US210020A - Improvement in working nickel ores and manufacture of nickel - Google Patents
Improvement in working nickel ores and manufacture of nickel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US210020A US210020A US210020DA US210020A US 210020 A US210020 A US 210020A US 210020D A US210020D A US 210020DA US 210020 A US210020 A US 210020A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- ores
- furnace
- manufacture
- iron
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 190
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 94
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 12
- 235000002908 manganese Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000009825 Annona senegalensis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000626570 Aporia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282619 Hylobates lar Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910000914 Mn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 coke and coal Chemical compound 0.000 description 2
- 239000000039 congener Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
- C22B23/025—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes with formation of a matte or by matte refining or converting into nickel or cobalt, e.g. by the Oxford process
Definitions
- My invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of nickel. and its alloys, the
- Chromium Chromium is frequently met with,
- Nickel, 60.90; iron, 32.35; silicon, 0.85; carbon, 3.40; sulphur, l.50 99.00.
- the area of the furnace is so calculated as to afford the silica ample time to combine with the lime, the magnesia, and the other bases; but, on the other hand, sothat'the oxide of iron accompanying the oxide of nickel shall not be entirely reduced, but a portion be allowed to pass into the slag, I have found, by experience, that the form and area of the furnace is only of importance from the point of economy in working, as all furnaces which are of about four meters in height and over will produce carbureted nickel.
- fuel, wood, charcoal, coke, and even coal may be employed. When using wood-charcoal in a furnace of little height I charge with equal weight of ore and charcoal, the proportion of fuel being only fifty per cent. of the weight of the ore, or even forty per cent.
- NVith fuels containing much sulphur, such as coke and coal I use as much as five hundred kilograms of limestone-flux per ton of ore, and I add very pure oxides of m an gancse to the melted mass, so as to have one or two per cent. of man ganese in the sla In this way the greater part of the sulphur in the fuel passes away into the slag in the form of a basic compound of lime.
- the furnace-hearth which is of fire-brick, as usual, should be covered with ores having a base almost exclusively of oxide of nickel, a sufficient supply of which is obtained from the mine.
- the charge of carbureted nickel is placed upon the furnacehearth with about thirty per cent. of copper, the whole weighing from twenty-live hundred to three thousand kilograms. The mass quickly fuses, and the bath soon presents a very lively reaction, jets of oxide of carbon disengage, the silicon is burned, and the manganese, and afterward the iron, are eliminated by oxidation.
- the oxides of nickel of the pure nickel ores answer very well, for besides the oxide of nickel, they possess the further advantage of introducing silica, which hastens the elimination of the oxides of iron and manganese.
- the surface of the bath is skimmed to remove the scorize, and trial portions are taken from time to time to ascertain, by a physical and chemical examination, the state of the operation. lVhen only nickel and copper remain, it is run in the ordinary way.
- the operation occupies from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, according to the skill of the workmen, the temperature, and the amount of impurities to be eliminated.
- the last scorize are rich in nickel and are carefully collected.
- the furnace I use will treat from two thousand to three thousand kilograms of carbureted nickel containing fifty or sixty per cent. of nickel.
- the rabbles employed are of nickel, and this is of especial importance toward the close of the operation, in order that impurities shall not be introduced into the bath, the temperature of which is sufficiently high to partially melt the rabbles.
- a short time before running the metal I add to the bath, for the purpose of properly tempering the nickel, about one or two per cent. of an alloy of nickel and manganese obtained in a crucible, for the purpose of freeing the bath of the oxides and slags which still remain in suspension.
- the nickel is then run in small ingots or in granu lar form.
- tempering means so to treat the liquid metal that it will, when cold, be properly tempered.
- I claim- 1 The process herein described of deoxidizing nickel in a furnace without deoxidizing the iron contained in the nickel ore by subjecting the pulverized ore, in the presence of limestone, to a blast within the furnace, thereby combining the silica, the magnesia, and other bases contained in the ore with the lime, and allowing the iron to pass off with the slag, substantially as specified.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Description
UNITED STATES PATENT Games.
JULES ennumn, or PARIS, FRANCE.
IMPROVEMENT IN WORKING NICKEL ORES AND MANUFACTURE OF NICKEL.
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 210,020, dated November 19, 1878; application filed February 2, 1877; patented in England, March 20, 1876.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, JULES GAItNIE-R, of Paris, France, civil engineer, have invented Improvements in the Manufacture of Nickel and its alloys from its oxides or silicates or other salts; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description, of the same.
My invention relates to improvements in the manufacture of nickel. and its alloys, the
nickel. being extracted from ores having, a
magnesia. Chromium is frequently met with,
and likewise manganese and cobalt, which, associated with iron, form small black veins and specks, distributed in the ore. The quantity of iron containedin the ore often equals and even exceeds that of the nickel. The peculiar composition of the above ores and their congeners has led me to devise a metallurgical treatment which has for its principal object the elimination of the iron, because unless the iron be eliminated the molten slag would carry off the particles of nickel, while, when the iron is in the slag, it flows oft freely, leaving the carbureted nickel in the furnace. To this end I proceed in two principal operations, viz:
A. Fusion, with reduction of the ore, to obtain a crude product in which, without the addition of sulphur or sulphides, the nickel and the greater part of the other metals which accompany it are concentrated. This is a peculiar product quite new in metallurgy, to which I have given the name of carbureted nickel, its characteristic composition being also shown by the following average analysis:
Nickel, 60.90; iron, 32.35; silicon, 0.85; carbon, 3.40; sulphur, l.50=99.00.
l3. l-cfining the carburet to obtain nickel, both pure and alloyed. I will now describe the practical working of the-above process. II: Fusion of the Ore to Obtain the Carburcted Nickel.'lhe ores are first pulverized and sorted in the usual way, the hard lumps being allowed to pass, while the friable portions are ground up and added to the dust and agglomerated with the flux. In the ease of ores of New Caledonia, which are very silicious, I add about forty per cent. in weight of limestone. The charges of nickel and flux are placed alternately with the fuel in a reducing furnace supplied with a hot or cold blast through one or several tuyeres. I first commenced with a furnace 4.50 meters in height, with cold blast through two tuyeres, andfalthough difficult to work and requiring much fuel, I succeeded in regularly casting the carbureted nickel. I have since then increased the height of the furnaces to eight meters and supplied them with a blast heated to 400 ccntigrade. The area of the furnace is so calculated as to afford the silica ample time to combine with the lime, the magnesia, and the other bases; but, on the other hand, sothat'the oxide of iron accompanying the oxide of nickel shall not be entirely reduced, but a portion be allowed to pass into the slag, I have found, by experience, that the form and area of the furnace is only of importance from the point of economy in working, as all furnaces which are of about four meters in height and over will produce carbureted nickel. As regards fuel, wood, charcoal, coke, and even coal, may be employed. When using wood-charcoal in a furnace of little height I charge with equal weight of ore and charcoal, the proportion of fuel being only fifty per cent. of the weight of the ore, or even forty per cent. when higher furnaces and a hot blast are employed. The advantage of employing charcoal is that a purer and more easily refined carbureted nickel may be obtained. The difference in the cost of the fuels is, however, the chief consideration. NVith fuels containing much sulphur, such as coke and coal, I use as much as five hundred kilograms of limestone-flux per ton of ore, and I add very pure oxides of m an gancse to the melted mass, so as to have one or two per cent. of man ganese in the sla In this way the greater part of the sulphur in the fuel passes away into the slag in the form of a basic compound of lime.
It is unnecessary to mention that the scoriae, rich in nickel, produced in the later steps ofmthe refining process, hereinafter referred to, aagain passed through the above furnaccs, id that, if it is desired to produce alloys of nickel and copper, the ores of nickel are mixed with natural oxides or carbonates of copper.
III. Refining Otwb-m'etcd- Nickel in the Reoerbc'ratory FIL11l(LO0.-Tll0 carburcted nickel is refined in the same way, whether for producing at once alloys of nickel and copper or pure metallic nickel, the only difference being in the temperature, which is necessarily lower in the case of an alloy of nickel and copper.
In refining carbureted nickel for the production of alloys of copper and nickel the operation is conducted upon the hearth of a reverberatory furnace similar to those used in refining copper, or oncheatcd by gas on the Siemens system. This latter is much preferable, the operations being accelerated by the high temperature employed, and the products being more perfectly refined.
The furnace-hearth, which is of fire-brick, as usual, should be covered with ores having a base almost exclusively of oxide of nickel, a sufficient supply of which is obtained from the mine. The charge of carbureted nickel is placed upon the furnacehearth with about thirty per cent. of copper, the whole weighing from twenty-live hundred to three thousand kilograms. The mass quickly fuses, and the bath soon presents a very lively reaction, jets of oxide of carbon disengage, the silicon is burned, and the manganese, and afterward the iron, are eliminated by oxidation.
To facilitate the oxidation, currents of air are admitted from time to time by partly opening the furnace-doors, or by other means, and the mass may then also be stirred. Metallic oxides are also added, such as oxide of copper, pure ores having a base of oxide of nickel, and especially oxides of manganese. These oxides are reduced in the midst of the fused mass at the expense of the bodies foreign to the nickel. and copper it is desired to eliminate, and which are less oxidizable.
The oxides of nickel of the pure nickel ores answer very well, for besides the oxide of nickel, they possess the further advantage of introducing silica, which hastens the elimination of the oxides of iron and manganese.
The surface of the bath is skimmed to remove the scorize, and trial portions are taken from time to time to ascertain, by a physical and chemical examination, the state of the operation. lVhen only nickel and copper remain, it is run in the ordinary way.
The operation occupies from twenty-four to forty-eight hours, according to the skill of the workmen, the temperature, and the amount of impurities to be eliminated. The last scorize are rich in nickel and are carefully collected.
In refining carbureted nickel to obtain pure nickel the operationis conducted in the manner abo've described, except that no oxide of copper is used, and that the operation is conducted on the hearth of a reverberatory furnace heated by gas on the Siemens system, although the Ponsard and other systems will answer equally well.
The furnace I use will treat from two thousand to three thousand kilograms of carbureted nickel containing fifty or sixty per cent. of nickel. The rabbles employed are of nickel, and this is of especial importance toward the close of the operation, in order that impurities shall not be introduced into the bath, the temperature of which is sufficiently high to partially melt the rabbles. A short time before running the metal I add to the bath, for the purpose of properly tempering the nickel, about one or two per cent. of an alloy of nickel and manganese obtained in a crucible, for the purpose of freeing the bath of the oxides and slags which still remain in suspension. The nickel is then run in small ingots or in granu lar form.
Metallic nickel thus obtained is of a purity and quality hitherto unknown in commerce.
By tempering I mean so to treat the liquid metal that it will, when cold, be properly tempered.
It is found of advantage to divide the refining operation into two parts, whether for obtaiuing alloys or pure nickel. In the first operation the metal is refined until all but about two per cent. of the impurities, which consist chiefly of iron, sulphur, and scorite, are removed. The metal is then run into in gots, which are afterward introduced into a refining furnace having a perfectly clean hearth, where the metal is brought to a high degree of purity.
I claim- 1. The process herein described of deoxidizing nickel in a furnace without deoxidizing the iron contained in the nickel ore by subjecting the pulverized ore, in the presence of limestone, to a blast within the furnace, thereby combining the silica, the magnesia, and other bases contained in the ore with the lime, and allowing the iron to pass off with the slag, substantially as specified.
2. The process herein described of separating impurities from nickel during its treatmainin g in suspension, by the addition of an ment on a reverberatory furnace by passalloy of nickel and manganese to the bath of ing currents of air into the furnace, and the nickel or alloy of nickel while on the hearth simultaneous addition of pure ores having of the reverberatory furnace or in a Bessemer a base of oxide of nickel, substantially as converter, substantially as specified.
specified. I JULES GARNIER. 3. The process herein described of temper- Witnesses: mg the refined nickel while melted, and of R031. M. HOOPER,
freeing the bath of the oxides and slags re- JEAN BAPTISTE ROLLAND.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US210020A true US210020A (en) | 1878-11-19 |
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US210020D Expired - Lifetime US210020A (en) | Improvement in working nickel ores and manufacture of nickel |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2879158A (en) * | 1954-04-08 | 1959-03-24 | Duisburger Kupferhuette | Method for the separation of impurities from cobalt-containing materials |
GB2512774B (en) * | 2012-01-06 | 2017-11-08 | Baker Hughes Inc | Forward elastic scattering in borehole acoustics |
-
0
- US US210020D patent/US210020A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2879158A (en) * | 1954-04-08 | 1959-03-24 | Duisburger Kupferhuette | Method for the separation of impurities from cobalt-containing materials |
GB2512774B (en) * | 2012-01-06 | 2017-11-08 | Baker Hughes Inc | Forward elastic scattering in borehole acoustics |
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