US2076329A - Porcelain enamelware and method of forming the same - Google Patents

Porcelain enamelware and method of forming the same Download PDF

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US2076329A
US2076329A US586934A US58693432A US2076329A US 2076329 A US2076329 A US 2076329A US 586934 A US586934 A US 586934A US 58693432 A US58693432 A US 58693432A US 2076329 A US2076329 A US 2076329A
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coat
enamel
color
article
porcelain
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US586934A
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Daniel D Wheeler
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Erie Enameling Co
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Erie Enameling Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23D—ENAMELLING OF, OR APPLYING A VITREOUS LAYER TO, METALS
    • C23D5/00—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers
    • C23D5/06—Coating with enamels or vitreous layers producing designs or letters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24372—Particulate matter
    • Y10T428/24421—Silicon containing
    • Y10T428/2443—Sand, clay, or crushed rock or slate
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24479—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including variation in thickness
    • Y10T428/24496—Foamed or cellular component

Definitions

  • stippled form This may be accomplished by setting the ordinary air brush for very coarse delivery of the material, that is to say, so that the material is really delivered in the form of globules 25 and is ordinarily referred to as a stippled setting.
  • this manner of applying the second coat is used upon a first coat that has been fired the initial protuberances thus formed immediately fiow and level out, or where this second coat is 30 applied to a wet first coat, there is substantially the same result, that is to say, a levelling out of the protuberances, or globules.
  • the dry coat takes up the moisture from the 35 stippled coat with sufiicient rapidity to prevent the flow and levelling out of the material prior to its reaching a state through the giving up of its moisture which will retain it with the pebbled, or stippled finish.
  • the coats are then fired and as the porcelain melts and fuses under the heat the protuberances formed in the stipple coat level out and flow to a smooth surface, but the shading which is accom- 55 plished by applying the coloring material to the slopes facing one general direction remains and gives to the finished article depth or a pebbled appearance, the'shading following the contours and outlining each of the original protuberances and the depth of color varying with the inclination of those slopes so that the final. appearance follows very definitely the stippled, or pebbled appearance which obtained prior to the firing.
  • Fig. 1 shows an elevation of the finished plate.
  • Fig. 2 a section of the plate with the application of the first coat.
  • Fig. 3 a section of the plate after the application of the second coat.
  • Fig. 4 a section indicating the manner of application and the material after the application of the third coat.
  • Fig. 5 a section of the finished plate.
  • Fig. 3 I have shown a nozzle of a brush S'indicating the inclination and manner. of applying the color coat.
  • the color is applied so that in its normal use it is observed in a direction opposite to that from which the color material is applied.
  • the shading so observed seems to heighten the pebbled, or stippled appearance.
  • the several coats are of the same general constituents as ordinary, or standard enamel, as for instance, 100 parts of frit, 6 parts clay, 6 parts coloring oxide, and part of carbonate of magnes1a.
  • the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wet coat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat at least to some extent, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globules of liquid enamel material, the dried coat absorbing at least part of the liquid component from said globules and thereby drying them, applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color stable at the firing temperature, and contrasting with the predetermined color of the masses, and firing the so treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
  • An ornamental article of manufacture havabsorbing moisture ing a fused vitreous enamel finish, comprising an article base provided with small raised masses of vitreous material of a ,predetermined color, said raised masses having one common side thereof coated with a color contrasting with the predetermined color of the raised masses and their opposite common sides uncoated said article while having a fused surface, giving the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
  • An ornamental article of manufacture having a porcelain enamel finish comprising an article base provided with small raised masses of porcelain enamel material of a predetermined color, said raised masses having one side thereof coated with a color contrasting with the predetermined color of the raised masses and the opposite common side uncoated, said article having a fused surface giving the appearance of depth and roughness.
  • the step comprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to a dry unfired coat of porcelain enamel,
  • the steps comprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to a dry unfired coat of porcelain enamel, said dry coat absorbing moisture from the globular material and providing a pebbled finish, and thereafter applying a color coat to the pebbled coat of enamel.
  • amel finish the steps comprising applying a wet coat'of porcelain enamel in globulafform to a dry unfired coat of porcelain enamel, said dry coat absorbing moisture from the globular material to allow the formation of pebbled protuberances from said globular material, and thereafter applying a color coat of enamel to each common side of each protuberance, leaving each respective opposite side of each protuberance uncoated, and firing the so-treated material.
  • the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wet coat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent as to take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with such rapidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of the globules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular or stippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globules of vitreous material, applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color coat stable at the temperature of firing so that when the article before firing is viewed in one direction it appears predominantly of one color, and when viewed in a substantially opposite direction, the article appears predominantly of another color, and firing the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
  • the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wet coat of porcelain enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent as to take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with such ra-- pidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of the globules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular or stippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globulesof porcelain enamel matcrial,'applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color coat stable at the temperature of firing so that when the article before firing is viewed in one direction it appears predominantly of one color, and when viewed in a substantially opposite direction, the 'article appears predominantly of another color, and firing the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Description

April 937. D. D. WHEELER 5 2,076,329
PORCELAIN ENAMELWARE AND METHOD OF FORMING THE SAME Filed Jan. 15, 1932 IN V EN TOR.
ATTORNEYS.
Patented Apr. 6, 1937 UNITED STATES PORCELAIN ENAMELWARE AND METHOD OF FORMING THE SAME Daniel D. Wheeler, Erie, Pa., assignor to The Erie Enameling Company, Erie, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Application January 15, 1932, Serial No. 586,934
11 Claims.
In the making of porcelain enamel it is usual to apply several coats, firing the initial coat prior to the application of the second coat. Efforts have heretofore been made to give to an enamel finish a pebble appearance. In the effort to accomplish this there has been applied a pebble coat of material other than the enamel material and this has not been entirely satisfactory because of the lack of complete fusion in firing and a result- 10 ant unsatisfactory surface. -In carrying out my method I apply the initial, or base coat of the enamel and dry this coat without firing it. I then apply the second coat and added coats, if desired. Ifind that this method produces a tougher enamel than that which is fired after each coat. It has, however, a very definite added utility in that it makes it possible to give to the enamel surface a pebble finish appearance. In carrying out my invention in this respect I apply the 20 second coat to the dry first coat in pebbled, or
stippled form. This may be accomplished by setting the ordinary air brush for very coarse delivery of the material, that is to say, so that the material is really delivered in the form of globules 25 and is ordinarily referred to as a stippled setting. Where this manner of applying the second coat is used upon a first coat that has been fired the initial protuberances thus formed immediately fiow and level out, or where this second coat is 30 applied to a wet first coat, there is substantially the same result, that is to say, a levelling out of the protuberances, or globules. By applying the second coat in stipple form on the dry base coat the dry coat takes up the moisture from the 35 stippled coat with sufiicient rapidity to prevent the flow and levelling out of the material prior to its reaching a state through the giving up of its moisture which will retain it with the pebbled, or stippled finish.
40 In order to preserve this pebble finish, or appearance, in the final product, I color the slopes of the protuberances facing one general direction. This can be readily accomplished by applying a third coat to the stippled, or pebbled finish with a spray brush at a pronounced inclination to the surface and from one general direction. Here again the dry under-coat absorbs moisture from this coloring material with sufiicient rapidity to maintain it on the slopes originally applied.
50 After the application of the color coat, the coats are then fired and as the porcelain melts and fuses under the heat the protuberances formed in the stipple coat level out and flow to a smooth surface, but the shading which is accom- 55 plished by applying the coloring material to the slopes facing one general direction remains and gives to the finished article depth or a pebbled appearance, the'shading following the contours and outlining each of the original protuberances and the depth of color varying with the inclination of those slopes so that the final. appearance follows very definitely the stippled, or pebbled appearance which obtained prior to the firing.
The invention and manner of practicing it is illustrated in the accompanying drawing as follows:-
Fig. 1 shows an elevation of the finished plate.
Fig. 2 a section of the plate with the application of the first coat.
Fig. 3 a section of the plate after the application of the second coat.
Fig. 4 a section indicating the manner of application and the material after the application of the third coat.
Fig. 5 a section of the finished plate.
I marks the metal plate forming the base of the enamel ware, 2 the first. coat, 3 the second, or stipple coat, 4 the third or color coat, and 5 the fired, or coat in its finished condition. In Fig. 3 I have shown a nozzle of a brush S'indicating the inclination and manner. of applying the color coat.
Preferably the color is applied so that in its normal use it is observed in a direction opposite to that from which the color material is applied. The shading so observed seems to heighten the pebbled, or stippled appearance.
One of the important features of this method is that the several coats are of the same general constituents as ordinary, or standard enamel, as for instance, 100 parts of frit, 6 parts clay, 6 parts coloring oxide, and part of carbonate of magnes1a.
What I claim as new is:-
1. In the method of producing an article having 40 a vitreous enamel finish, the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wet coat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat at least to some extent, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globules of liquid enamel material, the dried coat absorbing at least part of the liquid component from said globules and thereby drying them, applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color stable at the firing temperature, and contrasting with the predetermined color of the masses, and firing the so treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness. I
2. An ornamental article of manufacture havabsorbing moisture ing a fused vitreous enamel finish, comprising an article base provided with small raised masses of vitreous material of a ,predetermined color, said raised masses having one common side thereof coated with a color contrasting with the predetermined color of the raised masses and their opposite common sides uncoated said article while having a fused surface, giving the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
3. An ornamental article of manufacture having a porcelain enamel finish comprising an article base provided with small raised masses of porcelain enamel material of a predetermined color, said raised masses having one side thereof coated with a color contrasting with the predetermined color of the raised masses and the opposite common side uncoated, said article having a fused surface giving the appearance of depth and roughness.
4. In the method of forming a porcelain enamel finish, the step comprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to a dry unfired coat of porcelain enamel,
5. In the method of forming a porcelain enamel finish, the steps comprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to a dry unfired coat of porcelain enamel, said dry coat absorbing moisture from the globular material and providing a pebbled finish, and thereafter applying a color coat to the pebbled coat of enamel.
6. In the method of forming a porcelain enamel finish, the steps comprising applying a wet coat of porcelain enamel in globular form to a dry unfired coat of porcelain enamel, said dry coat from the globular material and providing a pebbled finish, thereafter applying a color coat to the pebbled coat of enamel and firing the three coats simultaneously.
7. In the method of amel finish, the steps comprising applying a wet coat'of porcelain enamel in globulafform to a dry unfired coat of porcelain enamel, said dry coat absorbing moisture from the globular material to allow the formation of pebbled protuberances from said globular material, and thereafter applying a color coat of enamel to each common side of each protuberance, leaving each respective opposite side of each protuberance uncoated, and firing the so-treated material.
8. In the method of producing an article having a vitreous enamel finish, the steps which com prise depositing on an article base a wet coat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent as to take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with such rapidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of the globules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular or stippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globules of vitreous material, applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color stable at the firing temperature and contrasting comprise depositing on an I terial, applying forming a porcelain enwith the predetermined color of the masses, and firing the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
9. In the method of producing an article having a porcelain enamel finish, the steps which article base a wet coat of porcelain enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent as to take from a subsequently applied globular coat with such rapidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of the globules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular or stippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globules of porcelain enamel mato the resulting dried masses at an angle a color stable at the firing temperature and contrasting with the predetermined color of the masses, and firing the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
10. In the method of producing an article having a vitreous enamel finish, the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wet coat of vitreous enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent as to take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with such rapidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of the globules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular or stippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globules of vitreous material, applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color coat stable at the temperature of firing so that when the article before firing is viewed in one direction it appears predominantly of one color, and when viewed in a substantially opposite direction, the article appears predominantly of another color, and firing the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
11. In the method of producing an article having a porcelain enamel finish, the steps which comprise depositing on an article base a wet coat of porcelain enamel material, drying said coat to such an extent as to take up moisture from a subsequently applied globular coat with such ra-- pidity as to substantially inhibit the flow and leveling out of the globules of said coat and allow the same to retain its globular or stippled state, forming a rough surface on said dried coat by depositing globulesof porcelain enamel matcrial,'applying to the resulting dried masses at an angle a color coat stable at the temperature of firing so that when the article before firing is viewed in one direction it appears predominantly of one color, and when viewed in a substantially opposite direction, the 'article appears predominantly of another color, and firing the so-treated article to produce a fused surface having the visual appearance of depth and roughness.
DANIEL D. WHEELER.
Gil
up moisture
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6258418B1 (en) 1998-06-24 2001-07-10 Ronald A. Rudder Method for producing diamond-tiled cooking utensils and other workpieces for durable stick-resistant surfaces

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6258418B1 (en) 1998-06-24 2001-07-10 Ronald A. Rudder Method for producing diamond-tiled cooking utensils and other workpieces for durable stick-resistant surfaces

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