US2157221A

US2157221A - Continuous heating furnace

Info

Publication number: US2157221A
Application number: US86146A
Authority: US
Inventors: Howard F Spencer; William A Morton
Original assignee: AMCO Inc
Current assignee: AMCO Inc
Priority date: 1936-06-19
Filing date: 1936-06-19
Publication date: 1939-05-09
Anticipated expiration: 1956-05-09

Description

May 9, 1939.

H. F. SPENCER ET AL CONT INUOUS HEAT ING FURNA E 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 19, 1956 r nHHHHHMUJ May 9, 1939. H. F. SPENCER ET AL 2,157,221

CONTINUOUS HEATING FURNACE Filed June 19, 1936 3 Sheets-Sheet z INVENTOR Noam 10L 7. 5

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May 9, 1939.

,H. F. SPENCER ET AL CONTINUOUS HEATING FURNACE Filed June 19, 1956 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 40 aJm-vuadwzu fl w w mum n. 88 QQQN memm Patented May 9, 1939 I UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,157,221 I CONTINUOUS HEATING FURNACE tion of Pennsylvania Application June 19, 1936, Serial No. 86,146

5 Claims.

This invention relates to new and useful improvements in industrial heating furnaces of the type where'the material, such as billets of steel is continuously charged into one end of the furnace chamber and discharged at the other end, the material, while passing through the furnace, being subjected to the heat from combustion of gaseous or liquid fuels at such temperatures as will bring it to the proper heat for subsequent rolling or other operations.

A divisional application related to this invention issued into Patent No. 2,133,673, October 18, 1938.

Furnaces of this character are of the so-called top or bottom fired types, the modern continuous furnace being fired at both top and bottom to completely envelop the billets or slabs in the heating medium while they pass over skid rails on the furnace hearth. The temperatures of the prior art furnaces are such that the billets are charged into a heating environment of approxmately 1400 F. and as the billets pass toward the discharge end of the furnace, they are subjected to increasing temperatures until a temperature of substantially 2400 F. is obtained, the average temperature being substantially 1900 F. These temperatures are obtained by firing the furnace at or near the discharge end and withdrawing the products of combustion at or near the charging end.

In accordance with the present invention, furnaces of the continuous type may be operated to greatly increase their heating capacity per square foot of furnace hearth by maintaining an average furnace temperature greatly in excess of that heretofore employed, without subjecting the steel and refractories to excessive heating and possible welding temperatures in the critical heat zones of the furnace.

The invention contemplates substantial increase of furnace temperatures at the charging end of the furnace where the relatively cold steel will absorb heat very rapidly. This method of heating provides maximum temperature difference between the steel being heated and the furv air preheat temperature at this end of the furishing temperature gradient in a continuous heating furnace provides the correct cycle, that of applying the maximum heat where the most heat is to be absorbed and the minimum where the least heat is required.

The invention further contemplates the establishment of a higher average furnace temperature by the arrangement and distribution of a plurality of burners and by the location of the exhaust passage for the waste gases at a point intermediate the burners to maintain efficient combustion. The waste gases when leaving the furnace are of higher temperature than in the conventional type of continuous furnace and are utilized to preheat the air for supporting combustion in the furnace by passing them through a suitable recuperator structure.

The foregoing and other objects of the invention will become more apparent from a consideration of the accompanying drawings constituting a part hereof in which like reference characters designate like parts and in which:

Fig. 1 is a vertical section longitudinally of the charging end of a continuous fired furnace embodying the principles of this invention and Fig. 25 2 a similar view of the discharge end of the furnace, Figs. 1 and 2 constituting-the complete furnace; Fig. 3 a transverse section taken along the lines 3-3, Fig. 2; Fig. 4 a diagrammatic structural outline of the furnace; and Fig. 5 temperature curves illustrating the temperature conditions of the furnace and the steel passing through the furnace.

With reference to Figs. 1 to 3 inclusive of the drawing, the numeral 1 designates the pit or foundation which is of reenforced concrete for supporting the super-structure of the furnace and on which the recuperators for preheating the air for supporting combustion are constructed. The heating chamber of the furnace is designated by 40 the refernce character A and is constituted by the roof 2, hearth 3 and end walls 4 and 5, a water-cooled skid rail 6 being mounted on the hearth 3 and on refractory pillows I and 8, Figs. 1 and 2, which are more clearly shown in Fig. 3 of the drawings. The charging end of the furnace is shown in Fig. 1, the charging opening being designated by the reference numeral 9 which is controlled by a gate 9a. The discharge opening is controlled by a gate [0, the skid rails 6 being inclined adjacent the discharge end of the furnace to permit the discharge of the billets by gravity onto a conveyor ll.

It will be noted that the skid rail 6 extends from the charging end of the furnace to the re- 5 fractory hearth 3, Fig. 2, at which portion it extends downward as shown by the end l2, and the inclined portion of the skid rail also bends downward as shown by the end l3, the ends [2 and I3 being connected in a circulating systemv whereby water or other cooling medium is continuously circulated through the supporting skid rails 6.

The furnace is fired by a series of spaced burners located as follows: The front wall 5 and the rear wall 4 are each provided with firing ports l4 and I5, there being a plurality of firing ports transversely of the furnace, as shown in Fig. 3. Additional firing ports l6 and I1, Figs. 1 and 2, are provided beneath the skid rails of the furnace and are disposed to project a heating flame underneath the material to be heated.

A center downtake waste gas passage l8, Fig. 1, withdraws the products of combustion from both ends of the furnace downwardly into the collecting chambers l8 and 20 of a pair of recuperators, and the products of combustion pass downwardly in a vertical direction in heat exchange relation with a series of air passages 21 and 22 constituted by refractory tile which is in heat exchange relation with the waste gas passages to thereby heat air drawn into the passages 2| and 22 at inlets 23 and 24 respectively, the waste gases collecting in bottom chambers 25 and 26 from which they are drawn through a passage 21 to. a stack not shown. The passage from the bottom chambers 25 and 26 are controlled by dampers 28 and 29 and the air inlets are similarly controlled by dampers 38 and 3|. Blowers 32 and 33 are provided to furnish a constant but variable supply of air to the preheating recuperator passages 21 and 22 from which air is drawn into side chambers 34 and 35, thence through conduits 36 and 31 which are divided as shown to conduct air to the firing ports l4, l5, l6 and H, the quantity of air to each port being regulable by dampers 38, 39, 40 and 4|, Fig. 1, and dampers 42 and 43, Fig. 2, dampers 33, 4|, 42 and 43 controlling the air supplied to each individual burner port. Fuel is supplied by

manifolds

44 and 45, Fig. 1, 46 and 41, Fig. 2; individual burner pipes 48 and 49, Fig. 1; and 50 and 5|, Fig. 2, project into the multiple burner ports. Valves 52 and 53, Fig. 1, and 54, 55, Fig. 2, are provided for individual regulation of the fuel supply to the respective burner ports.

The billets 6a, Fig. 3, to be heated are conveyed to the charging opening 3 of the furnace on a roll table conveyor 30. from which they are transferred to the skid rail 6 of the furnace by pusher mechanism which advances the billets one by one into the furnace, and with each charge entering the furnace, a billet is moved step by step through the furnace, over the refractory soaking hearth and then to the inclined portion of the skid rail and discharged onto the conveyor ll. The roof 2 of the heating chamber dips downwardly to provide a constricted area B in the region of the waste gas passage 18 to concentrate the products of combustion at their point of discharge and prevent their re-circulation in adjacent firing zones as well as to concentrate the heat upon the billets superposed on the skid rail.

Conventional refractory supports 56, Fig. 1, and

51, Fig. 2, are provided for the skid rails 6 and a series of gate controlled openings 58 are provided longitudinally of the furnace at the level of the hearth and skid rail.

Primary air is designated by the single arrows, the heating flame by double arrows, and the products of combustion by triple arrows. The operationof the above described furnace will be more readily understood with reference to the graphic illustrations of Figs. 4 and 5 of the drawings and is briefly as follows:

Fig. 4 shows a diagrammatic structural outline of the furnace walls and burners. The furnace is fired through a series of ports l4, l5, l6 and I1 to produce the desirable heating characteristics. Lines (1, I5a, i611 and Na together with the end walls, represent the furnace walls. The line C represents the hearth. In Fig. 6 the curve D illustrates the working temperature of the furnace; curve E the temperature rise of the steel when charged into the furnaces in a preheated state; and, curve F the temperature rise of the steel passing through the furnace when charged into the furnace in an unheated condition. The low point of the curves represent temperatures at the charging end of the furnace. The ordinate represents temperatures in F. and the abscissa the length of furnace in feet.

In furnace practice, steel may be delivered hot at about 1200" F. or cold. When hot steel is delivered into the ordinary furnace, the heating rate is about 10% greater than with cold steel. The ordinary furnace has a waste gas temperature of about 1400", therefore, when hot steel is charged there is a very low intial rate of heat exchange, but over 50% of the total ultimate heat is already in the steel; when cold steel is charged, more useful heat is added to the steel than when hot steel is heated, even though the tonnage per unit of time is less; this is due to the greater initial rate of heat transfer brought about by the temperature differential, between 14:00 furnace and cold steel at the charging end. The heating fiect of this improved furnace where greater temperature differentials are provided is obvious.

As shown in Fig. 5, curve D at X represents the temperature of the furnace at' the charging end, which is maintained through burners l4 and IS, the curve showing a rapid rise to the maximum temperature of the furnace immediately beyond the charging opening. If steel is charged into the furnace in a preheated state as is sometimes the case, its absorption of heat may be less rapid than when charged into the furnace in a cold state, this being represented by curves E and F, respectively. Curve D may be termed a decelerating temperature curve as it gradually drops toward the dischargre end of the furnace, and such characteristic of furnace temperatures is particularly desirable to prevent oxidation and to avoid excessive temperatures at or near the welding range, thereby avoiding mill delays.

In the conventional type continuous heating furnaces the high temperatures are developed at or near the soaking portion of the furnace, which is the portion designated by the hearth 3 after the steel passing through the furnace leaves the skid rail 6 and is supported by the hearth proper. Thus in the conventional furnaces maximum or high temperature of the furnace would be adjacent that portion of the furnace where the steel leaves the skid rail, which is in the zone of the furnace where the steel is apt to weld together as the billets or slabs about to be discharged are being conveyed out of the furnace. As shown in curve D, Fig. 5, the steel gradually comes up to the desirable temperature at which it will be worked even though the temperature of the furnace is decelerating as the temperature of the steel increases. This is apparent by comparing the furnace temperature curve D which is decelerating with the steel temperature curves E and F which are accelerating. The flat portion of the curves represent the soaking period of the steel or the soaking zone of the furnace. The rapid absorption of the heat of the furnace by the .metal being charged therein is represented by the curves E and F which show a sharp temperature rise during the passage of the steel through the furnace, particularly during its earliest travel along the furnace hearth. It is because of this that the maximum temperature may be applied at the charging end of the furnace chamber without subjecting the refractory parts to excessive and destructive heat.

Thus it is seen from the diagrammatic structural outline of Fig, 4 illustrating the hearth length and location of burners and by the furnace and steel temperature curves D, E and F of Fig. 5, that the capacity of the furnace may be greatly increased because of the substantially higher average furnace temperature maintained throughout the heating cycle.

The heating characteristics of the furnace, as heretofore stated, are brought about by the location and distribution of the burners l4, l5, l6 and I 1, respectively, and by the exhaust of the waste gases at a point intermediate the points l6 and I1 through the bottom of the furnace hearth.

The location of the center downtake exhaust passage, designated by the numeral la in Fig. 1

i of the drawings, at a point intermediate the front and rear burners, permits complete combustion to take place in a constantly clearing atmosphere, which results in higher efficiency and economy in fuel consumption and is productive of desirable flame characteristics.

Again referring to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings, the waste gases designated by the triple arrows passing downwardly through the downtake passage l8 are at higher temperatures than in the conventional type furnace as they do not contact cold steel entering the furnace and are, therefore, productive of a higher preheat of the air supplied to the burner ports to support combustion.

By the employment of the temperature controls such as the gates 28 and 29 whereby the amounts of the volumes of waste gases passing through the respective recuperators may be regulated and by means of dampers 30 and 3! regulating the air supply to the recuperators, and further by the use of dampers 39, 4|, 42 and 43, the volume and temperature of preheated air supplied to each individual bank of burners may be positively contTolled ther-eby making it possible to obtain any desired temperature condition at both the charge, discharge and intermediate portions of the furnace and above and below the material as it passes over the skid rails 6.

The recuperators are separately controlled so that highly preheated air can be delivered to the burners at the charging end of the furnace where the highest flame temperature is permissible and to permit lower preheat temperatures for the burners at the discharge end to insure the lowest practical temperature differential between steel and theheating environment. According to this method, the high temperature recuperator might deliver air preheated to 1600 F. and the low temperature recuperators a minimum of 700 F'. The advantages in first accelerating heating and in then providing safety for final heating are at I once apparent.

, It will be apparent from the foregoing descripof greater steel heating capacity. per square foot of surface area per hour than furnaces operated at low average temperatures and fired at or near the discharge end of the furnace.

Although one embodiment of the invention has been herein illustrated and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made in the details of construction without departing from the principles herein set forth.

Thus, for example, it may be found unnecessary in some instances, depending upon furnace capacity and the kind of steel to be heated, to employ a burner both at the top and bottom portions of the furnace chamber at the charging end thereof, and the location of the burners may be altered without greatly disturbing the firing characteristics of that end of the furnace.

We claim:

1. A continuous heating furnace comprising, an elongated heating chamber for receiving and discharging materials at opposite ends thereof, having a hearth for supporting materials thereon burners located intermediate the respective ends of the furnace chamber and above and below the hearth of said chamber, a waste gas passage intermediate the burners for exhausting the products of combustion from said chamber, and means for supplying regulable quantities of fuel and air to said burners to produce and maintain controllable temperature zones at and intermediate the ends of said furnace chamber.

2. A continuous heating furnace comprising, an elongated heating chamber for receiving and discharging materials at opposite ends thereof, having a hearth for supporting materials thereon burners provided at the respective ends of said chamber for directing a heat fiame above the hearth of the furnace chamber, burners provided intermediate said first-named burners for directing a heat flame from below the furnace hearth, a waste gas passage intermediate said last-named burners for exhaustingthe products of combustion of all the burners from the furnace chamber, and means for supplying regulable quantities of fuel and air to each of said burners to produce and maintain controllable temperature zones at and intermediate the ends of said furnace chamber. I

3. A continuous heating furnace comprising an elongated heating chamber for receiving and discharging materials at opposite; ends thereof and having spaced hearth sections adjacent the charging and discharging ends, the roof of the chamber extending downwardly at a point intermediate the ends of the chamber, the bottom of the furnace chamber inclining upwardly from the inner ends of the hearth sections to provide a constricted chamber area at the depending roof portion,- skid rails bridging the hearth sections for supporting the material passing through the furnace chamber, a waste gas passage extending throughthe bottom of the chamber beneath the depending portion of the furnace roof, and burners extending into the furnace chcmber above and below the hearth and skid ra1 s.

4. A continuous heating furnace comprising an elongated heating chamber for receiving and discharging materials at opposite ends thereof, a relatively short hearth at the charging end of said chamber and a relatively long hearth adjacent the discharge end of said chamber, skid rails bridging the gap between said hearth sections, burners at the respective ends of said chamber above the hearth and skid rails and burners at and below the inner ends of said hearths, and a waste gas passage between and common to said burners.

5. A continuous heating furnace comprising an elongated heating chamber for receiving and. discharging materials at opposite ends thereof, a relatively short hearth at the charging end of said chamber and a relatively long hearth adjacent the discharge end or said chamber, skid rails bridging the gap between said hearth sections, burners at the respective ends of said chamber above the hearth and skid rails and burners at and below the inner ends of said hearths, a waste gas passage intermediate and common to said burners, and means for supplying regulable quantities of fuel and air to the burners to provide and maintain controllable temperature zones adjacent and between the ends of said chamber.

HOWARD F. SPENCER. WILLIAM A. MORTON.-