to the path of the electrons in moving from the cathode to the anode, said electrons traveling in a spiral-like path with decreased velocity in response to the action of said alternating electric field and said magnetic field, and means i'or directing the electrons from said cathode into the space surrounded by said electrodes.
  • An electron discharge device having a cathode for supplying electrons and an anode for receiving said electrons, a plurality oi.' electrodes bounding the space traveled by the electrons from said cathode to said anode and adapted to have .an alternating potential applied thereto, said electrodes having perforated portions near said cathode, electrodes positioned outside of said space and said perforated electrode for receiving electrons passing through said perforated portions, means for inducing a magnetic tleld substantially perpendicular to the travel of electrons from the cathode to the anode, and means for directing electrons into said Space.
  • An electron discharge device having a cathode for supplying electrons, an anode for receiving said electrons, a plurality oi' electrodes surrounding atleast part of the path ci the electrons between said cathodeand said anode and of successively decreasing length, means for applying an alternating potential to said electrodes for creating an alternating electric field between said electrodes, means for applying a positive potential with respect to the cathode to said plurality ot electrodes and means for directing electrons from said cathode through the space surrounded by said electrodes, said alternating electric field causing a decrease in the velocity of electrons moving from the cathode to the anode.
  • An electron discharge device having an electron emitting cathode and an anode for receiving the electrons, a plurality of electrodes surrounding the space traveled by the electrons from the cathode to the anode, circuit means connected to said plurality of electrodes for applying an alternating voltage to said electrodes, means for applying a positive potential with respect to the cathode tc said plurality of electrodes the irequency of the alternating voltage and the dimensions of the electrodes being such that successive paths of travel of the electrons successively through said plurality of electrodes become shorter and shorter and energy is successively subtracted by said circuit means as electrons travel from the cathode to the anode.
  • the method of obtaining electronic oscillations which comprises projecting electrons at relatively high velocity, creating regions of electric potential oi' successively decreasing length along the path of said electrons, varying said electric potentials in accordance with said oscillations,4 opposing the motion of said electrons by the fields of force produced in the rst of said regions, subtracting energy from said electrons by said opposition and thereby reducing their velocity, opposing the motion of said electrons moving at said reduced velocity in said second region, subtracting energy from said electrons by the last mentioned opposition, and continuing the steps of reducing the velocity of the electrons at successive regions and subtracting energy until the velocity oi' the electrons approaches zero.
  • the method of obtaining electronic oscillations which comprises projecting electrons at relatively high velocity, creating regions of electric potential of successively decreasing length along the path of said electrons, varying said electric potentials in accordance with said oscillations, opposing the motion of said electrons by the eld of force created in said iirst region, subtracting energy from said electrons by said opposition and thereby reducing their velocity,
  • the method of obtaining electronic oscillations which comprises projecting electrons at relatively high velocity, creating regions of electric potential of successively decreasing length along the path oi' said electrons,'varying said electric potentials in accordance with said oscillations, opposing the motion oi.' said electrons by the field of force created in said iirst region subtracting energy from said electrons by said opposition and thereby reducing their velocity, opposing the motion oi said electrons moving at said reduced velocity in said second region, subtracting energy from said electrons by the lastmentioned opposition, and continuing the steps of reducing the velocity ot the electrons in successive regions and subtracting energy until substantially all oi the energy of said electrons has been subtracted.

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US112940A 1935-11-30 1936-11-27 Electron discharge device Expired - Lifetime US2233779A (en)

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DE488094X 1935-11-30

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US (1) US2233779A (US08177716-20120515-C00003.png)
FR (1) FR814152A (US08177716-20120515-C00003.png)
GB (1) GB488094A (US08177716-20120515-C00003.png)
NL (1) NL49857C (US08177716-20120515-C00003.png)

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2444242A (en) * 1942-05-09 1948-06-29 Gen Electric Magnetron
US2454094A (en) * 1944-01-21 1948-11-16 Scophony Corp Of America Electron discharge device for producing electric oscillations
US2489082A (en) * 1944-07-01 1949-11-22 Forest Lee De High-voltage generator
US2511886A (en) * 1938-06-18 1950-06-20 varfan
US2513260A (en) * 1945-03-07 1950-06-27 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Electron discharge apparatus
US2563807A (en) * 1945-03-07 1951-08-14 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Electron discharge apparatus circuit
US2565410A (en) * 1944-09-20 1951-08-21 Philco Corp Controllable electrical delay means
US2603764A (en) * 1939-06-15 1952-07-15 Int Standard Electric Corp Centimeter wave velocity modulated electron discharge device
US2603772A (en) * 1948-04-06 1952-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Modulation system
US2615144A (en) * 1946-12-14 1952-10-21 Rca Corp Magnetron
US2622194A (en) * 1950-11-18 1952-12-16 Gen Electric Apparatus for accelerating charged particles
US2638539A (en) * 1949-05-28 1953-05-12 Rca Corp Apparatus for converting electrical frequency variations into amplitude variations
US2647219A (en) * 1947-11-15 1953-07-28 Int Standard Electric Corp Catcher circuits for velocity modulation tubes
US2666163A (en) * 1951-12-29 1954-01-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron device with long electron path
DE913186C (de) * 1941-03-28 1954-06-10 Siemens Ag Anordnung zur Erzeugung ultrakurzer elektrischer Wellen
US2683216A (en) * 1946-01-31 1954-07-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for accelerating charged particles by causing them to pass through periodically reversing potential fields
US2719914A (en) * 1948-05-28 1955-10-04 Csf Radio relay system comprising a travelling wave tube
US2721272A (en) * 1945-01-05 1955-10-18 Ernest O Lawrence Calutrons
US2774869A (en) * 1949-11-08 1956-12-18 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge apparatus
US2776374A (en) * 1951-09-15 1957-01-01 Itt Electron discharge devices
US2809320A (en) * 1953-11-27 1957-10-08 Zenith Radio Corp Traveling-wave tubes
US2870368A (en) * 1953-07-14 1959-01-20 Rca Corp Electron beam tubes
US2878413A (en) * 1953-11-27 1959-03-17 Zenith Radio Corp Traveling-wave amplifiers
US2880356A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Linear accelerator for charged particles
US2880353A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Particle accelerator
US2925523A (en) * 1957-02-12 1960-02-16 Sylvania Electric Prod Wave generator
US2942144A (en) * 1957-02-12 1960-06-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Wave generator
US2976455A (en) * 1958-03-19 1961-03-21 Gen Electric High frequency energy interchange device
US3172006A (en) * 1960-10-10 1965-03-02 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Collector circuit for electron beam devices
US3184632A (en) * 1961-02-28 1965-05-18 Gen Telephone & Elect Wave generator with time-variant electric potential distribution
US5175466A (en) * 1986-10-02 1992-12-29 Seward Iii Dewitt C Fixed geometry plasma and generator
US5589727A (en) * 1986-10-02 1996-12-31 Electron Power Systems Energy storage system
US5773919A (en) * 1986-10-02 1998-06-30 Electron Power Systems Electron spiral toroid
US6140752A (en) * 1992-12-24 2000-10-31 Electron Power Systems Energy storage device having a plurality of single charged particles and a charge neutralizer
US6603247B1 (en) 1986-10-02 2003-08-05 Electron Power Systems Energy storage and recovery system
US6617775B1 (en) 1995-05-31 2003-09-09 Electron Power Systems, Inc. Energy storage device

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE756859C (de) * 1938-11-08 1954-06-14 Aeg Gegentakt-Bremsfeldroehre
DE748821C (de) * 1939-05-20 1944-11-10 Linearer ein- oder mehrstufiger Resonanzverzoegerer
BE474854A (US08177716-20120515-C00003.png) * 1939-05-27
DE902392C (de) * 1939-06-02 1954-01-21 Lorenz C Ag Anordnung zur Erzeugung von Kurz- und Ultrakurzwellen
DE970149C (de) * 1940-05-17 1958-08-21 Western Electric Co Elektronenentladungs-Vorrichtung zur Verstaerkung einer hochfrequenten elektromagnetischen Welle
NL187376B (nl) * 1946-01-11 Northern Telecom Ltd Telefoonspraaknetwerk.

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2511886A (en) * 1938-06-18 1950-06-20 varfan
US2603764A (en) * 1939-06-15 1952-07-15 Int Standard Electric Corp Centimeter wave velocity modulated electron discharge device
DE913186C (de) * 1941-03-28 1954-06-10 Siemens Ag Anordnung zur Erzeugung ultrakurzer elektrischer Wellen
US2444242A (en) * 1942-05-09 1948-06-29 Gen Electric Magnetron
US2454094A (en) * 1944-01-21 1948-11-16 Scophony Corp Of America Electron discharge device for producing electric oscillations
US2489082A (en) * 1944-07-01 1949-11-22 Forest Lee De High-voltage generator
US2565410A (en) * 1944-09-20 1951-08-21 Philco Corp Controllable electrical delay means
US2721272A (en) * 1945-01-05 1955-10-18 Ernest O Lawrence Calutrons
US2513260A (en) * 1945-03-07 1950-06-27 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Electron discharge apparatus
US2563807A (en) * 1945-03-07 1951-08-14 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Electron discharge apparatus circuit
US2683216A (en) * 1946-01-31 1954-07-06 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Apparatus for accelerating charged particles by causing them to pass through periodically reversing potential fields
US2615144A (en) * 1946-12-14 1952-10-21 Rca Corp Magnetron
US2647219A (en) * 1947-11-15 1953-07-28 Int Standard Electric Corp Catcher circuits for velocity modulation tubes
US2603772A (en) * 1948-04-06 1952-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Modulation system
US2719914A (en) * 1948-05-28 1955-10-04 Csf Radio relay system comprising a travelling wave tube
US2638539A (en) * 1949-05-28 1953-05-12 Rca Corp Apparatus for converting electrical frequency variations into amplitude variations
US2774869A (en) * 1949-11-08 1956-12-18 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge apparatus
US2622194A (en) * 1950-11-18 1952-12-16 Gen Electric Apparatus for accelerating charged particles
US2776374A (en) * 1951-09-15 1957-01-01 Itt Electron discharge devices
US2666163A (en) * 1951-12-29 1954-01-12 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron device with long electron path
US2880356A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Linear accelerator for charged particles
US2880353A (en) * 1953-02-23 1959-03-31 Csf Particle accelerator
US2870368A (en) * 1953-07-14 1959-01-20 Rca Corp Electron beam tubes
US2809320A (en) * 1953-11-27 1957-10-08 Zenith Radio Corp Traveling-wave tubes
US2878413A (en) * 1953-11-27 1959-03-17 Zenith Radio Corp Traveling-wave amplifiers
US2925523A (en) * 1957-02-12 1960-02-16 Sylvania Electric Prod Wave generator
US2942144A (en) * 1957-02-12 1960-06-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Wave generator
US2976455A (en) * 1958-03-19 1961-03-21 Gen Electric High frequency energy interchange device
US3172006A (en) * 1960-10-10 1965-03-02 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Collector circuit for electron beam devices
US3184632A (en) * 1961-02-28 1965-05-18 Gen Telephone & Elect Wave generator with time-variant electric potential distribution
US5175466A (en) * 1986-10-02 1992-12-29 Seward Iii Dewitt C Fixed geometry plasma and generator
US5589727A (en) * 1986-10-02 1996-12-31 Electron Power Systems Energy storage system
US5773919A (en) * 1986-10-02 1998-06-30 Electron Power Systems Electron spiral toroid
US6603247B1 (en) 1986-10-02 2003-08-05 Electron Power Systems Energy storage and recovery system
US6140752A (en) * 1992-12-24 2000-10-31 Electron Power Systems Energy storage device having a plurality of single charged particles and a charge neutralizer
US6617775B1 (en) 1995-05-31 2003-09-09 Electron Power Systems, Inc. Energy storage device

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GB488094A (en) 1938-06-28
NL49857C (US08177716-20120515-C00003.png)
FR814152A (fr) 1937-06-17

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