US2192612A - Multiplying machine - Google Patents

Multiplying machine Download PDF

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Publication number
US2192612A
US2192612A US165436A US16543637A US2192612A US 2192612 A US2192612 A US 2192612A US 165436 A US165436 A US 165436A US 16543637 A US16543637 A US 16543637A US 2192612 A US2192612 A US 2192612A
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United States
Prior art keywords
contacts
series
accumulator
card
shaft
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Expired - Lifetime
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US165436A
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English (en)
Inventor
Lang William
George B Heddendorf
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to US165436A priority Critical patent/US2192612A/en
Priority to FR842777D priority patent/FR842777A/fr
Priority to BE430108D priority patent/BE430108A/xx
Priority to GB27842/38A priority patent/GB519452A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US2192612A publication Critical patent/US2192612A/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/40—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using contact-making devices, e.g. electromagnetic relay
    • G06F7/405—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using contact-making devices, e.g. electromagnetic relay binary
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
    • G06F7/46—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using electromechanical counter-type accumulators
    • G06F7/462—Multiplying; dividing
    • G06F7/466—Multiplying; dividing by successive multiplication or division by 2

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improvements in accounting machines and more particularly multiplying accounting machines.
  • the invention has for its principal object the provision of an improved type of multiplying machine in which data are recorded on a record card in accordance with the binary system.
  • the procedure is to repeatedly reduce the value of the multiplier as the multiplicand increases. This reduction is termed halving so that, if, with a multiplier of 16, the two series are set down as follows:
  • a further object of the invention is to provide a record card arranged to receive perforations representing numbers expressed in the binary system.
  • a further object is to provide a machine for sensing a record card for binary numbers representing factors during a cycle of the machine
  • Afurther object of the invention is to provide mechanism for selectively reading a binary number from any recording position on the record card, and punching back the result of a computation in any recording position of the card.
  • Fig. 1 is a central section through the card feeding, sensing, and punching section of the machine.
  • Fig. 2 is a specimen of a record card perforated in accordance with the binary system of numeration.
  • Figs. 3 and 4 represent diagrammatically the theory of operation as applied to two different multiplying problems.
  • Fig. 5 is a wiring diagram of the electric circuits of the machine.
  • Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic representation of one order of a binary accumulator.
  • Fig. 7 is a view showing the accumulating devices in another position.
  • Fig. 8 is a view of a settable switching device.
  • Fig. 9 is a detail taken on lines 99 of Fig. 8.
  • Fig. 10 is a fragment of a record card showing a modified arrangement of the recording positions for the different values.
  • Fig. 11 is a portion of the circuit diagram modifiedfor the handling of a record card such as Fig. 10.
  • Fig. 12 is a timing diagram of the contact devices of the machine.
  • Figs. Band 14 are details of emitters employed for carrying out the multiplying operations.
  • the card is provided with three fields headed MP, MC, and Product, and the columns of the several fields are identified as representing various powers of 2.
  • a perforation is made in the three columns representing 1, 2, and 8 whose sum is 11, these three figures being the three powers of 2 whose sum is 11.
  • perforations are made in the positions representing 4 and 8, these being the second and third powers of 2. It is to be noted that with a record card as shown having twelve horizontal recording lines, twelve different numbers maybe recorded in the MP field.
  • the number of recording positions in the MP and MC fields have been limited to four, but it will be understood that by providing further columns in each of these fields, larger numbers may be recorded.
  • the number 144 is recorded along the fourth horizontal line and is represented by perforations in the columns desig nated 2 and 2" the sum of which is 144.
  • the number 68 is represented in the product field by a perforation in the column representing 2 and 2'.
  • Fig. 3 there is shown the analogy when multiplying by duplation, between numbers expressed in the decimal system, and numbers expressed in the binary system.
  • the factors 11 and 6 are to be multiplied. Adjacent to these numbers is represented the binary representation of the same and the perforation columns are headed with the actual values of the various powers of 2 so that the number represented may be more readily identified.
  • the MC 6 is doubled.
  • the MP 11 is halved with the fractional remainder disregarded. This doubling and halving is concurrent and is repeated until the MP is reduced to l as indicated.
  • the accompanying MC amount is transferred to a product accumulator, the entry being represented on the column farthest to the right in Fig. 3.
  • the amounts 6, 12, and 48 are transferred to the product accumulator, the sum of these amounts being 66 which is the answer sought.
  • the number 11 represents the three perforations in columns headed 1, 2, and 8. Half of this number (disregarding the fractional remainder) is 5 which is represented by a perforation in columns headed l and 4. Half of this is represented by a perforation in column 2, and again half the result is represented by a perforation in column 1.
  • the MC factor 6 is represented by a perforation in columns headed 2 and 4, twice the amount by perforations in columns headed 4 and 8, twice that amount by perforations in columns headed 8 and 16 and so on.
  • Fig. 3 of the product accumulator represent denominational orders into which units are entered in the positions corresponding to the coding of the numbers entered and carrying operations take place from lower to higher powers.
  • a unit entry into each position headed 2 and 4 indicates an entry of 6.
  • Unit entries in the columns headed 4 and 8 indicate an entry of 12
  • a unit entry in each of the columns headed 16 and 32 represents an entry of 48, the result of the successive entries being 66.
  • the MC factor is represented on a series of contacts, one for each power of 2, by closing contacts relating to the powers whose sum equals the-MC factor.
  • a similar set of contacts represents the MP factor in the same manner.
  • the MC contacts are wired to a column shift device so that the contacts are arranged to transmit an impulse to the correspondingly numbered orders of a binary accumulator.
  • a testing device is provided for'teiting the setting of the MP set of contacts in succession. Testing of the first position will determine that the MP is odd and this will cause the MC set of contacts to transmit an impulse to the corresponding accumulating positions. Following this the column shift changes the position so that the MC positions are connected to the next higher accumulator positions and the testing device tests the next MP contacts, finding a setting here and deter-.
  • Fig. 4. is diagrammatically represented a further problem in which an MP of 12 is multiplied by an MC of 12, resulting in a product of 144.
  • the number itself is even so no transfer takes place of the number.
  • Half the number is also even so again transfer of twice cal units of the machine.
  • Fig. l the record cards C are placed in the hopper III of the machine from which they are fed singly by a picker II which is mounted for vertical reciprocation.
  • Motive power is obtained from the main drive shaft l2 which may be driven byany suitable source of power to maintain it in constant rotation.
  • the shaft l2 carries. a gear I3 which meshes with and drives a gear l4 freely mounted on the card feed shaft F.
  • gear i5 Secured to gear i5 is a clutch driving element I5 which is consequently in constant motion.
  • Lying in the plane of clutch element I5 is a spring-pressed dog [6 which is carried by and pivoted to a cam H.
  • An armature latch l8 normally holds the pawl l6 out of engagement with the driving element l5.
  • latch I8 Upon energization of magnet l9 latch I8 is rocked counterclockwise to release pawl l6 whereupon its spring will move it into engagement with the driving element l5 to cause rotation of cam l1.
  • the cam I1 is secured to shaft F so that the shaft will rotate in unison with the driving element IS.
  • the cam H as it rotates, will rock a bell crank follower lever and through a link 2
  • the downward movement of picker'll will advance a card C frornthe feed magazine III to the uppermost pair offe'ed rollers 23 which continue the downward movement of the card to further pairs of feed rollers 23.
  • the several pairs of feed rollers are interconnected by gears generally indicated 24 andare driven by a suitable gear secured to the shaft F so that the rollers 23 are in motion during the rotation of shaft F.
  • the record cards C (Fig. 2) are placed in the magazine Ill so that the "9 index point positions lead and the cards will pass the sensing station comprising individual sensing brushes 25 and common contact roller 26 in the order 9, 8, 7, 0, X, R.
  • a record card will be advanced from the hopper to a position shown in Fig. 1 in which the card is in position with the brushes 25 about to sense the "9" index point positions.
  • the card is advanced to the punching station which comprises a plurality of rows of punches 21 spaced in accordance with the arrangement of the index point positions of the record card.
  • the gate 28 interrupts the leading edge of the card and holds the same in position until punching has been effected.
  • the gate 28 is connected by a link 29 to a bell crank cam follower 30 whose roller cooperates with the cam 3
  • the punching devices are operated from a shaft designated P upon which is freely mounted a gear 33 to which is secured clutch driving element 34.
  • Cooperating with element 34 is a spring-pressed pawl 35 which is carried by a cam 36.
  • Lying in the plane of clutch element 35 is an armature pawl 31 which normally engages and holds the pawl 35 out of engagement with the driving element 34.
  • Energization of clutch magnet 38 will cause the latch 31 to release pawl 35 for engagement with driving element 34 upon which shaft P, to which cam 36 is secured, will rotate.
  • Cam 3t cooperates with follower lever 46 whose upper extremity is connected through arm and link connection 4
  • Upon the shaft is secured a ball 43 which extends across the upper edges of a plurality of sliders 44.
  • Sliders 44 are suitably mounted for vertical reciprocation and are normally urged upward by their springs 45.
  • the lower extremity of each slider carries a resiliently mounted interposer 46 which will pass the punches 21 in the related column in order.
  • notches 41 will pass the nose of a pawl 48 in succession.
  • energization of punch selecting magnet 49 will attract its armature 50 and release pawl 48 for engagement in one of the notches 41. The notch engaged will depend upon the time of operation of the magnet 49.
  • which is mounted for horizontal reciprocation, will be moved toward the left to force the interposers 46 against the selected punches 21 and force the same through the record card.
  • has connected to it a link 52 whose other end is connected to a bell crank follower 53 which is operated by the cam 54 secured on shaft P.
  • a further shaft, designated M, is provided on which is freely mounted a gear 88 which, through an idler 58, is driven from the main drive shaft l2.
  • a clutch driving element 8! Secured to gear 55 is a clutch driving element 8! which cooperates with a dog 88 carried by and pivoted to a disk 58.
  • Cooperating with the dog is an armature latch 88 and a controlling magnet 8
  • the shaft M carries a pair oi. electrically connected commutator brushes 82 which, asrthe shaft rotates, successively connects each of a ring of contact segments M2 with a common conducting ring 84.
  • a similar pair of brushes 88 (Fig. 14) is carried by shaft M and these brushessuccessivey connect each of the ring of common segments M8 with a common conducting ring 88.
  • Also carried on shaft M are a pair of cams controlling contacts MI, M4 gpreszented on Fig.
  • the shaft F carries a commutator 61 which has an outer conducting ring 88 against which a wiper 68 rubs.
  • a series of contact segments Fl which, as the commutator rotates, contact a wiper I8 in succession.
  • the face of the commutator and in line with each of the segments Fl is a slide II which carries a metallic conductor I2.
  • the corresponding segment Fl is electrically connected to the common ring 68 and when the slide is moved to its full line position, this connection is broken.
  • the 4 slide II is moved outwardly from the shaft F to connect its segment FI with the common ring sition as shown in Fig. 8.
  • a form of binary accumulator is diagrammatically disclosed and represents in effect, 'a form of stepping relay provided with denominational order carry mechanism.
  • Each order comprises a ratchet wheel 88 which is integral with the cam 8
  • An adding magnet 88 upon energization, will rock its armature 88 and through pawl 85 will advance the ratchet 88 one tooth. In so moving, the cam 8i will cause closure of a pair of contacts 88.
  • ratchet 88 Upon the next energize.- tion of magnet 88, ratchet 88 will advance the second step and contacts 88 will again open.
  • the relative positions of the parts after the first impulse to the adding magnet 83 are shown in Fig. "l with the contacts 86 closed.
  • Means for resetting the accumulator orders is provided in the form of a reset magnet 82 which, through its armature 88, rocks a cross shaft 84. From this shaft depend arms 85. one for each order of the accumulator. spring-pressed pawl 88 which is moved from the full line position of Fig. 6 to its .dotted line position and in those orders in which the ratchets are displaced one step, the pawl 88 will engage one of the projections of ratchet 82 and advance the same one step. In those positions in which the ratchet is in its home position, no movement will be had.
  • circuit diagram The operation of the machine-in which a pair of factors is sensed on the record card, their product computed, and punched back in the record, will now be explained with particular'reference to the circuit diagram, Fig. 5.
  • the record card C contains the MP factor 11 and the MC factor 6 in the eighth horizontal row. These two factors are to be multiplied together and the product punched back in the same row in the product field.
  • the sensing brushes 25 which traverse the MP field are wired to plug sockets I88 from which plug connections I8I are made to plug sockets I82.
  • the brushes 25 which traverse the MC field are similarly connected to another set of plug sockets I82.
  • the punch selecting magnets 48 are wired to sockets I83 from which plug connections I84 are made to plug sockets I85. These plug connections are made from the orders of the accumulator to the punch magnets 48 related to the field in which the product is to be punched. Since the factors are to be sensed from the eighth horizontal line, the 8 slide II of the line selecting commutator on the F shaft is moved to its outer position and since the product is to be punched back in the 8 line, the 8 slide ll of a similar commutator on the P shaft is also moved to its outer position. With the plug connections made as indicated and with cards placed in the supply magazine I8, the machine is ready to commence operation.
  • cam contacts P3 close again energizing the feed clutch magnet I9 provided card lever contacts CLO are closed denoting that the first card has been advanced to the brushes and shaft F enters upon another cycle of operations to advance the card past the sensing brushes 25.
  • the first, second and fourth magnets I09 and second and third magnets I I0 are energized in response to the sensing of the two factors 11 and 6 on the eighth line of the card.
  • Relays I09 and II 0 also close addit onal contacts I 09b and I I0! which accordingly take a setting corresponding to the arrangement of perforations representing the two factors.
  • first, second, and fourth contacts I091 are closed and the second and third contacts H01) are also closed and will remain in this condition until near the end of the next or multiplying cycle when contacts MI open momentarily to drop the holding circuits.
  • closure of contacts F3 energize the multiplying clutch miagnet and the shaft M now makes a cycle of operation.
  • the brush 62 successively traverses the segments M2 and the brushes 65 successively traverse the segments M3, the timing being such that brush 82 engages the segment M2 before brush 65 engages the corresponding segment M3.
  • contacts P2 close to energize the reset magnet 92 which causes restoration of the readout contacts and at the same time contacts P2a open to pre- ,vent the completion of carry circuits during rethe factors disposed one above the other and the in.
  • a group of contacts I", m are provided which are plug connected between the sensing brushes 2i and the entry sockets I02 of the magnets I09 and H as shown.
  • the sixth slide ll is'moved outwardly and since the MP factor is on the third line, the third slide is also moved outwardly.
  • a cam 202 adjustably mounted on a shaft F, is adjusted to shift the contacts 2M, 20!
  • the readout contacts 86 of the accumulator are plug connected to the punch selecting magnets in the positions indicated so that during the punching.
  • a binary accumulator having ordered sections
  • a settable device having similarly ordered elements settable to represent a number expressed in the binary system of numeration
  • means for connecting said settable elements to the corresponding accumulator sections and to successively higher ordered sections entering means for said accumulator actuated through said connections for repeatedly entering the binary number in progressively higher orders
  • a second settable device having ordered elements settable to represent another number expressed in the binary system of numeration
  • means including said second settable device for selecting the section of the accumulator for receiving entries and for rendering said connections effective for causing entering in only the selected sections of the accumulator.
  • a series of pairs of contacts ordered to represent the successive powers of two means for entering a number of said pairs of contacts by causing closure of the pair of contacts of the series the sum of whose represented powers equals the number, means for aiagieiz product is punched in columnar alinement there- 7 testing each pair of contacts in order to determine which pairs have been closed, a second series of pairs of contacts similarly ordered and similarly closed to represent another number, a binary accumulator, entering means therefor, means for partially establishing circuit connections from said second series of contacts to the entering means of said accumulator for each operation of said testing means and means controlled by said testing means for causing completion of said connections for each order of said first series of contacts in which a pair of contacts is closed.
  • a series of like adjustable elements ordered to represent the successive powers of two a second series of like ordered elements, means for adiusting each set of elements to represent a number in the binary system of numeration, a binary accumulator ordered to represent the successive powers of two, connections between said accumulator and one of said series of elements, column shift devices for shifting said connections so that said series will -be connected in turn to orders of the accumulator representing the number represented on said set of elements and multiples of said number, entering means controlled by said connections and means controlled by said other series of elements for completing said, connections for control of said entering means.
  • a series of settable elements ordered to represent the successive powers of two means for entering a number on said series of elements by effecting a setting of the elements of the series the sum of whose represented powers equals the number, means for testing each element of the series in turn to determine which elements have been set, a second series of settable elements, similarly ordered and similarly set to represent another number, a binary accumulator, entering means therefor, means for partially establishing connections from said second series of elements to the entering means of said accumulator for each operation of said testing means and means controlled by said testing means for causing completion of said connections for each order of said first series of elements in which an element is set.
  • a series of like adjustable elements ordered to represent the successive powers of two a second series of like ordered elements, means for adjusting each set of elements to represent a number in the binary system of numeration, a binary accumulator having ordered sections to represent the successive powers of two, column shift devices intermediate one of said series of elements and said accumulator for associating the elements of the series with the accumulator sections, transferring means for repeatedly transferring the number represented on said series of elements to said accumulator, each transfer being routed by said column shift devices to a different set of accumulator sections, means for testing the setting of the elements of the otherseries of elements, in succession, and means controlled by said testing means for rendering said transferring means effective in accordance with the setting of the elements tested.
  • a pair of contacts representing a predetermined power of two means for adjusting said contacts to indicate the entry therein of said power of two, a series of contacts ordered to represent the successive powers of two, means for adjusting said series of contacts to represent a number in the binary system of notation, a binary accumulator having 15 ordered sections, each for representing a different power of two, entering means for each section, means for connecting said pair of contacts to the entering means of each accumulator section in turn, means for testing the setting 01 the,
  • said pair of contacts being connected to a different accumulator section for each of the contacts in the series tested, and means controlled by said testing means when the contacts tested are adjusted to represent an entry therein oi a power of two for rendering said pair of contacts eflective to complete a circuit to the entering means of the ac- 5 cumulator through said connecting means.
  • Patent No. 2 192,612. March 5, 191 0 WILLIAM LANG, ET AL.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • Computational Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Conveying Record Carriers (AREA)
  • Tests Of Electronic Circuits (AREA)
US165436A 1937-09-24 1937-09-24 Multiplying machine Expired - Lifetime US2192612A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US165436A US2192612A (en) 1937-09-24 1937-09-24 Multiplying machine
FR842777D FR842777A (fr) 1937-09-24 1938-08-30 Perfectionnements aux machines à multiplier
BE430108D BE430108A (fr) 1937-09-24 1938-09-10
GB27842/38A GB519452A (en) 1937-09-24 1938-09-23 Improvements in or relating to multiplying machines

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US165436A US2192612A (en) 1937-09-24 1937-09-24 Multiplying machine

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US2192612A true US2192612A (en) 1940-03-05

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US165436A Expired - Lifetime US2192612A (en) 1937-09-24 1937-09-24 Multiplying machine

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BE (1) BE430108A (fr)
FR (1) FR842777A (fr)
GB (1) GB519452A (fr)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2419502A (en) * 1943-03-02 1947-04-22 Ncr Co Multiplying machine
US2445215A (en) * 1943-10-21 1948-07-13 Rca Corp Electronic computer
US2601281A (en) * 1941-04-24 1952-06-24 Int Standard Electric Corp Binary add-subtract device
US2638267A (en) * 1941-05-10 1953-05-12 Int Standard Electric Corp Binary multiplying circuit
US2713456A (en) * 1949-10-24 1955-07-19 Marchant Calculators Inc Machine for translating binary values to decimal values
US2745599A (en) * 1949-03-24 1956-05-15 Ibm Electronic multiplier
US2885499A (en) * 1956-09-12 1959-05-05 Saxony Electronics Inc Electrical switch
US2923472A (en) * 1953-11-25 1960-02-02 Ibm Arithmetic unit using magnetic core counters
US2968439A (en) * 1949-02-15 1961-01-17 Rca Corp Electronic digital binary computer
US3003692A (en) * 1961-10-10 heuer
US3018955A (en) * 1958-03-27 1962-01-30 United Aircraft Corp Apparatus for performing arithmetic operations

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3003692A (en) * 1961-10-10 heuer
US2601281A (en) * 1941-04-24 1952-06-24 Int Standard Electric Corp Binary add-subtract device
US2638267A (en) * 1941-05-10 1953-05-12 Int Standard Electric Corp Binary multiplying circuit
US2419502A (en) * 1943-03-02 1947-04-22 Ncr Co Multiplying machine
US2445215A (en) * 1943-10-21 1948-07-13 Rca Corp Electronic computer
US2968439A (en) * 1949-02-15 1961-01-17 Rca Corp Electronic digital binary computer
US2745599A (en) * 1949-03-24 1956-05-15 Ibm Electronic multiplier
US2713456A (en) * 1949-10-24 1955-07-19 Marchant Calculators Inc Machine for translating binary values to decimal values
US2923472A (en) * 1953-11-25 1960-02-02 Ibm Arithmetic unit using magnetic core counters
US2885499A (en) * 1956-09-12 1959-05-05 Saxony Electronics Inc Electrical switch
US3018955A (en) * 1958-03-27 1962-01-30 United Aircraft Corp Apparatus for performing arithmetic operations

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Publication number Publication date
BE430108A (fr) 1938-10-31
FR842777A (fr) 1939-06-19
GB519452A (en) 1940-03-27

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