US2097502A

US2097502A - Method of and apparatus for producing rods and the like of comminuted material

Info

Publication number: US2097502A
Application number: US661493A
Authority: US
Inventors: George T Southgate
Original assignee: Union Carbide and Carbon Corp
Current assignee: Union Carbide Corp
Priority date: 1933-03-18
Filing date: 1933-03-18
Publication date: 1937-11-02
Anticipated expiration: 1954-11-02

Description

Nov. 2, 1937.

G. T. SOUTHGATE METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RODS AND THE LIKE OF COMMINUTED MATERIAL Filed March 18, 1935 INVENTOR GEO/P66 7." 500777634 7'5.

MTTORNEY 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR ATTORNEY G. T. SOUTHGATE Filed March 18, 1933 650%: Z Sour/16,4 r5

Nov. 2, 1937.

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RODS AND THE LIKE OF COMMINUTED MATERIAL Nov. 2, 1937. T SQUTHGATE 2,097,502

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RODS AND THE LIKE OF COMMINUTED MATERIAL Filed March 18, 1933 4 Sheets-Sheet .3

ATTORNEY .Nov. 2, 1937. G T, SOUTHGATE 2,097,502

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING-RODS AND THE LIKE OF COMMINUTED MATERIAL Filed March 18, 1933 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 //8 NON-0XIDIZING IN V ENTO R 6:0? 7." 5007/1674 TE ATTORNEY Patented Nov. 2, 1937 METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR PRO- DUCING RODS AND THE LIKE OF COM- MINUTED MATERIAL George T. Southgate, Forest Hills, N. Y., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, a corporation of New York Application March 18, 1933, Serial No. 661,493

22 Claims.

This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for producing solid and hollow rods and Wires and the like of comminuted or powdered material. More particularly this invention relates to a method of and apparatus for producing such articles by compacting the material in a die, and extruding the compacted material continuously therefrom. As a rod is being extruded from a die, it may be progressively heated to increase the cohesion or bonding of the powdered material through the agency of sintering, semi-fusion or fusion.

Although not limited thereto, this invention is applicable to the production of alloys of substantially uniform composition from the powders of metals; the formation, from powders,- of alloys and mixtures of metals that ordinarily combine with great difliculty, such as copper and tungsten, which have large difierences in their melting points; the production of rods or wires from the powders of refractory metals, such as tungsten; the production of rods that are mixtures of metals and non-metals, such as copper and graphite; and the production of bearings and bushings from powders of suitable materials, such as a mixture of graphite, copper and tin.

In this invention the comminuted or powdered material is preferably fed continuously into a die in such a manner that predetermined quantitles or slugs thereof are successively or intermittently impacted by means of a plunger. As the material is advanced in the die by the plunger, the frictional resistance of the die causes the material to be compacted to a dense homogeneous mass which is extruded from the die in the form of a rod. The rod may then be progressively heated after extrusion from the die, as stated abnve, s0 as to provide a simple, continuous and economical method of producing the finished article.

In order to provide means whereby a rod could be formed in-the manner above described, difficulty was experienced in using solid dies because of the tendency of the compacted material to jam in the die opening after the die had been in operation only for a short time. This difilculty was probably due to the fact that no radial relief was obtained in the die opening to insure the compacted material extruding from the die.

I have found that the above difficulties canbe overcome by using a split die, the respective elements of which are resiliently held together under high pressure and provided with aligned and cooperating longitudinal grooves at their contacting faces to form the die opening. By this construction. when the frictional resistance of the die opening becomes very great and the longitudinal movement of the compacted material tends to be retarded, the elements of the die will separate so as to relieve the radial pressure of the compacted material on the walls of the die opening. The separation of the split die is very slight, but nevertheless suflicient to separate the walls of the die, so that sufiicient radial relief in the die opening is obtained to insure the extrusion of the compacted material from the die, without any jamming of the material during continuous use of the die, to produce a rod as above described.

One object of my invention," therefore, is to provide an improved apparatus for continuously producing solid and hollow rods and the like of comminuted or powdered material. k

Another object of my invention is to produce solid and hollow rods of comminuted or powdered material by .compacting the material and extruding the same substantially continuously from a split die, the respective elements of which are resiliently held together under high pressure.

A further object of my invention is to produce solid and hollow rods and the like of comminuted material, which may include comminuted metal, by compacting the material in a die and extruding the same therefrom continuously, and progressively heating successive portions of the rod after they are formed.

A further object of my invention is to heat progressively to a fusing temperature successive portions of a rod of compacted comminuted material, and subsequently to cool such fused portions to cause definite structural changes in the rod material.

A further object of my invention is to provide means for substantially uniformly heating successive portions of a rod of compacted comminuted material as they are continuously extruded from a. die.

The above and further objects of my invention will become apparent from the following description and accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a side view, partly in section, of an apparatus embodying the principles of this invention;

Fig. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view of certain parts of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a plan view illustrating details of the electrical contact shown in Fig. 1 for passing a current through a rod;

Fig. 4' is a sectional view taken on line 4-4 0 Fig. 1;

Fig. 5 is a view taken on line 5- -5 of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 diagrammatically illustrates a control system that may be applied to the apparatus I portion of the apparatus shown in Fig. "I;

Fig. 9 is an enlarged sectional view to show more clearly details illustrated in Fig. I; and

Fig. 10 is a side view, partly in section, of a further modification of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1.

Referring to Fig. 1, the apparatus illustrated as embodying the principles of this invention comprises a driving motor M having a shaft ||l and mounted on a base plate The shaft III is connected by a coupling H to a shaft l2 which drives, through suitable reduction gearing, a shaft l4. The reduction gearing is enclosed in a housing I 5 mounted on the base plate I I, and the shaft i4 is journaled in an opening, in the wall of the housing 'and an opening in a bracket II which is fixed to a frame plate II. The frame I! is preferably straight and is mounted on the base plate II at an acute angleto the horizontal base II, and is provided with one or more brace members l8, the endsof which are secured to the frame I! and base plate M, respectively.

The rotary motion of the shaft I4 is converted into rectilinear reciprocatory motion by a connecting rod l9, one end of which is mounted on an eccentric 20 fixedly secured at 2| to the shaft I4. The opposite end of the connecting rod I9 is pivotally connected at 22 to a thrust rod 22, which reciprocates in a guide block 24 that is mounted on the frame ll.

This rectilinear reciprocatory motion is imparted to a plunger 25 by connecting the outer end thereof in the socket 26 at the end of the thrust rod 23. The plunger 25 is received in an opening 21 of a die D, which is mounted on the frame l1, so that the die opening 21 is at an acute angle to a vertical line perpendicular to the horizontal base plate I I. The impacting end 28 of the plunger 25 is preferably reduced and tapered to insure a strong joint between successive quantities of powdered material as they are compacted and compressed together by the plunger 25, to form a solid rod 29. V

In accordance with this invention, the die D is preferably a split die, the respective die elements of which are resiliently held together under high pressure. Referring more particularly to Figs. 4 and 5, the die D preferably comprises a housing 30 having? an opening 31 in which are positioned cooperating die elements 3| and 22 provided with cooperating longitudinal grooves that form the die opening 21. The grooves of the die elements 3| and 32 may be nitrided or lined with a metal having a high degree of hardness, such as an alloy composed of cobalt, chromium and tungsten, as indicated at 82 and 24, so that the die elements will withstand wear and the high temperatures which result from continuous operation of the apparatus. The metallic linings may be formed in the die elements in any suitable. manner, such as by electroplating or by welding. The die elements 2| and 22 may also be provided with

longitudinal openings

25 and 36, through which a cooling medium such as water may be circulated in any suitable manner for dissipating the heat produced by the compacting and compressing of powdered material to form a rod thereof, and for dissipating the heat conducted to the die elements as a result of the,

heating of the rod, hereinafter to be described. In order to maintain the die opening 21 in alignment with the plunger 25 and theparts of the apparatus to be described, the die elements 2| and 22 are preferably positioned at one side within the opening 31 of the housing 20, with the die element 2| abutting the inside face of the end wall 24. Longitudinal movement of the dieelernents II and 22 within the housing 30 is prevented by guide pins 29 which extendthrough openingsin the end wall 38 and transverse openings 4| and 42 in the die elements 3| and 32. the heads 43 of which guide,pins. fit into the counterbored ends of the openings 42 in the die element 22. r

The die elements. and 32 are resiliently held together under high pressure against the end wall 28 by means comprising a rubber pad 44, which is of substantially the same area as the outside wall of the die element 22, and disposed within the opening 31 of the housing 30. A pressure equalizer plate arranged within the opening 2! is provided with shoulders 48 which form, with the-side walls of the housing 30, a large recess 41 for receiving the rubber pad 44 on one side of the plate. The opposite side of the plate 45 is provided with a plurality of small recesses 48 to receive the ends of pressure adjusting screws 48 which extend inwardly into the opening 31 through openings 50 in the end wall 5| of the housing 90. By providing the plate 45, the pressure of the screws 49 thereon is uniformly distributed over the rubber pad 44 which contacts the outside wall. of the die element 22 and causes the same to be resiliently held together with the die element 3|.

The powdered material may be fed to the die D in any suitable manner, and as shown in Figs. 1 and 5 is fed by gravity from a hopper, 52 having the outlet opening at the bottom thereof connected to the upper end of a conduit 52, the lower end of which is connected at a boss 54 to communicate with an aperture 55 formed in the upper side wall of the housing 30. The aperture 55 is in direct alignment with an aperture 58 which is formed by cooperating grooves in the upper parts of the die elements 3| and 32, so that the powdered material may flow into the die opening 21 intermediate its ends. When it is desired to form automatically a rod composed of a mixture of powdered materials, the hopper 52 may be provided with an agitator and form a main hopper into which may be fed different powdered materials from several other hoppers.

The powdered material is compacted and compressed in the die D and extruded therefrom in the form of the rod 29. The rod 29 passes through guide rolls 5'! supported on spaced blocks 58, which are mounted on and insulated from the frame II at 59. The guide rolls 5'! are pro;- vided to prevent any bending of the rod 29 between the die D and an electrical contact E through which the rod 29 passes.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 3, the contact E may comprise a pair of contact shoes 60 having cooperating longitudinal grooves which form an opening 6| to accommodate the rod 29. Each of the shoes 80 is provided with guide pins 62, which pass through openings 83 in blocks 64 that are mounted on and insulated from the frame I! at 95. The shoes 60 are guided by the pins 82, and, in order to obtain good electrical contact, they may be slightly and firmly pressed against the rod 29 by helical springs'66 attached at one end to the backs of the shoes 60. The tension of the springs 66 may be adjusted by threaded studs 61 that extend through openings 68 in the blocks 85, the ends of which studs have bearing surfaces 69 to contact the free ends of the springs. The shoes 60 may be hollow and provided with inlet and outlet openings 18 and H for circulating a cooling medium therethrough to dissipate the heat the shoes receive as a result of heating the rod 29, to be described.

An electrical conductor 12 connected to one terminal of a source of supply of electrical energy, not shown, is connected at 13 to the shoes 68. The opposite terminal of the source of supply is connected by a conductor 14 to the upper end of the frame I! at 15, thereby completing an electrical circuit for passing a current through a portion of the rod 29 to heat the same progressively as-it is extruded from the die. The electrical circuit formed comprises one terminal of the source of supply, conductor 12, contact E, the portion of the rod 29 extending between the contact E and the die D, the die D, the frame l7; and conductor M back to the opposite terminal of the source of supply.

By introducing a current of sufficient magnitude in the rod 29 in this manner, the current preferably being an alternating current, the

bonding of the particles of the comminuted material may be increased by sintering or semifusion. Moreover, the heating of the rod 29 may drive off any undesirable volatile matter in the material. Y

In order to insure the production of a rod having substantially constant physical properties, it is desirable to heat successive portions of the rod to a predetermined value of temperature. For this purpose, means may be provided to con trol the rate at which the rod 29 is extruded from the die D as the temperature of the rod varies froma predetermined temperature.

As shown in Fig. l, I prefer to use a photoelectric apparatus C comprising a photoelectric cell 175', which may be focused on the heated rod 25 in any suitable manner, as by a lens 16 positioned in a tube 11. This apparatus may be mounted in any suitable manner on one side of the conduit 53. The cell 15' is responsive to changes in the radiant energy emitted by the heated rod 29, and may be connected to control automatically the speed of the driving motor M which actuates the plunger 25 of the die D.

Referring to Fig. 6, this may be accomplished by connecting the photoelectric cell 15 by conductors l8 and 19 to the input terminals of a suitable amplifying unit A, which may have a fiament-current supply connection 80 and an amplification control knob 8|. The circuit 82 of the amplifying unit A includes a conductor 83 that is connected through a switch 84 to one side of the main supply circuit 85 to which is connected, by

conductors

86 and 81, the armature 88 of the driving motor M. The conductor 89 of the circuit 82 is connected through the field winding 98 of the motor M and variable resistor 9i to the opposite side" of the main supply circuit 85.

This photoelectric cell 15' reacts to changes in the radiant energy emitted by the heated rod 29 to efiect changes in the value of current flowing in the input circuit 19. The amplifying unit A, with such changes of current in the input circuit 19, varies, in a well known manner, the value of current in the circuit 82 to change the field excitation producedby the field winding 98. This changes the speed of the motor M to increase or decrease the rate of reciprocation of. the plunger 25, and thus extrude the rod 29 faster or slower from the die D.

In order to start producing a rod of comminuted material, the motor' M is rotated until the plunger 25 is at the end of a compression stroke, as indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 2. The upper end of the die opening 21 is then filled with compacted comminuted material. This may be done by alternately pouring comminuted material and compacting the same, by means of a ramrod, until the frictional resistance between the walls of the die opening 21 and the section of compressed material thus formed approximates the frictional resistance of the compressed material when it is formed during normal operation of the apparatus.

The operation of the above described apparatus is substantially as follows: It will be assumed that the upper end of the die opening 21 has been filled with compacted powdered material, as described above; that the hopper 52 is-filled with the powdered material; that the conductors l2 and 14 are connected to a source of electrical energy which will deliver approximately constant current; that the switch 84 in the circuit 82 is in closed position; that the supply lines 85 are energized to drive the motor M; and that the photoelectric apparatus C is temporarily rendered inoperative.

With the above assumed conditions, the motor M will drive the shaft l4 through the shaft I0, coupling [2, shaft l3, and reduction gearing in the housing l5, and impart a rectilinear reciprocatory motion to the plunger 25 through the thrust rod 23 and connecting rod I9.

When the plunger 25 is at the beginning of a compression stroke, as shown in solid lines in Fig. 2, a predetermined quantity of the powdered material will flow by gravity from the hopper 52 through the conduit 53, aperture 55 and aperture 56, and occupy the space 82 in the die opening 27, between the lower end of the aperture 55 and the impacting end 28 of the plunger 25. At the beginningof the compression stroke of-the plunger 25, the powdered material in the space 92 is merely forced upward. Compacting of this material does not begin-until the impacting end 28 of the plunger 25 has passed the aperture 56. By delaying the compacting of the material in the space 92 until the plunger 25 has closed the lower end of the aperture 56, this material is prevented from being forced back intothe aperture 56 again. Stated another way, ,until the impacting end 28 of the plunger 25 moves past the aperture 56, there will always be a space in the die opening 21 between the lower end of the material previously compressed and the quantity of loose material being forced upward by the plunger 25.

After the plunger 25 has closed the lower end of the aperture 58, the quantity of loose material moved upward is forced against the previously compressed material. During the remainder of the compression stroke of the plunger 25, the quantity of loose material in the space 92 is com pacted and compressed with the material previously compressed, and an increment of the rod thus formed is extruded from the die opening 21.

The return stroke of the plunger 25 then takes place, and another predetermined quantity of powdered material fills the space 92 in the die opening 21, between the lower end of the aperture 59 and the impacting end 29 of the plunger 25. This quantity of material isthenmoved u ward in the die opening 21 by the plunger 2 and compacted and compressed with the material compressed during the previous compression stroke of the plunger.

Compacting and compressing oi the powdered material is obtained in this manner because of the frictional resistance between the walls'oi the die opening 21 and the compressed material. The density of the compressed material may be readily controlled by the pressure adjusting screws 49 that maintain the die elements 3i and 92 together. When the die elements 3| and 92 separate to relieve the radial pressure'of the compacted material and permit the same to move through the die opening 21, the separation is so slight that partlcles of powdered material cannot flow into the spaces between the die elements and tend to cause them to remain separated after the radial pressure is relieved.

The extruded rod passes between the guide rollers 51, and through the opening N of the contact E. This completes an electric circuit between the conductors I2 and 14, so that an electric current will flow through the rod 29 between the die D and contact E, as described above, to heat the same and increase the cohesion orebonding of the powdered material, and to drive 01! any volatile vapor matter that may be present in the material.

The electric current supplied to the conductors l2 and M is preferably from a source of approximately constant current. After the heated rod 29 has reached a predetermined normal value of temperature, the photoelectric cell 15 is then rendered operative. When the heated rod 291s at the predetermined value of temperature, the value of current flowing in the field winding 99, and hence the speed of the motor M, are substantially at normal. Any variation of the'heated rod 29 from the predetermined value of temperature ,produces a corresponding change in the amount of radiant energy that reaches the photoelectric cell 15. This produces a change in the value of the motor M. The change in motor speed varies the rate of compacting the predetermined quantitles ofpowdered material by the plunger 25,

thereby tending to reestablish the predetermined value of temperature of the heated'rod 29.

Thus, when the temperature of the heated rod 29 becomes higher than the predetermined normal value of temperature, the radiant energy emitted by the rod 29 increases and eflects,

through the photoelectric cell 15' and amplifying unit A, a decrease in the value of current flowing in the field winding 90. Lowering the value of field excitation increases the speed of the motor -M, thereby extruding the rod 29 faster from the in the field winding 90. Raising the value of field excitation decreases the speed of the motor 'M, thereby extruding the rod 29 slower from the cooling of the rod, a cooling medium, such as a Jet of atr, may be applied to the rod as it passes from the contact E. For producing rods of uniform length, automatic means may be provided to cut the extruded rod at definite intervals of time. Since the rate of extrusion of the rod from the die D may vary, it will be desirable to provide cutting means which will vary with the rate the rod is produced. This may be accomplished by providing a rotatable burner which is adapted to out the rod when the flame produced thereby passes over the rod. The burner may be mounted on a hollow rotatable spindle supplied with a suitable combustible gas, and the speed of rotation of the spindle may be arranged to be responsive to the rate of extrusion of the rod 29, as by driving the same from the motor M.

In Figs. 7 to 9, I have shown a modification of the apparatus illustrated in Figs. 1 to for produclng hollow or tubular rods of comminuted In this embodiment of my invention,

material. the parts of the apparatus, hereinafter to be described, are mounted on a frame 11 which is preferably extended vertically. This may be accomplished by mounting the frame H on a base plate similar to the base plate I i shown in Fig. 1, and providing suitable brace members secured to the base plate and frame II, respectively. In Fig. 7, the upper end of one such brace member I8 is shown secured at l9 to the .frame l'l.

Apparatus similar to that shown in Fig. 1 may be provided to impart a rectilinear reciprocatory motion to a thrust rod 23', which reciprocates in a guide block 24' that is mounted on the frame H. The end of the thrust rod 29 is recessed and internally threaded at 29' to receive the externally threaded outer end of a hollow plunger 25'. The plunger 25' reciprocates in an opening 21' of a die-D, which is mounted on the frame H. The impacting end 29' of the plunger 25 is notched or castellated, as clearly shown in Fig. 9, so as to insure a strong Joint between successive quantities of powdered material as they are compacted and compressed together by the plunger 25' to form the hollow rod 29'.

, The die D' is a split die similar to the one shown in Figs. 4 and 5, described above, and comprises 9. housing 99' having an opening in which are positioned cooperating die elements resiliently held together under pressure, one of which is indicated at 32 in Figs. '7 and 9. The die elements are provided with cooperating longitudinal grooves, which may be nitrided or lined at 34' with a hard metal to form the die opening 27'.

In order to provide a rigid structure, a thrust plate 3i, having an opening Sia in alignment with the die opening 21', may be secured by bolts 9!!) to the frame i'I' adjacent the upper end of the die D.

The powdered material may be fed from hoppers (not shown) which are connected to conduits 53', the lower ends of which are connected at bosses 94" to communicate with a. plurality of apertures which are formed in the side walls of the housing 80'. As indicated at in Fig. 7. two such apertures are shown. The frame I1 is provided with an opening Ila, through which the left hand boss 64' projects. The apertures 65' are in direct alignment with apertures 00', which are formed by cooperating grooves on the contacting faces of the die elements 82'. The apertures 56' communicate with the die opening 21', intermediate the ends thereof, and are disposed at diametrically opposite points of the die opening.

In order to produce hollow or tubular rods of comminuted material, a mandrel 98 is centrally disposed in the die opening 21' and extends substantially the length thereof. The mandrel 90 may be made integral with the hollow plunger 25' and reciprocate therewith, or may be fixedly secured in a suitable manner, so as to remain stationary with respect to the reciprocating hollow plunger 25'. As shown, the mandrel 93 extends through the hollow plunger 25' and an opening 23a at the end of the thrust-rod 28', and the lower end thereof is fixedly secured to the guide block 24'. This may be accomplished by making the guide block 24 a split block, and having the respective halves 94 thereof provided with co-operating longitudinal grooves 90 to form an opening in which the thrust rod 23' reciprocates.

As shown in Fig. 8, each half 94 of the guide block 24' is transversely recessed at 96. When the two halves 94 of the guide block 24' are secured together and mounted on the frame I'I' by cap screws 97, the recesses 96 cooperate to form a transverse opening which receives a bar 98.

As shown in Fig. 7, the bar 98 extends through a longitudinal slot 99 inthe thrust rod- 23', so that the latter is free to move up and down in the guide block 24' and impart a reciprocatory motion to the plunger 25'.

The lower reduced end of the mandrel 93 extends through a central opening I00 in the bar 98, and in this manner is shouldered at IOI against the upper side of the bar 98 so that downward movement thereof is prevented. Upward movement of the mandrel 93 is prevented .by keying the same at I02 against the lower side of the bar 98. By this construction, longitudinal movement of the mandrel 991s prevented, the thrust rod 23' freely reciprocates in the guide block 24', and the hollow plunger 25' freely reciprocates in the'die opening 21' and slides up and down along the mandrel 93.

Guide rolls, an electrical contact, connections to a source of supply of electrical energy, and apparatus for controlling the rate of compacting and compressing of powdered material may be provided in the same manner as illustrated in Figs. 1 to 6, and described above.

The operation of the apparatus just described for producing hollow rods is substantially the same as the first dcscribed'embodiment of my invention:

In order to start producing hollow rods, the plunger 25 is moved to the end of a compression s roke, indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 9, and the upper end of the die opening 21' is filled with compacted powdered material. The motor for reciprocating the plunger 25 is then connected to the supply lines.

When the plunger is at the beginning of a compression stroke, as indicated in solid lines in Fig. 9, a predetermined quantity of powdered material will flow through the apertures 56' and occupy the space 92' in the die opening 21'. By

providing two apertures 50', a uniform distribu-' vention, compacting and compressing does not v.begin until the plunger 25' has moved past the apertures 60', thereby insuring complete compaction of each predetermined quantity of powdered material that fiows by gravity into the space 92'.

After the plunger 20' has closed the lower end of the apertures 08' during a compression stroke, the powdered material is compacted and compressed with the material previously compressed, and an increment of the hollow rod 29 thus formed is extruded from the die opening 21". Heating of successive portions of the rod 29 and varying of the rate of producing the rod to obtain substantially uniform heating may be accomplished in the same manner as in the first described embodiment of this invention.

In Fig. I have illustrated apparatus for progressively fusing or melting successive portions of a rod after they are extruded from a die, and for subsequently cooling such fused portions,

Since many of the parts of this apparatus are similar to those described above and illustrated in Figs. 1 to 5 inclusive, only the essential differences will be pointed out for a complete understanding of this embodiment of my invention.

In this modification a plate III is mounted vertically on a base plate III, and provided with one or more brace members I I8. Apparatus similar to that shown in Fig. 1 is provided for imparting a rectilinear reciprocatory motion to a plunger I25 for compacting comminuted material in the form of a rod I29 and extruding the same from a split die D" into a tube T of refractory material, such as alundum or carborundum. In cases where carburization of the material fused is not objectionable, graphite may be employed as the refractory material. This tube T extends between the upper end of the die D" and the lower end of the electrical contact E", and its bore I03 is substantially the same size as that of the rod I29.

In order to maintain the tube T in alignment with the opening I21 in the split die D" and the opening IBI in the contact E", each of the die elements I32 and the shoes I64 of the contact E" are provided with flanges I04 and I05 of semicircular shape for gripping the upper and lower ends, respectively, of the refractory tube T. The contact E" is similar to the contact E described above and clearly shown in Fig. 3, with helical springs for firmly holding the shoes I64 together. Because of this construction of the contact E", the flanges I05 on the shoes I64 will also firmly hold the upper end of the refractory tube T inalignment with the opening I6I in the contact E". The lower end of the tube T rests firmly on the upper end of the die elements I32, and lateral movement thereof is prevented by the flanges I04.

The electrical circuit for progressively heating successive portions of the rod I29 comprises an electrical conductor I12 which is connected to one terminal of a source of supply of electrical energy, contact E", the portion of the rod I29 extending between the contact E" and the die D", the die D", the plate Ill, and .conductor I'I4, which is connected to the opposite terminal of the source of supply.

Although the apparatus Just described may be employed where it is desired to introduce a cur- .rent of such magnitude that the particles of metals and alloys, such asbrasses and bronzes,

is refined and improved by-such quick freezing. For producing such rods of an improved and re- .flned' nature: the operation of the apparatus described is substantially as follows:

The feeding. of the comminuted material into the 'die'opening I21, the compacting and compressing of the material into the form of sand,

and the extrusion thereof from the diet)" are the same as in the previously .described embodiments of my invention, and will therefore not be repeated here. After the rod I20 has moved past the electrical contact E",'the electric circuit is completed between the conductors I12 and I",

and an electric current will fiow through. the material between the upper end of the die D and the electrical contact E". rent is of such magnitude that the comminuted material is heated to its fusing temperature.

The comminuted material will not completely fuse until it has moved upward a slight distance from the bottom ofthe refractory tube T. Thus,

the compacted comminuted material is still in its solid'form as it enters the lower end of the tube T, and fused material I20 above it cannot fiow I from the tube T and into the space between the tube and the flanges I04 of the die'elements I32. If it becomes necessary to cool the die elements,

they may be provided with longitudinal openings I through which a cooling medium or refrigerant can be circulated- As the fused material I20'- in the tube T is moved upward and approaches the bottom of the electric contact E" by the continuous reciprocation of the plunger I25, the material freezes quickly. This is due to the cooling of the contact E" by circulating a cooling medium or re-' frigerant through the hollow shoes IN.

The temperature and circulation of the cooling medium or refrigerant can be so controlled that as the fused rod nears the contact E", heat is rapidly conducted along and from the rod so that the rod is solidified when it enters the opening IBI of the contact E". In this manner any tendency of the fused material to leak from the tube fI' into the space between the tube and the flanges I05 of the contact E" is prevented.

Although I have illustrated the passing of an electric current through a rod to heat the same,

such heating may be accomplished by introducing or inducing a high frequency current in the rod. The rod may also be heated in other ways,

as by hot gases directed and confined about the rod as it is extruded from the die; or by a furnace, such as a small electric furnace, disposed about the rod in any suitable manner. With substances that combine with a strongly exothermic reaction, such as a mixture of chromium and 15% aluminum,-a portion or all of the heat required for heating the material may be supplied by such a reaction. Thus, with the apps,- ratus illustrated and described, current of a sufficient magnitude may be passed through the compressed material to raise the same to a temperature at which the reaction will start. After such an exothermic reaction begins, all of the heat re- The electric curpowdered material.

quired for fusing the material may be supplied by the reaction, orsuch heating maybe utilized in conjunction with the heating produced by the electric current. V

In'makingrods of powdered metals, it has been found that the ohmic heating, as above described, heats the rods formed so rapidly'that very little oxidation of themetailic particles takes place.

Where it is desired to produce a rod having a bright finish, or to protect a product that'oxidizes readily, it may be necessary to arrange all or a portion of the apparatus in an enclosure through which a non-oxidizing'gas, such as hydrogen'or carbonmonoxide, may be circulated. In certain applications, it may be des'irableto evacuate such an enclosure to minimize the trapping of air in the compacted material, and thereby increase the density of duced.

In the apparatusillustrated in Fig. 10, this is accomplished by providing a housing I00 which may be secured, as by welding, to the plateIII so as to enclose the die D", refractory tube T and electric contact E". In order to provide an airtight enclosure,.the guide block I24, which extends through an opening at the lower end of'the' I housing I08, may be provided with packing'mathrust rod I 23 by a packing gland I01. Likewise, a guide block I08 mounted on the plate III I and extending through an opening at the upper the rods pro- I terial I01 which is retained in position about the material I08 which is retained in position about 1 the rod I20 by a packing gland I00 The opening housing I00- die opening I21, extends through an opening I I06 in the housing I06. The'hopper I 52 is maintained air-tight by a hinged cover I52a' having a gasket I52?) and a screw and clamping nut I520.

The conduits I'I0 a and IIIa for circulating a cooling medium through the hollow shoes I64 extend through insulating bushings H01) and III?) in the wall of the housing I08. In a similar manner, the electric conductor I12 is connected to one terminal of the source of supply of electric energy through an insulating connection II2a in the wall of the housing I08.

With the above described construction, an airtight enclosure is provided which may be evacuated by a pump connected by a conduit I06a to the housing I00; or filled with a non-oxidizing gas from a suitable source of supply through a conduit I00b connected to conduit I 00a. In operating the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 10 when the material is fused in the refractory tube T. it may be desirable to purge the housing with a gas, such as hydrogen, and then evacuate the housing. By evacuating the housing, all of the occluded gases in the compressed material are drawn out so that dense homogeneous rods are produced.

In preparing comminuted material for producing rods, it may be desirable in some cases to employ a temporary fugitive constituent in the This constituent may be of such a nature as to provide temporary adhesion of the particles until they are finally bonded, as by sintering; or to provide a lubricating efiect for the sliding of the compacted and compressed material through a die; or, in some instances, to give both of the above mentioned actions.

The. conduit in, through which comminuted materialtis fed from the hopper I52 and into the quantities of said comminuted material by ram- This adhesive or lubricative constituent preferably should be of such a nature that it may be driven oil? by decomposition or vaporization when the rod is heated. Dry soaps, such as zinc stearate, possess excellent lubricating properties, and in powdered form may be readily mixed with powders of metals. It has been found that as little as 0.25% of zinc stearate produces sufficient lubrication in a mixture of copper, tin and nickel powders, and that the zinc stearate leaves no ob- Jectionable residue, inthe rod formed of the above materials, after it has been sintered.

The temporary constituent added may be a substance of a viscous type. such as a soap; or it may be of a type which is corrosive in its action, so as to form metallic compounds that bridge between all or a portion of the particles. and subsequently harden. as a matrix. Chemical binders which have been found suitable for this purpose are phosphoric anhydride, sulphuric acid, and chromic anhydride. Certain temporary binders, such as phosphoric anhydride, readily mix with metallic powders while in a dry state. After mixing such binders with the powdered material, sufficient moisture is absorbed from the ,air to produce a corrosive action on the particles of comminuted metal.

It is to be understood that in the claims which follow, the term "rod" broadly includes solid rods, hollow or tubular rods, and wires andthe like.

While I have shown and described particular embodiments of my invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that modifications mav be made, and that certain features may be used independently of others without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention.

I claim:

l. The method of producing rods uncomminuted material including substances which combine with an exothermic reaction. which comprises compressing the material into the form of a rod; progressively heating successive porti ns of the rod to a fusing temperature after, it is formed; at least a portion of such heat being supplied by the exothermic reaction of the comminuted substances; and thereafter progressively cooling the heated portions of the rod below their fusing temperature.

2. The method of producing rods which comprises compacting predetermined quantities of comminuted material including comminuted metals which 'combine with an exothermic reaction; compressing each added quantity of compacted material against the material previously compacted so as to form a rod of the compacted material; progressively heating successive portions of the rod to a fusing temperature after it is formed; at least a portion of such heat being supplied by the exothermic reaction of the comminuted metals; andthereafter progressively cool- 7 ming each such successive quantity against the next preceding compressed and shaped quantity thereof whereby to form a continuous rod of said-material, and passing the rod, immediately as formed. into and through a heated zone wherein the continuous rod is progressively heated to a temperature at which an at least partial bonding of the particles of comminuted material-in the continuous rod occurs.

5. The -continuous method of producing a rod which comprises mixing a lubricant with comminuted material to reduce the coefllcient of friction between said material and an elongated die having an open end; successively compacting predetermined quantities of said lubricated material in said die against the'quantity of material previously compacted; pushing the compacted material through the open end of said die; and heating the rod after it is formed so as to drive oil such lubricant.

6. The method of producing rods of comminuted material which comprises substantially continuously compacting and compressing comminuted material so as to form a rod of the compacted material; progressively heating to a predetermined temperature successive portions of the red as they are formed; and varying the rate of forming the rod in accordance with variations in the heated condition of .the rod from the predetermined temperature.

'7. The method of producing rods of comminuted material which comprises compacting predetermined quantities of the comminuted material and compressing each added quantity of compacted material against the material previously compacted so as to form a rod of the compacted material; progressively heating ap proximately to a predetermined value of temperature successive portions of the red as they are formed; and varying the rate of compacting the predetermined quantities of the comminuted material as the temperature of the heated portions of the rod changes from the predetermined value, such variations in the rate of compacting the predetermined quantities of material being responsive to such temperature'changes and tending to reestablish such predetermined value of temperature.

8. The method of producing rods of comminuted material which comprises compacting predetermined quantities of the comminuted material and compressing each added quantity of compacted material against the material previously compacted so as to form a rod of the compacted material: progressively heating approx mately to a predetermined temperature successive portions of the rod as they are formed so as tobond together the particles of comminuted material; and varying the rate of compacting the predetermined quantities of the comminuted material in accordance with changes in radiant energy emitted by such heated portions of the rod.

9. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material in powdered form which comprises the combination of a die having an opening, means for provdng a cont nuous supply of the material'to the opening of said die; means for intermittcntly compressing successive predetermined quantities of the material in the opening of said die and for extruding the compressed material from said die in the form of a continuous rod; said compressing means including a reciprocatory plunger movable in the opening of said die and adapted to compress with each compressive stroke a predetermined quantity of material in the opening of saiddie against the material previouslyicompacted; a refractory conduit having an opening aligned with said die opening to continuously receive said rod as it is extruded from said-die; and means for progressively heating successive portions of the rod as they pass through said refractory conduit.

10. Apparatus according to claim 9,-in which said die and said heating means are-arranged in an enclosed housing; and means for evacuating said housing.

lLApparatus for producing rods from comminuted material in powdered form, which comprises the combination of a die; means for feeding the material into said die; means for compressing the material in said die and extruding the compressed material substantially continuously therefrom in the form of a rod; and means I for progressively heating successive portions of the rod as they are extruded from said die; said last mentioned means comprising an electric circuit which includes the said die, a pair of coopcrating grooved contact shoes and the portion of the extruded rod lying between the said die and contact shoes; and yielding means operatively associated with the said shoes and adapted to urge the latter into contact with each other and with the said rod.

12. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material comprising the combination of a split die including cooperating die elements provided with cooperating grooves to form a die opening adapted to receive a plunger, and means for holding said die elements together under pressure; said last-mentioned means including resilient means to provide radial relief for said cooperating die element when the material tends to jam in said die opening.

13. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material comprising the combination of a split die, the respective elements of which die are provided with cooperating longitudinal grooves at their contacting faces to form a die opening adapted to receive a plunger, and means including at least one rubber pad for resiliently holding said die elements together underpressure.

14. Apparatus for producing rods and the like of comminuted material including the combination of a housing having an opening, a split die positioned within said opening and comprising a plurality of cooperating die elements provided with cooperating grooves to form a die opening, and means positionedin the opening in said housing for resiliently holding said die elements together under pressure.

15. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material comprising the combination of a die having an opening, a material compacting plunger adapted to be received in the die opening and having a bore, a mandrel disposed in the die opening and extending through the bore of said plunger, said plunger having the impacting end thereof notched, and means for intermittently reciprocating said plunger in said die.

16. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material comprising the combination of a split die including cooperating die elements provided with cooperating grooves to form a die opening adapted to receive a plunger, and means for resiliently holding said die elements together under pressure, at least one of said die elements having an aperture communicating with the die opening at a point intermediate the ends thereof for introducing the comminuted material into the die opening.

17. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material comprising the combination of a support; a split die mounted on said support; such split die including cooperating grooves to form a die opening in a substantially vertical plane; means for resiliently holding said die elements together under pressure; a plunger adapted to be received at the lower end of the die opening; and means for imparting a rectilinear reciprocatory motion to said plunger in the die opening; at least one of said die elements having an aperture for introducing the material by gravity into the die opening; such aperture being disposed above the impacting end of said plunger when the latteris at the beginning of a compression stroke.

18. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material, which comprisesthe combination of a die; means for feeding the material into said die, means for compressing the material in said die and extruding the compressed material substantially continuously therefrom in the form of a rod; means for progressively heating successive portions of the rod as theyare extruded from the die; and means responsive to the heated condition of the rod for controlling the quantityv of heat applied to such successive portions of the tion of a die; means for compressing the material in said die and extruding the compressed material substantially continuously therefrom in the form of a rod means for progressively heating successive portions of the rod as they are extruded from the die; and means responsive to the heated condition 0! the rod for controlling the rate at which the rod is extruded from said die.

20. Apparatus according to claim 19, in which said means for controlling the rate at which the rod is extruded from said die comprises a device sensitive to variations in radiant energy emitted by the heated portion of the rod.

21. Apparatus for producing rods of comminuted material which comprises the combination of a die having an opening; a plunger adapted to be received in the die opening; means for feeding predetermined quantities of the material into the die opening; means for operating said plunger to exert a high pressure to compact intermittently the predetermined quantities of the material, to compress each quantity of compacted material against the quantity of material pre-