US2213859A - Antenna system - Google Patents

Antenna system Download PDF

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Publication number
US2213859A
US2213859A US215138A US21513838A US2213859A US 2213859 A US2213859 A US 2213859A US 215138 A US215138 A US 215138A US 21513838 A US21513838 A US 21513838A US 2213859 A US2213859 A US 2213859A
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Prior art keywords
antenna
radiation
antenna system
radiation pattern
systems
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Expired - Lifetime
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US215138A
Inventor
Hahnemann Walter Max
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Alcatel Lucent Deutschland AG
C Lorenz AG
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Standard Elektrik Lorenz AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/10—Polarisation diversity; Directional diversity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S1/00—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith
    • G01S1/02—Beacons or beacon systems transmitting signals having a characteristic or characteristics capable of being detected by non-directional receivers and defining directions, positions, or position lines fixed relatively to the beacon transmitters; Receivers co-operating therewith using radio waves
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to antenna systems and has for its object to eliminate the interfering silent zones of the radiation diagrams produced by such systems.
  • the radiation diagram obtained in connection with antenna systems provided on towers at a certain distance above the earths surface represents a number of leaves which are set up on account of the interference between the direct radiation from the antenna and by the radiation reflected from the earths surface.
  • Fig. 1 diagrammatically illustrates the radiation pattern of a known antenna system
  • Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic representation in details of a radiation pattern obtained according to the invention
  • Fig. 3 shows the resulting effective radiation pattern according to the invention
  • Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the antenna system according to the invention.
  • the radiation diagram shown in Fig. 1 shows the leaves above referred to.
  • the number and the form of these leaves and the intermediate silent zones depend upon the operating wavelength and the height of the antenna system above the earths surface.
  • the ratio between these magnitudes is particularly high within the range of ultra short waves so that a very great number of leaves are obtained.
  • Such radiation diagrams are disadvantageous in many respects, for instance, in connection with wireless communication with aircrafts since the great number of silent zones is troublesome on approaching the transmitter. This disadvantage is particularly accentuated in cases that such transmitters are intended for use in wireless navigation.
  • the invention has for its object to eliminate the troublesome silent zones of a radiation diagram.
  • the invention proposes the application of a second radiating structure the radiation pattern of which is so formed that its maxima are located where the minima of the actual antenna radiation pattern are located.
  • the number and the shape of the leaves and of the silent zones may be adjusted by correspondingly dimensioning the height of an antenna system above the earths surface.
  • two radiating structures is so dimensioned according to a further feature of the invention The height of the that the desired overlapping between the two radiation patterns is secured.
  • the second additional radiation structure is thus placed either above or below the actual radiating system.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates two radiation patterns in which the individual leaves are so dimensioned with respect to their number and their shape that the minima of one radiation pattern coincide with the maximum of each leaf of the second radiation'pattern.
  • One of these patterns is indicated in the Fig. 2 by means of thick lines while the second pattern is hatched. It is thus obvious that the original maxima and minima of the radiation pattern have been equalized so that a useful diagram is obtained as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the coupling between the twoantenna structures arranged one above the other may be accomplished in difierent manners. Both antenna structures may be fed over energy lines from a transmitter common to both antenna structures. It is also possible to feed one antenna structure only from the transmitter, while coupling the second antenna structure by means of radiation. On the other hand, a galvanic, an inductive or a capacitive coupling may be employed.
  • FIG. 4 One embodiment of the novel antenna a rrangement is illustrated in Fig. 4.
  • a tower I carries one antenna system 2 and a second antenna system 3 arranged below the first mentioned system.
  • the heights above the earths surface at which the two systems are arranged are so dimensioned that the minima of one radiation pattern coincide with the maxima of the second system.
  • the main system 2 is fed by the transmitter S over an energy line 4.
  • the additional system 3 is coupled to the system 2 either by means of radiation or galvanically, inductively or capacitively through the coupling device 5.
  • alternately keyed reflectors may be allotted to the antenna structures 2 and 3, whereby the reflectors may be coupled with one another in any known manner.
  • the compensation of the silent zones is not necessarily to be accomplished by virtue of a second antenna arrangement.
  • means such as metal sheets, wire meshes and the like so as to produce the desired interference with respect to the silent zones.
  • An antenna arrangement comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the earth distances such that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system.
  • An antenna arrangement comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation pat terns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and above thesurface of the earth so that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, and. an oscillation generator cornrnon to both antenna systems for feeding these systems.
  • An antenna arrangement comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the earth such distances that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, an oscillation generator for feeding one of said antenna systems, and means for coupling the other antenna system to the fed antenna system.
  • An antenna system for producing a radiation pattern relatively free from field strength variations in the vertical plane comprising an antenna spaced above the earth for producing a radiation pattern inherently having a plurality of maximum and minimum zones in a vertical plane, and additional conductive means arranged below said antenna for equalizing radiation in the minimum zones intermediate said radiation pattern maximum zones.
  • An antenna arrangement for the purpose of navigating aircraft comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the earth such distances that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, an oscillation generator common to both antenna systems for feeding these systems, alternately keyed reflectors arranged on either side of both antenna systems, and means for coupling said reflectors to one another.
  • An arrangement for the purpose of navigating aircraft comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the surface of the earth a distance such that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, an oscillation generator adapted to feed one of said antenna systems, means for coupling the other antenna system to the fed antenna system, alternately keyed reflectors arranged on either side of both antenna systems, and means for coupling said reflectors to one another.

Description

. P 0- w. M. HAHN EMANN 2,213,859
I. ANTENNA SYSTEM Filed June 22, 1938 l/femq fe/ Opera f/ we L Ca go/1 779 means I [cup/ivy men 115 I I I I I I I I I Transmiffer film/710m- Mlle/- Max (labile/11mm y MW? flllgrne Patented Sept. 3, 1940 ANTENNA SYSTEM Walter Max Hahnemann, Berlin, Germany, assignor to C. Lorenz Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin- Tempelhof, Lorenzweg, Germany, a company Application June 22, 1938, Serial No. 215,138
In Germany May 15, 1937 7 Claims.
The present invention relates to antenna systems and has for its object to eliminate the interfering silent zones of the radiation diagrams produced by such systems.
The radiation diagram obtained in connection with antenna systems provided on towers at a certain distance above the earths surface represents a number of leaves which are set up on account of the interference between the direct radiation from the antenna and by the radiation reflected from the earths surface.
The invention consists in certain features of novelty which are disclosed in the following description and pointed out in the appended claims, reference being made to the accompanying drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 diagrammatically illustrates the radiation pattern of a known antenna system; Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic representation in details of a radiation pattern obtained according to the invention; Fig. 3 shows the resulting effective radiation pattern according to the invention; while Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the antenna system according to the invention.
The radiation diagram shown in Fig. 1 shows the leaves above referred to. The number and the form of these leaves and the intermediate silent zones depend upon the operating wavelength and the height of the antenna system above the earths surface. The ratio between these magnitudes is particularly high within the range of ultra short waves so that a very great number of leaves are obtained. Such radiation diagrams are disadvantageous in many respects, for instance, in connection with wireless communication with aircrafts since the great number of silent zones is troublesome on approaching the transmitter. This disadvantage is particularly accentuated in cases that such transmitters are intended for use in wireless navigation.
The invention has for its object to eliminate the troublesome silent zones of a radiation diagram. The invention proposes the application of a second radiating structure the radiation pattern of which is so formed that its maxima are located where the minima of the actual antenna radiation pattern are located.
It has already been mentioned that the number and the shape of the leaves and of the silent zones may be adjusted by correspondingly dimensioning the height of an antenna system above the earths surface. two radiating structures is so dimensioned according to a further feature of the invention The height of the that the desired overlapping between the two radiation patterns is secured. The second additional radiation structure is thus placed either above or below the actual radiating system.
Fig. 2 illustrates two radiation patterns in which the individual leaves are so dimensioned with respect to their number and their shape that the minima of one radiation pattern coincide with the maximum of each leaf of the second radiation'pattern. One of these patterns is indicated in the Fig. 2 by means of thick lines while the second pattern is hatched. It is thus obvious that the original maxima and minima of the radiation pattern have been equalized so that a useful diagram is obtained as shown in Fig. 3.
The coupling between the twoantenna structures arranged one above the other may be accomplished in difierent manners. Both antenna structures may be fed over energy lines from a transmitter common to both antenna structures. It is also possible to feed one antenna structure only from the transmitter, while coupling the second antenna structure by means of radiation. On the other hand, a galvanic, an inductive or a capacitive coupling may be employed. g
One embodiment of the novel antenna a rrangement is illustrated in Fig. 4. A tower I carries one antenna system 2 and a second antenna system 3 arranged below the first mentioned system. The heights above the earths surface at which the two systems are arranged are so dimensioned that the minima of one radiation pattern coincide with the maxima of the second system. The main system 2 is fed by the transmitter S over an energy line 4. The additional system 3 is coupled to the system 2 either by means of radiation or galvanically, inductively or capacitively through the coupling device 5.
In cases that the antenna arrangement above described shall be employed for aircraft navigation, alternately keyed reflectors may be allotted to the antenna structures 2 and 3, whereby the reflectors may be coupled with one another in any known manner.
The compensation of the silent zones is not necessarily to be accomplished by virtue of a second antenna arrangement. For instance, it is possible to provide means such as metal sheets, wire meshes and the like so as to produce the desired interference with respect to the silent zones.
What is claimed is:
1 tion pattern from said second antenna.
2. An antenna arrangement comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the earth distances such that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system.
3. An antenna arrangement comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation pat terns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and above thesurface of the earth so that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, and. an oscillation generator cornrnon to both antenna systems for feeding these systems.
4. An antenna arrangement comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the earth such distances that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, an oscillation generator for feeding one of said antenna systems, and means for coupling the other antenna system to the fed antenna system.
5. An antenna system for producing a radiation pattern relatively free from field strength variations in the vertical plane, comprising an antenna spaced above the earth for producing a radiation pattern inherently having a plurality of maximum and minimum zones in a vertical plane, and additional conductive means arranged below said antenna for equalizing radiation in the minimum zones intermediate said radiation pattern maximum zones.
6. An antenna arrangement for the purpose of navigating aircraft, comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the earth such distances that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, an oscillation generator common to both antenna systems for feeding these systems, alternately keyed reflectors arranged on either side of both antenna systems, and means for coupling said reflectors to one another.
7. An arrangement for the purpose of navigating aircraft, comprising two antenna systems for producing radiation patterns each having a plurality of maximum and minimum points in vertical planes, said antenna systems being arranged one above the other and spaced above the surface of the earth a distance such that the minima of the radiation pattern produced by one antenna system coincide with the maxima of the radiation pattern produced by the second antenna system, an oscillation generator adapted to feed one of said antenna systems, means for coupling the other antenna system to the fed antenna system, alternately keyed reflectors arranged on either side of both antenna systems, and means for coupling said reflectors to one another.
WALTER MAX HAHNEMANN.
US215138A 1937-05-15 1938-06-22 Antenna system Expired - Lifetime US2213859A (en)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2422076A (en) * 1943-07-28 1947-06-10 Rca Corp Antenna system
US2428582A (en) * 1942-05-21 1947-10-07 Rca Corp Radio diversity transmitter
US2433369A (en) * 1942-07-24 1947-12-30 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Antenna system and method of using same
US2449999A (en) * 1942-10-30 1948-09-28 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Antenna system for defining glide paths
US2462881A (en) * 1943-10-25 1949-03-01 John W Marchetti Antenna
US2497958A (en) * 1942-05-21 1950-02-21 Rca Corp Communication system for ultrashort radio waves
US2512611A (en) * 1948-10-01 1950-06-27 Int Standard Electric Corp Directional radio receiver
US2610292A (en) * 1946-03-12 1952-09-09 Rca Corp Fading compensation radio signaling system
US2613349A (en) * 1949-08-27 1952-10-07 Int Standard Electric Corp Antenna
US3836977A (en) * 1973-06-25 1974-09-17 Hazeltine Corp Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction
DE3230268A1 (en) * 1982-08-14 1984-02-16 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Antenna arrangement for direction-finding systems on masts
WO2008028739A1 (en) * 2006-09-07 2008-03-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Antenna arrangement with parasitically coupled antenna elements

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2428582A (en) * 1942-05-21 1947-10-07 Rca Corp Radio diversity transmitter
US2497958A (en) * 1942-05-21 1950-02-21 Rca Corp Communication system for ultrashort radio waves
US2433369A (en) * 1942-07-24 1947-12-30 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Antenna system and method of using same
US2449999A (en) * 1942-10-30 1948-09-28 Standard Telephones Cables Ltd Antenna system for defining glide paths
US2422076A (en) * 1943-07-28 1947-06-10 Rca Corp Antenna system
US2462881A (en) * 1943-10-25 1949-03-01 John W Marchetti Antenna
US2610292A (en) * 1946-03-12 1952-09-09 Rca Corp Fading compensation radio signaling system
US2512611A (en) * 1948-10-01 1950-06-27 Int Standard Electric Corp Directional radio receiver
US2613349A (en) * 1949-08-27 1952-10-07 Int Standard Electric Corp Antenna
US3836977A (en) * 1973-06-25 1974-09-17 Hazeltine Corp Antenna system having a reflector with a substantially open construction
DE3230268A1 (en) * 1982-08-14 1984-02-16 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh, 6000 Frankfurt Antenna arrangement for direction-finding systems on masts
WO2008028739A1 (en) * 2006-09-07 2008-03-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Antenna arrangement with parasitically coupled antenna elements

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FR837998A (en) 1939-02-23

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