US2230124A - Multistage amplifier for utilizing secondary emission - Google Patents

Multistage amplifier for utilizing secondary emission Download PDF

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Publication number
US2230124A
US2230124A US124937A US12493737A US2230124A US 2230124 A US2230124 A US 2230124A US 124937 A US124937 A US 124937A US 12493737 A US12493737 A US 12493737A US 2230124 A US2230124 A US 2230124A
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United States
Prior art keywords
electrode
electrodes
electrons
emitting
secondary emission
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Expired - Lifetime
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US124937A
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English (en)
Inventor
Strubig Heinrich
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
FIRM FERNSEH AKTIEN GES
FIRM FERNSEH AKTIEN-GESELLSCHAFT
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FIRM FERNSEH AKTIEN GES
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06Electrode arrangements
    • H01J43/18Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
    • H01J43/20Dynodes consisting of sheet material, e.g. plane, bent

Definitions

  • This invention is related to an amplifier utilizing secondary emission with several cascaded stages of amplification.
  • a beam of electrons impacts an emitting electrode 5 with such velocity that the ratio of secondary electrons to primary electrons is greater than unity.
  • the secondary electrons are again accelerated and the process of secondary electron amplification is repeated in further amplification stages,
  • the anode of each amplifier stage represents the cathode of the following stage.
  • the accelerating fields between two subsequent amplification stages are separated by a permeable auxiliary electrode disposed between two consecutive emitting electrodes.
  • the auxiliary electrode is held at about the same potential as the second of the above mentioned emitting electrodes.
  • a grid structure is used as an auxiliary electrode and is directly connected with the following emitting electrode.
  • the auxiliary electrode may also consist of a foil, or a sieve, or a combination of these elements.
  • the lines of force of the electric field in one stage run from the foregoing electrode to the grid, so that the lines of force of the following amplification stage have the full area of the next emitting electrode at their disposal.
  • the electrons are accelerated by the grid to a velocity suitable to liberate secondaries and fly with this velocity 5 through the grid toward the emitting electrode.
  • the influence of the field of the following amplification stage on the electrons is very slight because of the high velocity of the latter.
  • use is made of nearly all electrons traveling through the grid for secondary emission, and all liberated secondary electrons are accelerated towards the following emitting electrode. Only a small amount of electrons will strike the grid.
  • These electrons may be also made useful for the amplification by coating the grid with a strongly secondary emissive material as, for instance, caesium.
  • the further improvement of the efficiency is 5 obtained by spacing a further auxiliary electrode, preferably a grid, between the emitting electrode and the following auxiliary electrode.
  • This further auxiliary electrode will be then held at a potential between that of the emitting electrode 10 and a first auxiliary electrode.
  • the arrangement and the intermediate potential are preferably chosen in such a manner that the acceleration of the electrons occurs substantially in a homogeneous field between .the two auxiliary 15 grids. If the potential of the further auxiliary grid (hereafter referred to as the intermediate grid) is suitably chosen, all electrons of the foregoing stage must strike the emitting electrode. At the same time the voltage is chosen in such a manner that all secondary electrons are drawn away from the emitting electrode by the intermediate grid. Usually the voltage between the intermediate grid and the emitting electrode will be a fraction of the total of the acceleration volt- 25 age.
  • Figure 1 shows a cross-section of an amplifier utilizing secondary emission of the known kind.
  • FIGS 2, 3 and 4 show modifications of amplifiers with auxiliary electrodes, according to the 30 invention.
  • I, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are emitting electrodes disposed in the interior of a highly evacuated amplifier tube l5.
  • the potential difference between subsequent electrodes is constant, for instance, if the potential of the second electrode is 400 volts in respect to that of the first electrode, every following electrode will be 400 volts higher than the foregoing electrode. Electrons are liberated on the cathode I, for instance, 40 by photo-emission, and are first accelerated towards the electrode 2, where they liberate secondaries which are accelerated toward the electrode 3. The process of secondary emission is then repeated. The same happens on the electrodes 4, 5 and 6. Further emitting electrodes may follow the electrode 6, but are not shown in the drawings. The end electrode, which is also not shown, serves as a collector.
  • Figure 2 shows how the arrangement shown in Figure 1 is provided with grids 1, 8, 9, l0 and II according to the invention, which grids are at the same potential as the following emitting electrodes. Again lines of force are indicated from the course of which may be seen that all lines of force of one stage now end on the inserted grid, so that the total area of the emitting electrode is penetrated by lines of force of the following acceleration stage.
  • Figure 3 shows another modification in which a further grid is disposed between the auxiliary electrode and the emitting electrode. Voltages, increasing in steps of 400 volts, are applied to the electrodes 2, '3, 4 and 5. Grids B, 9 and I0 correspond to those marked by the same numbers in Figure 2. Between each of the grids 8, 9 and I0 and the foregoing electrode, further intermediate grids l2, l3 and M .are arranged, which are held at .a potential of about 50 volts above the foregoing electrode. The shaping of the electric field is schematically shown in the draw- The acceleration of the electrons occurs substantially between the two grids.
  • the voltage of the grids 12, I3 and [4 in respect to the electrodes 2, 3 and 4, is chosen in such a manner that no noticeable influence is exerted on electrons of high velocity flying through the grids 1, 8 and 9, but that all secondaries emitted by the plates 2, 3 and 4, which at first have only a low velocity, are accelerated towards the grids l2, l3 and I4, and thus guided to the next amplification stage.
  • Figure 4 shows a further modification, in which the surface of the emitting electrodes increases from stage to stage, so that the current density per unit of area stays approximately constant.
  • the vacuum receptacle I5 is the thermionic cathode it, which emits the primary electrons, the number of which is controlled by the grid H.
  • the electrons impact .a cone shaped first emitting electrode I8 and liberate secondaries which leave the cone l8 substantially perpendicular to the axis of the cone l8, and arrive at the .lar to the electrodes I9 and 20.
  • the numbers I, .8, 9, l0 and II again indicate grids which are at the same potential as the electrodes I9, 20, 21, 22 and 2'3 respectively.
  • the electrons from the electrode 23 are collected by the collector 2'4.
  • An electron multiplier comprising an envelope having therein electrodes, each of said electrodes having an electron emissive surface of area diiferent from that of the other electrode surfaces, means supporting said electrodes with said emissive surfaces arranged in the order of their progressively increasing areas and positioned substantially parallel to each other to be successively impacted by an electron streamemitted .by an initial one of said surfaces, the

Landscapes

  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
  • Cathode-Ray Tubes And Fluorescent Screens For Display (AREA)
US124937A 1936-02-11 1937-02-09 Multistage amplifier for utilizing secondary emission Expired - Lifetime US2230124A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE1936F0084114 DE687178C (de) 1936-02-11 1936-02-11 Mehrstufiger Sekundaerelektronenverstaerker mit elektronendurchlaessiger Hilfselektrode zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Ausloeseelektroden
DE2147756X 1936-03-04

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US2230124A true US2230124A (en) 1941-01-28

Family

ID=25977891

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US124937A Expired - Lifetime US2230124A (en) 1936-02-11 1937-02-09 Multistage amplifier for utilizing secondary emission
US125307A Expired - Lifetime US2147756A (en) 1936-02-11 1937-02-11 Secondary electron tube

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US125307A Expired - Lifetime US2147756A (en) 1936-02-11 1937-02-11 Secondary electron tube

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (2) US2230124A (de)
DE (1) DE687178C (de)
FR (1) FR817567A (de)

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL56752C (de) * 1937-09-28
DE745730C (de) * 1938-03-04 1944-05-22 Fernseh Gmbh Reihenvervielfacher fuer hohe Ausgangsstroeme
FR853971A (fr) * 1938-11-29 1940-04-02 Materiel Telephonique Dispositifs à décharge électronique
DE744297C (de) * 1939-06-22 1944-01-13 Bosch Gmbh Robert Gitterfoermige Prallelektrode fuer Sekundaerelektronenvervielfacher
US2958827A (en) * 1943-09-02 1960-11-01 Warren A Anderson Electrical cancellation and indicating system
US2473031A (en) * 1945-04-14 1949-06-14 Farnsworth Res Corp Electron multiplier for ultra high frequencies
US2903595A (en) * 1954-12-24 1959-09-08 Rca Corp Electron multiplier
US2826704A (en) * 1955-01-03 1958-03-11 Bendix Aviat Corp Magnetic electron multiplier gate
GB819217A (en) * 1956-11-30 1959-09-02 Nat Res Dev Improvements in or relating to photo-electron image multipliers

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR817567A (fr) 1937-09-06
US2147756A (en) 1939-02-21
DE687178C (de) 1940-01-27

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